unit iv: political organization of space€¦ · nicholas spykman - rimland theory •critic of...
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Unit IV: Political Organization
of Space
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Political Geography
• The study of the organization and distribution
of political phenomena
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Territory
• The effort to control territory is a
central motivate of humans
• The territory of the world is almost
completely divided into national units
– Antarctica debated
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Territoriality
• Territoriality is a key component of
modern political culture
• Territorial Integrity –
a government has the right to keep the
borders and territory of a state in tact and
free from attack.
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State
1.an independent political unit occupying
a defined territory
2. permanently populated territory
3. full sovereignty (independence to
control internal affairs)
4. must be recognized by other states
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World States
• 195 states (only 50 in the 1940s)
• 192 recognized by the United Nations
• Over 250 different nations
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Issues defining states
• Political differences can cause some
territories to not be recognized as
independent.
Examples:
– Korea (2 states)
– China and Taiwan-2 states?
– Western Sahara
(currently part of Morocco)
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Nation
• A group of people with a common culture
occupying a particular territory, bound together
by a strong sense of unity arising from shared
beliefs and customs
• Nations are “imagined communities” -Benedict
Anderson
-imagined = you will never meet all the people in your nation
-community = you see yourself as part of it
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The nations we perceive as “natural” and “always existing” are
relatively recent phenomena.
In 1648, Europe was divided into dozens of small territories.
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The Nation-State
• A state whose territorial extent coincides
with that occupied by a distinct nation or
people
• An entity whose members feel a natural
connection by sharing language, religion, or
some other cultural trait
• Iceland, Portugal, Poland, Japan
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Stateless Nation
• Nations that do not possess a national
territory even with a larger multinational
state
– Palestine, Kurds
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Multinational State
The Former Yugoslavia
•A state with more
than one nation.
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Multistate Nation
Transylvania – homeland for both Romanians and Hungarians.
•A nation with more than one state
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• Largest Size
– Russia 17.1 million square kilometers
– Others: China,
Canada,
United States,
and Australia
Spatial Characteristics of
States
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Spatial Characteristics of
States • Smallest Size
– City-state: sovereign state compromised entirely of a city and it’s countryside
• Singapore, Monaco, San Marino
– Microstates: very small land areas
• Smallest: Monaco
-1.5 square kilometers
• Singapore, Andorra,
and Bahrain
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Spatial Characteristics of
States
• 5 basic shapes
– Compact
– Prorupt
– Elongated
– Fragmented
– Perforated
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Shape – Compact
Compact
• Most efficient form is a circle with a
capital in the center
• Compact size
• Uruguay, Zimbabwe, Poland
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A
C
B
E
D
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Shape - Prorupt
• Nearly compact but posses one or more
narrow extensions of territory
• Proruptions can be natural or artificial
• An isolate a portion of a state
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A
C
B
E
D
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Shape - Elongated
• Long and Narrow
• Distance from the capital is greater
• A large amount of diversity of climate,
resources, and people
• National cohesion difficult
• Norway, Vietnam, Chile
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A
C
B
E
D
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Shape - Fragmented
• Countries composed entirely of islands
(Philippines, Indonesia)
• Partly on Islands (Malaysia)
• Mainland – but separated
• Weakness centralized control
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A
C
B
E
D
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Shape - Perforated
• State that completely surrounds
another one
• Example: South Africa
– Surrounds Lesotho
– Completely dependent on South Africa
for imports and exports
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A
C
B
E
D
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Relative Location
• Size and shape are affected by a state’s absolute and relative location
• Canada & Russia are large, yet their absolute northern location reduces the agricultural productivity of the land
• Iceland has a compact shape but its location near the artic makes much of its land barren
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Relative Location
• Landlocked countries are at a major
developmental disadvantage
– Many in Africa due to remnants of colonialism
– Must arrange to use another country’s sea port
• Coast lines can be a major advantage
-Singapore (224 sq miles) is located at a
crossroads of shipping and trade
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The Modern State Idea
• The idea of a state that is tied to a particular
territory with defined boundaries came out
of Europe and diffused outward from there.
– A change from society defining territory to
territory defining society.
– Modern States evolved in the late 1600s.
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Rise of the Modern State
1. The European model
a) The Norman invasion of 1066 produced a whole new political order
b) On the European continent, the strength of some rulers produced national cohesiveness in more stable domains
c) Economic revival and so called Dark Ages were over
d) Treaties signed at the end of the Thirty Years' War contained fundamentals of statehood and nationhood
- Peace at Westphalia
e) Western Europe’s strong monarchies began to represent something more than authority
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Rise of the Modern State
Mercantilism
a) promotion of commercialism and trade with other states
b) City-based merchants, not the nobility, gained wealth
c) As money and influence were concentrated in the cities, land as a measure of affluence began to lose its relevance
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European Colonialism
and the Modern State
• Colonialism
– a physical action in which one state takes over control of another, taking over the government and ruling the territory as its own.
• Why? – Organized political states forming
– Wealth from mercantilism to expand
– Gained more wealth, territory, and power through colonialism
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Diffusion of the Nation-State Model
• European Colonization influenced
– State model
• the European model became the international
model
– Economic structure
• colonies and colonizers became
interdependent in a capitalist world economy
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Two Waves of European Colonialism:
1500 - 1825
1825 - 1975
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Dominant Colonial Influences, 1550-1950
This map shows the dominant influence, as some places
were colonized by more than one power in this time period.
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What happened to state
size?
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Two Waves of Decolonization
First wave – focused on decolonization of the Americas
Second wave – focused on decolonization of Africa and Asia
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Construction of the World Economy
Capitalism – people, corporations, and states produce goods
and services and exchange them in the world market, with the
goal of achieving profit.
Commodification – the process of placing a price on a
good and then buying, selling, and trading the good.
Colonialism – brought the world into the world economy,
setting up an interdependent global economy.
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The Capitalist World-Economy
The World-Economy
is more than the
sum of its parts. It is
composed of “dots”
but we must also
understand the
“whole.”
Sunday on La Grande Jatte by Georges Pierre Seurat
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Immanuel Wallerstein’s World-Systems Theory:
1. The world economy has one market and a global
division of labor.
2. Although the world has multiple states, almost
everything takes place within the context of the
world economy.
3. The world economy has a three-tier structure.
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Three Tier Structure Core Processes that incorporate higher
levels of education, higher salaries,
and more technology
* Generate more wealth in the world
economy
Semi-periphery Places where core and periphery
processes are both occurring.
Places that are exploited by the core
but then exploit the periphery.
* Serves as a buffer between core and
periphery
Periphery Processes that incorporate lower levels
of education, lower salaries, and
less technology
* Generate less wealth in the world
economy
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Core
• Most states have assumed their current
shape following centuries of growth
• Examples: North America, Western
Europe, Japan, Australia
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Periphery
• The benefits of the core area thin the
farther you move outward
• Any resource benefits of the periphery
are typically shipped backed to the core
• Examples: Africa (except South Africa),
SE Asia, Western South America
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Semi-Periphery
• Exploited by the core, and exploit the
periphery
• Examples: Mexico, Brazil, Russia,
Eastern Europe, China, India
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Boundaries
• Vertical lines that establish the limit of
each state’s jurisdiction and authority
• Claims and boundaries are 3
dimensional
– Subsoil Resource disputes
– Airspace extends into airline traffic
(satellites next?)
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The Evolution of Boundaries
• Definition: the official establishment or
documentation of a boundary
– Treaty
– Legal document
– Example: 2000 Macedonia-Serbia and
Montenegro delimitation agreement
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The Evolution of Boundaries
Delimitation: placing of the boundary on a
map
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The Evolution of Boundaries
Demarcation: marking of the boundary by
some method on the ground
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Boundary Types
• Natural (physical): based on
recognizable physiographic features
– Mountains, rivers, and lakes
– Can cause disputes
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Boundary Types
• Law of the Sea
– Territory
• 12 Nautical miles
– Contiguous Zone
• 12 Nautical miles
– Exclusive Economic Zone
• 200 Nautical Miles
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Boundary Types
• Geometric (Artificial): follows
parallels of latitude and meridians of
longitude
– 49th parallel United States & Canada
– Africa, Asia, Americas
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Boundary Types
• Cultural: separate groups by a common
cultural trait
– India and Pakistan
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Boundary Origins
• Antecedent: border drawn before it
was well populated
– United States & Canada
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• Subsequent: border drawn after the
development of the cultural landscape
– 2 types:
• Consequent
• Superimposed
Boundary Origins
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• Consequent (ethnographic): border drawn to
accommodate existing religious, linguistic,
or ethnic differences
– N. Ireland and Ireland
Boundary Origins
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• Subsequent Superimposed Boundaries:
forced on an existing cultural
landscape, country, or people by a
conquering colonial power
– Unconcerned about preexisting cultural
patterns
– Great Britain = India/Pakistan
Boundary Origins
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• Relict/relic Boundary: former
boundary that no longer functions
– Differences on each side of the border are
still evident
Boundary Origins
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Definitional/Positional Boundary
Disputes
• Focus on the legal language of the boundary agreement
• A boundary agreement may base a boundary on a landmark that has moved or no longer
visible
• Argentina and Chile
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Locational Boundary Disputes
• The delimitation and possible
demarcation of the border is in dispute
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Operational/Functional Disputes
• Neighboring states disagree over
policies to be applied along a boundary
• Immigration
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Allocation/Resource Disputes
• Neighboring states can argue about the
distribution of resources
• United States v. Mexico
• Iraq v. Kuwait
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Territorial Disputes
• A subsequent boundary divides and
ethnically homogenous group
• Irredentism- advocating annexation of
territories administered by another state on
the grounds of common ethnicity or prior
historical possession
• Germany, Somalia, Kashmir
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Capitals
• Typically are centrally located to allow for equal access
• Many capitals have become distant to many areas due to growth: Washington D.C.
• Some capitals have been relocated to make the more accessible
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Capitals
• Usually located in the core area and
frequently the focus of it
• Capital cities are also frequently the
largest or the Primate City
• Primate City: dominates the economic
structure of the entire country
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Forward-Thrust capital City
• Deliberately sited in a state’s interior
• Brazil relocated its capital from Rio de
Janeiro to a new city called Brasilia
• Nigeria – Abula
• Kazakhstan – Astana
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Brasilia
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Brasilia
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Brasilia
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Nigeria - Abuja
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Nigeria - Abuja
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Kazakhstan – Astana
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Kazakhstan – Astana
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Geopolitics
• Considers the strategic value of land and sea
area in the context of national economic and
military power and ambitions – power relationships: past, present, and future
• Manifest Destiny, Monroe Doctrine,
“Greater East-Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere”
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Geopolitics – German School
Ratzel’s Organic Theory
a) Held that a nation which is an aggregate of organisms would itself function and behave as an organism
b) Nourishment of organism provided by acquisition of territories and people
c) Territory is essential to life.
d) Nazi expansion policies based on some of Ratzel’s ideas.
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Sir Halford Mackinder Heartland Theory
a) Believed a land-based power, not a sea power,
would ultimately rule the world
b) Pivot area extended from Eastern Europe to
eastern Siberia
Geopolitics – British/American School
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Mackinder – Heartland Theory
• The Heartland is impenetrable
• Resource rich
• Provided a base for world conquest
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Mackinder – Heartland Theory
–“Who rules East Europe commands the
Heartland”
–“Who rules the Heartland commands
the World Island”
–“Who rules the World Island
commands the World”
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Geopolitics
Nicholas Spykman - Rimland Theory
• Critic of Mackinder
• Argued that the Eurasian rim, not its
heart, held the key to global power
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Spykman-Rimland
• Fragmented zone
• Divided rimland key to balance of
world power
• Dense population, abundant resources,
controlling access to both the sea and
the interior
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• “Who controls the Rimland controls
Eurasia”
• “Who rules Eurasia controls the destiny
of the world”
Spykman-Rimland
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Recent Geopolitical Developments
Bipolar World
• Post WWII – Heartland =
U.S.S.R
NATO
CENTO
SEATO
• U.S. practiced Containment
• Confining the U.S.S.R by means of alliances with Rimland
• Military intervention
• Domino Theory
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Geopolitics Today
• Current world events have rendered
older geopolitical ideas obsolete
• End of the Cold War, Nuclear
Technology, and Japan, China, W.
Europe becoming world powers
• Unilateralism – United Sates dominance
• Will this last???
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Current Geopolitics
2 Main Forms of Competition
1. Economic rivalry: core countries versus peripheral states
2. Conflicts between “Civilizations”
• Western, Confucian, Japanese, Islamic, Hindu, Slavic, Latin America, African
• Differences are antagonistic
• Enduring differences in history, language, culture, and religion
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How do States Spatially Organize
their Governments?
Key Question:
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Internal Structure
1. The needs of a well-functioning state
a) Clearly bounded territory served by an
adequate infrastructure
b) Effective administrative framework, a
productive core area, and a prominent
capital
2. All states confront divisive forces
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Forms of Government
• Unitary – highly centralized government
where the capital city serves as a focus of
power.
• Federal – a government where the state is
organized into territories, which have
control over government policies and funds.
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Unitary and Federal Systems
1.Early European nation-states were
unitary states:
a)Governments were highly centralized
and powerful
b)Capital cities represented authority that
stretched to the limits of the state
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Unitary and Federal Systems
2. The federal state arose in the New World
a) Newness of the culture, and emergence of
regionalism due to the vast size of territories
b) Conditions did not lend themselves to unitary
systems of government
c) Absence of an old primate city
d) Lack of a clear core area and the vastness of
national territory
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Nigeria’s Federal Government – Allows states within the state to determine
whether to have Shari’a Laws
Shari’a Laws
Legal systems
based on
traditional
Islamic laws
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Minnesota’s
concealed
weapons law
requires the posting
of signs such as this
on buildings that do
not allow concealed
weapons.
The U.S. Federal Government – Allows states within the state to determine “moral” laws such as
death penalty, access to alcohol, and concealed weapons.
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Forces of Fragmentation and
Cohesion:
Centripetal and Centrifugal Forces
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Centripetal Forces
• Promoting State Cohesion
• Nationalism
• Unifying Institutions
• Organization and Administration
• Transportation and Communication
• Supranationalism
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Centrifugal Forces
• Challenges to State Authority
• Nationalism
• Devolution, Regionalism
• Peripheral Location
• Social and Economic Inequality
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Devolution – Movement of power from the central government
to regional governments within the state.
What causes devolutionary movements?
Ethnocultural forces
Economic forces
Spatial forces
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Ethnocultural Devolutionary Movements
Eastern Europe devolutionary forces
since the fall of
communism
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Economic
Devolutionary
Movements
Catalonia, Spain Barcelona is the center
of banking and
commerce in Spain and
the region is much
wealthier than the rest of
Spain.
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Spatial
Devolutionary
Movements
Honolulu, Hawai’i A history apart from the
United States, and a
desire to live apart in
order to keep traditions
alive.
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Electoral Geography
1.Electoral geographers
a) Study spatial configuration of
electoral districts
b) Voting patterns
c) Influence of voting patterns on
social and political affairs
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Electoral Geography
Gerrymandering - redrawing of voting
districts in such a way as to give one
political party maximum political advantage
• Creating of majority-minority districts
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Gerrymandering
• Stacked: drawing circuitous boundaries to enclose pockets of strength or weakness
• Excess vote: concentrates the votes of the opposition in a few districts which they can win easily, but leaves them few potential seats elsewhere
• Wasted vote: diffuses opposition’s vote
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Supranational Organizations
A separate entity composed of three or more
states that forge an association and form an
administrative structure for mutual benefit
in pursuit of shared goals.
* How many supranational organizations
exist in the world today? At least 60
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United Nations
• Background: League of Nations – 1919,
idea of Woodrow Wilson but…
• Basics:
– Cooperate with internationally approved
standards
– 191 members
– Aid: refugees, poverty, troops, human rights
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Global Scale – The United Nations
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Regional Scale - Europe
• Benelux: Belgium, Netherlands, Luxemberg
• Marshall Plan: US aid to Western European Courntries
• Organization of European Economic Cooperation (OEEC)
to
European Economic Community (EEC)
to
European Community (EC)
to
European Union (EU)
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Regional Scale - Europe
• European Union: domestic, military, and
certain sovereign policies that govern all
members
– 12 European Community (EC) members
established the EU – 1992
– Euro introduced in 2002
– Problems facing the EU?
• Subsidies, Germany, Turkey
Germany,
France, UK,
Italy,
Portugal,
Spain,
Greece,
Netherlands,
Belgium,
Luxemburg,
Denmark
and Ireland
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Regional Scale – The European Union
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Supranationalism Elsewhere…
• NAFTA, ACS, APEC, CIS…
• Treaties to reduce tariffs and facilitate
trade
• None like the European Union