mackinder democratie si realitate
TRANSCRIPT
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THE LIBRARY
OF
THE UNIVERSITY
OF CALIFORNIA
LOS ANGELES
GIFT
}-& /vU-<HU^
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M
fo*U-
^>r^> *
EMOCRATIC I EALS AN REALITY
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BY THE SAME AUTHOR
BRITAIN AN THE BRITISH SEAS!
S"#o$% E% ' o$!
T(" C) r"$%o$ +r",,!
N"' .! %!
THE TEACHING OF GEOGRA+HY
AN HISTORY!
S"#o$% E% ' o$!
M",,r,! G"or0" +( ) 1 & So$2 L'%!
N"' 34!
EMOCRATIC I EALS
AN REALITY
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A STU Y IN THE +OLITICS
OF RECONSTRUCTION
BY
H! 5! MAC6IN ER2 M!+!
LON ON
CONSTABLE AN COM+ANY LT
7878
+r $'"% $ Gr" ' Br ' $
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Co))"0"
L 9r r:
.34
+REFACE
THIS 9oo;2 ( '"v"r ', v )="2 , '(" o='-
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) $% @ $% $ 78 . I ro'" $ '(" N ' o$ )
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$o' o$): '(" %" of f 0(' $0 ,'r"$0'( 9=' ),o
'( ' of 1ro%=#' v ':2 r '("r '( $ " )'(2 ,
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CONTENTS
CHA+! +AGE
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L +ERS+ECTIVE ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 7
IL SOCIAL MOMENTUM ! ! ! ! ! !
! THE SEAMANDS +OINT OF VIE? !!! 4
IV! THE LAN SMANDS +OINT OF VIE? ! ! 84
V! THE RIVALRY OF EM+IRES ! D! ! ! 7
VL THE FREE OM OF NATIONS ! ! !787
VII! THE FREE OM OF MEN ! !!!! !34
VIII! +OSTSCRI+T !!! ! ! ! ! 3 4
A++EN ICES
A! NOTE ON AN INCI ENT AT THE T AI DORSAY2
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3 TH 5ANUARY 7878! ! ! ! ! ! 3
B! ANALYSIS2 ?ITH +AGE REFERENCES ! ! ! 3 8
C! LIST OV IAGRAMS ! ! !!! ! ! ! 3 3
+ERS+ECTIVE
OUR " or ", r" ,' )) f=)) of '(" v v % %"' )
of $ ))- 9,or9 $0 rf r" @ '("r" ,2 , '
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( #( ( 11"$"% " r) "r "v"$ $ o=r o $
) v",! B=' '(" ' " ( , ' ) ,' #o " 'o ' ;"
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o=r )o$0 ? r , of , $0)" 0r" ' "v"$'2
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'(": ( v" 9""$ '(" o='#o " of o$" #"$'=r:
$% '(" 1r")=%" 'o $o'("r! T"$, o$ 9"-
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' ""$ '(" $ ' o$, ( % ,)o ): ##= =) '"%2
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3 EMOCRATIC I EALS AN REALITY
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)",, " $): of o=r ,%o '( $ " '( $; of
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) ,' fo=r #"$'=r ", r" '(" o='#o "2 % r"#'
or $% r"#'2 of '(" =$" = ) 0ro '( of $ ' o$,2
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'o '(" 0r" '"r 0"$ =, $% "$"r0: of ,o "
$ ' o$, , #o 1 r"% '( o'("r, @ $ ) r0"
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of ) $%, $% ," ,2 $% of f"r' ) ': $% $ '=r )
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0ro '( of " 1 r",2 $% $ '(" "J$% of , $0)"
?or)% E 1 r"! If " r" 'o r" ) ," o=r %" )
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of L" 0=" of N ' o$, ( #( ,( )) 1r"v"$'
r $ '(" f='=r"2 " =,' r"#o0$ ," '(","
0"o0r 1( # ) r" ) ' ", $% ' ;" ,'"1, 'o
+ERS+ECTIVE 4
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,o# "': ,o '( ' " : r"$%"r ,"rv #" 'o o$"
$o'("r2 $% '(" ( 0("r '(" # v ) , ' o$ '("
or" $='" '"$%, 'o 9" '(" % v , o$ of
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) 9o=r $% '(" or" #o 1)"K '(" or0 $ , -
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#( r #'"r , f K"% $% ' , $# 1 9)" of $:
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EMOCRATIC I EALS AN REALITY
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)) '(" $ ' o$, of '(" or)% r" 9o=' 'o ,' r'
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f )=r" of $'"r$ ' o$ ) ) 'o v"r' '(" Gr" '
? r2 '( ' '("r" =,' 9" ,o " 1o "r or2 ,
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for '(" r=)" of ) o$0 # ' "$, 1 ,,",
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or)% 1o "r , ,( )) ,=ff #" 'o ;""1 '("
) 9"' ""$ 0r" ' $% , )) S' '",2 $% :"'
,( )) $o' 0ro $'o or)% ':r $$: T("r"
+ERS+ECTIVE
r" ' o ro %, 'o ,=#( ':r $$:2 '(" o$"
'(" #o$ =",' of )) o'("r $ ' o$, 9: o$"
$ ' o$2 '(" o'("r '(" 1"rv"r, o$ of '(" v"r:
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=1 'o #o"r#" '(" ) )",, $ ' o$! I$ o=r
0r" ' r"1) $$ $0 of (= $ ,o# "': " =,'
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'(" ro99"r r" 1r or f #', 'o '(" L of
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o=r v ,' 1ro9)" , 9=, $",, "$ %" ) $0
'( r" ) ' ", of 0ro '( $% o11or'=$ ':2 $%
$o' "r"): , ) :"r, %"f $ $0 r 0(', $%
r" "% ",!
M: "$%" vo=r2 $ '(" fo))o $0 1 0",2 ))
9" 'o " ,=r" '(" r") ' v" , 0$ f # $#" of '("
0r" ' f" '=r", of o=r G)o9" , '",'"% 9: '("
"v"$', of ( ,'or:2 $#)=% $0 '(" ( ,'or: of '("
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II
SOCIAL MOMENTUM
D To ( '( ' ( '( ,( )) 9" 0 v"$!D
IN '(" :" r 7 8 '(" )=# % Fr"$#( +"o1)"2 $
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1r","$'): Fr"$#( I%" ) , )o,' ', (o)% o$
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) of (o," 9" $0 , %"$ ) of L 9"r':!
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E 1 r" ( , $f)="$#"% )) ,=9," ="$' 1o) ' # )
'(o=0(' @ ' ( , ,"" "% 'r 0"%: $ '(" o)%
Gr""; ,"$," of % , ,'"r 1r"%",' $"% $ '("
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v"r: #( r #'"r of R"vo)=' o$ r: I%" ) , !
?("$2 '("r"for"2 $ 7 2 '(" 1"o1)", of
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SOCIAL MOMENTUM
or0 $ ,"r 9: '(" $%"1"$%"$' ,1 r ' of $ ' o$,!
U$for'=$ '"):2 $ '( ' :" r of r"vo)=' o$,2 '("
0oo% ,( 1 I%" ) , 0 $ %r 00"% ("r $#(or2
$% 9: $% 9: , , "1' : 9: F '"2 $
'(" 1"r,o$ of B , r#;! ? '( ( , +r=,, $
"ff # "$#: B , r#; 1"rv"r'"% '(" $" %" )
of G"r $ N ' o$ ) ':2 =,' , N 1o)"o$ ( %
1"rv"r'"% '(" , 1)"r Fr"$#( %" ), of L 9"r':
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$% E = ) ':! T(" 'r 0"%: of N ' o$ ) I%" )-
, 2 ( #( " ( v" =,' ,""$ #o$,= '"%2
, $o'2 (o "v"r2 1r"%",' $"% $ '(" % ,or%"r
of L 9"r':2 9=' $ '(" '"r ) , 2 #o o$):
;$o $ , 6=)'=r2 of '(" or0 $ ,"r! T("
Fr"$#( 'r 0"%: , '(" , 1)" 'r 0"%: of '("
9r" ;%o $ of I%" ) , @ 9=' '(" G"r $
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,=9,' '='"% R" ) , !
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(o)" E r'( '(o=0(' '(": ( % ,""$ 0r" '
( r9o=r ) 0(' ("$ '(" R=,, $ C r%o f"))
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$ U$ v"r, ) " o#r #:! To '(" " 0('""$'(-
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#"$'=r: %" ) of N ' o$ ) ':2 " ( v" %%"%
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N ' o$,! If '( r% 'r 0"%: "r" 'o "$,="2
EMOCRATIC I EALS AN REALITY
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0 r%,2 9=' '( ' ( , 9""$ 9"# =," " ( v"
%" '(" ,o 9: f" ," 1r $# 1)", of
0ov"r$ "$'2 $% 9: ,'r"$=o=, "ffor'2 $o'-
'(,' $% $0 o=r ,' ;", $ 1o) #:! O=r
( r%",' '",' ( , :"' 'o #o "! ?( ' %"0r""
of I$'"r$ ' o$ ) R"#o$,'r=#' o$ , $"#",, r:
f '(" or)% , )o$0 'o r" $ , f" 1) #"
for %" o#r # ", A$% $ r"0 r% 'o '("
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9" $o or" o "$'o=, =",' o$,! S( )) "
SOCIAL MOMENTUM 8
,=##""% $ ,o9"r): rr: $0 o=r $" I%" ) ,
'o R" ) ':
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I%" ) ,', r" '(" , )' of '(" E r'( @ '(o='
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,=#( , B=%%( , 2 S'o # , 2 $% M"% "v )
C(r ,' $ ':2 "r" 9 ,"% o$ ,")f-%"$ ) @ '("
Fr $# ,# $ Fr r, vo "% '(" ,")v", 'o C( ,-
' ':2 +ov"r':2 $% S"rv #"! B=' o%"r$
%" o#r ' # %" ) , 2 '(" %" ) , of '("
A "r # $ $% Fr"$#( R"vo)=' o$,2 , 9 ,"%
o$ ,")f-r" ) , ' o$! I', , '( ' "v"r:
(= $ 9" $0 ,( )) ) v" f=)) $% ,")f-r",1"#'-
$0 ) f"! A##or% $0 'o '(" 1r" 9)" of '("
A "r # $ "#) r ' o$ of I$%"1"$%"$#"2 ))
"$ r" #r" '"% " = ) $% "$%o "% '( '("
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T("," ' o '"$%"$# ", of %" ) , ( v" #orr"-
,1o$%"% ( ,'or # )): '( ' o %"v")o1 "$', of
r" ) ':! I$ o)%"r ' ", '(" 1o "r of $ '=r"
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, '(" o$): 0"$"r ) ro % 'o ( 11 $",,! T("
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7 EMOCRATIC I EALS AN REALITY
) f"2 9=' o$): ' '(" #o,' of '(" ,"rf%o of
'(" $:! Ev"$ '(" ,o-# ))"% " o#r #: of
A'("$, $% '(" +) 'o$ # U'o1 "r" 9 ,"%
o$ %o ",' # $% $%=,'r ) ,) v"r:! B=' '("
o%"r$ or)% , r #(! I$ $o , )) " ,=r"
$ $o #o$'ro), '(" for#", of $ '=r"2 $%
(o)" #) ,,",2 for "r): r", 0$"% 'o '(" r f '"2
( v" 9"#o " 9="% '( '(" %" '( ' '(
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f r"r % v , o$ of " )'( '("r" ,(o=)% 9"
$" r"r 11ro #( 'o " = ) ': of o11or'=$ ':!
T( , o%"r$ r" ) ': of (= $ #o$'ro) ov"r
$ '=r"2 1 r' fro ( #( %" o#r ' # %" ),
o=)% 9" f=' )"2 , $o' (o)): %=" 'o '("
%v $#" of ,# "$' f # ;$o )"%0" $% $v"$-
' o$! T(" 0r" '"r #o$'ro) ( #( $ $o
")%, , #o$% ' o$ )2 $% $o' 9,o)='" ) ;"
'(" #o$'ro) of $ '=r" ov"r $ 9: f $" $%
1",' )"$#"! H= $ r #(", $% #o 1 r ' v"
,"#=r ': r" 9 ,"% 'o-% : o$ '(" % v , o$ $%
#o-or% $ ' o$ of ) 9o=r2 $% o$ '(" #o$,' $'
r"1 r of '(" #o 1) # '"% 1) $' ( #( ( ,
r"1) #"% '(" , 1)" 'oo), of 1r ' v" ,o# "':!
I$ o'("r or%,2 '(" o='1=' of o%"r$ " )'(
, #o$% ' o$ ) o$ '(" $'"$ $#" of o=r
,o# ) or0 $ , ' o$ $% # 1 ' )! So# "': ,
D 0o $0 #o$#"r$2D $% $o , )) 1 r' of o=r "))-
9" $0 : 9" #o 1 r"% '( '(" $' $0 9)"
* 0oo% )) D of 9=, $",,! T(" o $"r of
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9=, $",, %"1"$%, o$ '(" ( 9 ', of ( , #=,-
SOCIAL MOMENTUM 77
'o "r, $o )",, '( $ o$ '(" r"0=) r r=$$ $0
of '(" #( $"r: $ ( , f #'or: @ 9o'( =,'
9" ;"1' $ r"1 r2 $% ("$ $ r"1 r '(":
( v" '(" v )=" of '(" D 0o $0 #o$#"r$ D @ 9='
,(o=)% '(" 9=, $",, ,'o12 '(": ( v" "r"):
9r" ;-=1 v )=" '(" #( $"r: 9"#o ", ,o
=#( ,#r 1 "' )2 $% '(" 0oo% )) , r"%=#"%
'o '(" 9oo; %"9',!
So# "': r"1o,", o$ '(" f #' '( ' $ ,
#r" '=r" of ( 9 '! B: $'"r)o#; $0 '(" v r o=,
( 9 ', of $: "$2 ,o# "': o9' $, ,'r=#-
'=r" ( #( : 9" #o 1 r"% '( '( ' of
r=$$ $0 #( $"! Mr,! Bo=$#"r , 9)" 'o
for , 1)" ,o# "': for '(" o##=1 ' o$ of
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roo 2 9"# =," BoK ,)"1' 9: $ 0(' $% CoK
9: % :2 9=' ("r ,o# "': , % ,)o# '"% ("$
o$" of ("r )o%0"r, 'oo; (o) % :2 $% for '("
$o$#" #( $0"% ( , ( 9 '! L"' $: o$" 'r:
'o r" ) ," ( ' o=)% ( 11"$ 'o ( ,")f f
)) '(o," o$ (o (" %"1"$%, '(" 1o,' "$2
r ) : "$2 9='#("r,2 9 ;"r,2 1r $'"r,2 $%
v"r: $: o'("r, "r" ,=%%"$): 'o v r:
'(" r ,"'')"% ro=' $", @ (" )) '("$ 9"0 $ 'o
11r"# '" $ (o 0r" ' %"0r"" '(" 1o "r of
o%"r$ $ ov"r $ '=r" , %=" 'o '(" f #'
'( ' ,o# "': , D 0o $0 #o$#"r$2D or2 $ '("
) $0= 0" of '(" "$0 $""r2 ( , o "$'= !
S'o1 '(" r=$$ $0 )o$0 "$o=0( 'o '(ro "$D,
( 9 ', o=' of 0" r '( o$" $o'("r2 $%
73 EMOCRATIC I EALS AN REALITY
,o# "': o=)% = #;): r=$ %o $ 'o '(" , 1)"
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r" ) ': of #o$'ro) 9: $ '=r"! V ,' $= 9"r,
o=)% % " $ #o$," ="$#"!
+ro%=#' v" 1o "r2 $ ,(or'2 , f r or"
1or' $' ")" "$' of r" ) ': $ r") ' o$ 'o
o%"r$ # v ) , ' o$ '( $ , ##= =) '"%
" )'(! T(" 'o' ) v , 9)" " )'( of # v )-
,"% #o=$'r:2 $o' '(,' $% $0 '(" $' = ':
of ,o " of ', 'r" ,=r",2 , 0"$"r )): ",' '"%
, " = ) 'o '(" o='1=' of $o' or" '( $ ,"v"$
or " 0(' :" r,! T(" , 0$ f # $#" of '( , ,' '"-
"$' %o", $o' (" $ ', 1r"# ," ##=r #:2 9='
$ '(" r 1 % 0ro '( of ', 1r #' # ) " $ $0
for o%"r$ "$2 o $0 'o '(" r %"1"$%"$#"
o$ #( $"r: of 1ro%=#' o$2 "#( $ # ) $%
,o# )2 ( #( $ '(" 1 ,' fo=r or f v" 0"$"r -
' o$, ( , 9"#o " $#r" , $0): %") # '" $%
#o 1) # '"%! For "v"r: %v $#" $ '(" 1-
1) # ' o$ of ,# "$#" '("r" ( , 9""$ #orr"-
,1o$% $0 #( $0" $ ,o# ) or0 $ , ' o$! I'
, 9: $o "r" #o $# %"$#" '( ' A% S '(
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, % ,#=,, $0 '(" % v , o$ of ) 9o=r ("$
5 ", ? '' , $v"$' $0 '(" ,'" -"$0 $"!
Nor2 $ o=r o $ ' "2 , ' 9: 9) $% #o $# %"$#"
'( ' 9", %" '(" $v"$' o$ of '(" $'"r$ ) #o -
9=,' o$ "$0 $" '(" ;": 'o '(" o'or-# r2
,=9 r $"2 $% "ro1) $" =,' 9" 1) #"%
$ =$1 r ))")"% "K'"$, o$ of '(" #r"% ' ,:,'" !
L=9r # ' o$ of "' ) #( $"r: %"1"$%, o$
SOCIAL MOMENTUM 74
'(" ( 9 ', of ) v $0 "$! T(" ,,= 1' o$
of ,o " ,# "$' f # "$'(=, ,', '( ' '(" ,'=%:
of '(" (= $" r', ( , #" ,"% 'o 9" 1or' $'
)) $o' 9" r "K $ ' o$ @ '(" $ 0" "$'
of "$2 ( 0( $% )o 2 , or" % ff #=)' $%
or" 1or' $' =$%"r '(" #o$% ' o$, of
o%"r$ r" ) ': '( $ ' "v"r ,!
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?" %",#r 9" '(" $ 0"r, of '(" ,o# )
#( $" , Or0 $ ,"r,2 9=' =$%"r '( ' 0"$"r )
'"r r" #o o$): $#)=%"% ' o % ,' $#'
# '"0or ",! I$ '(" f r,' 1) #"2 " ( v" A%-
$ ,'r 'or,2 (o r" $o' ,'r #'): or0 $ ,"r,
' )) 9"0"''"r,2 '( ' , 'o , :2 of $" or0 $,
$ $ or0 $ , ! I' , '(" f=$#' o$ of '("
% $ ,'r 'or 'o ;""1 '(" r=$$ $0 ,o# )
#( $" $ r"1 r $% 'o ,"" 'o ', )=9r # -
' o$! ?("$ "$ % "2 or for r" ,o$, of ))-
(" )'( or o)% 0" r"' r"2 ' , ( , %=': 'o f ))
'(" v # $' 1) #", '( "$ ,= ' 9): 'r $"%
9"for"( $%! A for" $ of or;, , ",,"$' )):
$ % $ ,'r 'or! A 5=%0" % $ ,'"r, '("
L 2 "K#"1' $ ,o f r , $ f #'2 '(o=0( $o' $
'("or:2 (" : ;" '! I$ '(" or; of
'(" % $ ,'r 'or2 1=r" $% , 1)"2 '("r" ,
$o %" of 1ro0r",,! G v"$ #"r' $ or0 $ -
, ' o$2 "ff # "$#: , ( , %" ) 1"rf"#' , oo'(-
$",, of or; $0! H , #( r #'"r ,' # % ," ,"
, # ))"% D R"% T 1"!D A #o 1) # '"% ,o# "':2
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")) % $ ,'"r"%2 '"$%, $ f #' 'o C( $","
7 EMOCRATIC I EALS AN REALITY
,' 0$ ' o$ 9: '(" v"r: ,'r"$0'( of ', o "$-
'= ! T(" 0oo% )) of )o$0-",' 9) ,("% $%
"))- $ 0"% 9=, $",, : of'"$ 9" ,o)% for
) r0" ,= $ '(" r;"'! +"r( 1, '("
o,' ,'r ; $0 ))=,'r ' o$ of ,o# ) o "$'=
, 'o 9" ,""$ $ '(" o9 ) ': of r;"',
'(" ,")v",! Ev"r: ,"))"r ,(", 'o 0o ("r"
9=:"r, r" $ '(" ( 9 ' of #o$0r"0 ' $0 $
or%"r '( ' (" : 9" ,=r" of 1=r#( ,"r for
( , r",! O$ '(" o'("r ( $%2 "v"r: 9=:"r
0o",2 f (" # $2 'o '(" 1) #" ("r" ,"))"r, r"
o$' 'o ,," 9)" $ or%"r '( ' (" : 9=:
#(" 1): , '(" r",=)' of '(" r #o 1"' ' o$!
T(" ='(or ' ", ( v" of'"$ 'r "% $ v $ 'o
%"#"$'r ) ," '(" r;"', of Lo$%o$!
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I$ or%"r 'o 11r"# '" '(" o'("r ':1" of
or0 $ ,"r2 '(" Cr" 'or of ,o# ) "#( $ , 2 )"'
=, 0 $ #o$, %"r for o "$' '(" #o o$
#o=r," of R"vo)=' o$,! A Vo)' r" #r ' # ,",
'(" r=$$ $0 #o$#"r$ ;$o $ , Fr"$#( Gov"r$-
"$' @ Ro=,," = 1 $', '(" %" ) of
( 11 "r ,o# "': @ '(" ='(or, of '(" 0r" '
E$#:#)o1"% # 1rov" '( ' '(" '"r ) 9 ,",
for ,=#( ,o# "': "K ,'! +r","$'): '(" $"
%" , ' ;" 1o,,",, o$ of ,o " "))- " $ $0
"$'(=, ,', $"K1"r "$#"%2 (o "v"r2 $ '("
% ff #=)' r' of #( $0 $0 '(" ( 9 ', of v"r 0"
$; $%! T(": ," " $ o11or'=$ ': for
)'"r $0 '(" ,'r=#'=r" of Fr"$#( ,o# "':!
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SOCIAL MOMENTUM 7.
I$# %"$' )):2 9=' =$for'=$ '"):2 '(": ,)o
%o $ ', r=$$ $0! S'o11 0" of or;2 #'= )
9r" ; 0" of '(" 1)" "$', of 1ro%=#' o$
$% 0ov"r$ "$'2 r" ov ) of 1r #' ,"% %-
$ ,'r 'or,2 $% ,=9,' '=' o$ of ,f '' $0
'"=r, #o 9 $" 'o r"%=#" '(" r '" of 1ro-
%=#' o$ of '(" $"#",, r ", of ) f"2 '( '("
r",=)' '( ' 1r #", r ,"2 $% #o$f %"$#" $%
#r"% ' f ))! T(" R"vo)=' o$ r: )" %"r, r"2
$o %o=9'2 )) $0 "$o=0( 'o 9" 1oor for
' " $ or%"r 'o r" ) ," '(" r %" ),2 9=' '("
(=$0r: )) o$, r ," =1 ro=$% '(" ! To
0 $ ' " '(" )) o$, r" )"% 'o ,=,1"#' '( '
'(" ,(or' 0" , %=" 'o ,o " $'"rf"r"$#" of
'(" %"1o,"% 1o "r,2 $% '(" T"rror $"v ' 9):
fo))o ,! A' ) ,' "$ 9"#o " f ' ) ,'2 $%2
9 $%o$ $0 %" ),2 ,""; ,o " or0 $ ,"r (o
,( )) r",'or" "ff # "$#:! T(" $"#",, ': , r" $-
for#"% 9: '(" f #' '( ' for" 0$ "$" ", r"
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$v % $0 '(" $ ' o$ ) '"rr 'or:2 $% '( ' )",,
1ro%=#' o$ $% r") K"% % ,# 1) $" ( v" r"-
%=#"% '(" %"f"$, v" 1o "r of '(" S' '"! B='
'(" or0 $ ,"r $""%"% for '(" ' ,; of r"#o$-
,'r=#' o$ , $o "r" % $ ,'r 'or @ (" =,'
9" 9)" 'o %", 0$ $% ;"2 $% $o' "r"):
'o r"1 r $% )=9r # '" ,o# ) #( $"r:! So
C r$o'2 (o D or0 $ ,", v #'or:2D $% N 1o)"o$
'( ( , Co%" C v )2 $ "'"r$ ) f " 9:
#r" ' v" "ffor'!
7 EMOCRATIC I EALS AN REALITY
T(" 1o,, 9 ) ': of or0 $ , ' o$ $ '(" #o$-
,'r=#' v" ,"$," %"1"$%, o$ % ,# 1) $"! R=$-
$ $0 ,o# "': , #o$,' '='"% 9: '(" :r %
$'"r)o#; $0 of '(" % ff"r"$' ( 9 ', of $:
"$ @ f '(" r=$$ $0 ,o# ) ,'r=#'=r" , 'o 9"
)'"r"%2 "v"$ $ ,o " r") ' v"): , )) r",1"#'2
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0r" ' $= 9"r of "$ $% o "$ =,'
, =)' $"o=,): #( $0" v r o=, of '(" r ( 9 ',
$ #o 1)" "$' r: :,! I' , 1o,, 9)"
'o $'ro%=#" :) 0(' S v $0 "K#"1' 9: $
"% #' of Gov"r$ "$'2 for $: 1 r' ) %("r-
"$#" 'o '(" #( $0" of (o=r o=)% ( v" '(ro $
,o# "': $'o #o$f=, o$! T(" #( "v" "$' of
:) 0(' S v $0 ,2 '("r"for"2 %"1"$%"$'
o$ ,o# ) % ,# 1) $"2 ( #( , '(=, ,""$ 'o
#o$, ,' $o' $ '(" ( 9 ', of "$ 9=' $ '("
1o "r of , =)' $"o=, $% #orr") '"% #( $0"
of '(o," ( 9 ',! I$ $ or%"r"% S' '" '("
,"$," of % ,# 1) $" 9"#o ", $$ '"2 $% '("
1o) #" r" 9=' r r"): # ))"% =1o$ 'o "$for#" '!
I$ o'("r or%,2 ,o# ) % ,# 1) $"2 or '(" )'"r -
' o$ of ( 9 ' ' )) or #o $%2 ',")f
9"#o ", ( 9 '! M ) ' r: % ,# 1) $"2 $ ,o
f r , ' #o$, ,', of , $0)" #', ' '(" or% of
#o $%2 , of , 1)"r or%"r2 9=' '(" 1ro-
f",, o$ ) ,o)% "r ;$o , ")) '(" % ff"r"$#"
9"' ""$ ( 9 '= ) % ,# 1) $" $% "v"$ '("
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o,' $'")) 0"$' f 0(' $0 9: = #;-'r $"% "$!
I$ ' ", of % ,or%"r '(" $'"r)o#; $0 of
SOCIAL MOMENTUM 7
1ro%=#' v" ( 9 ', 9r" ;, %o $ ,'"1 9: ,'"12
$% ,o# "': , (o)" 9"#o ", 1ro0r",, v"):
1oor2 '(o=0( ro99"r, of o$" ; $% or $o'("r
: for ( )" "$r #( '(" ,")v",! Ev"$
or" ,"r o=,2 (o "v"r2 , '(" f )=r" of '(" r
( 9 ' of % ,# 1) $"2 for '( ' 1) ", '(" )o,,
of '(" 1o "r of r"#=1"r ' o$! Co$, %"r 'o
( ' 1 ,, R=,, , 9ro=0(' 9: :" r of
#= =) ' v" r"vo)=' o$, @ ("r #o$% ' o$ ,
) ;" '( ' '"rr 9)" ,' '" of 1 r ):, , ("$ '("
$% ,' )) ,"", $% % r"#',2 9=' '(" $"rv", f )
'o ") # ' $: r",1o$," fro '(" =,#)",! A
$ ' o$ %o", $o' % " ("$ ,o , ''"$2 9=' '("
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(o)" "#( $ , of ', ,o# "': =,' 9"
r"#o$,' '='"%2 $% '( ' = #;):2 f '(" "$
$% o "$ (o ,=rv v" ', 1ov"r ,( "$'
r" $o' 'o for0"' '(" ( 9 ', $% )o," '("
1' '=%", o$ ( #( '(" r # v ) , ' o$ %"1"$%,!
H ,'or: ,(o , $o r" "%: 9=' for#" =1o$
( #( 'o fo=$% fr",( $=#)"=, of % ,# 1) $"
$ ,=#( # r#= ,' $#", @ 9=' '(" or0 $ ,"r (o
r",', =1o$ for#" '"$%, $"v ' 9): 'o 'r" '
'(" r"#ov"r: of "r" "ff # "$#: , ( , "$%!
I%" ) , %o", $o' f)o=r ,( =$%"r ( , r=)"! I'
, 9"# =," ( ,'or: ,1" ;, 1) $): $ '( ,
r"0 r%2 '( ' ,o $: of '(" %" ) ,', of '("
) ,' ' o 0"$"r ' o$, ( v" 9""$ $'"r$ ' o$ ) ,'@
'(" ) ' r: r"#ov"r: of % ,# 1) $" , #o o$):
#( "v"% " '("r 9: #o$ =",' fro $o'("r
B
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7 EMOCRATIC I EALS AN REALITY
$ ' o$ ) 9 ," or $# %"$' )): 'o ,=##",,f=)
$ ' o$ ) r", ,' $#" 'o for" 0$ $v , o$!
T(" 0r" ' or0 $ ,"r , '(" 0r" ' r" ) ,'!
No' '( ' (" ) #;, 0 $ ' o$ v"r: f r fro
'( ' @ 9=' ( , 0 $ ' o$ '=r$, 'o D :, $%
" $,2D $% $o' 'o ")=, v" "$%,! H , , '("
$% of M r'( $% $o' of M r:! If (" 9"
C 1' $2 of I$%=,'r: '(" #o=$'"r, of ( ,
'(o=0(' r" ) 9o=r $% # 1 ' ) @ f (" 9"
G"$"r ) of Ar ", '(": r" =$ ', $% ,=11) ",!
H , or0 $ , $0 , "% ' $'"r "% '" "$%,
o$": f (" 9" $ $%=,'r )2 $% v #'or: f
(" 9" ,o)% "r! B=' o$": $% v #'or: r"
"r"): '(" ;":, 'o =)'"r or "$%,2 $% '(o,"
=)'"r or "$%, r" $ ")=, v" for ( '(ro=0(-
o='! H" % ", ,' )) ; $0 o$":2 or2 f ("
9" v #'or o=, ,o)% "r2 ""1, ) ;" A)"K $%"r
9"# =," '("r" r" $o or" or)%, 'o #o$ ="r!
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H , o$" # r" , '( ' '(" 9=, $",, or '(" r :
( #( (" ( , or0 $ ,"% ,( )) 9" "ff # "$'):
% $ ,'"r"% @ (" , ( r% o$ ( , % $ -
,'r 'or,! A9ov" ))2 (" v )=", '(" ( 9 ' of
% ,# 1) $" @ ( , #( $" =,' $, "r 1ro 1'):
'o '(" )"v"r!
T(" or0 $ ,"r $"v ' 9): #o ", 'o )oo; =1o$
"$ , ( , 'oo),! H , , '(" $v"r," of '("
$% of '(" %" ) ,'2 for (" o=)% ov" "$
$ 9r 0 %", $% =,' '("r"for" ( v" r"0 r%
'o '"r ) ) ' ' o$,2 ("r" , '(" %" ) ,'
SOCIAL MOMENTUM 78
11" ), 'o '(" ,o=) $ " #( of =,2 $% ,o=),
r" $0"% $% # $ ,o r! I' %o", $o' fo))o
'( ' '(" or0 $ ,"r , # r")",, of '(" "))-
9" $0 of '(" ,o# "': 9"$" '( ( @ o$ '("
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#o$'r r:2 (" r"0 r%, '( ' ,o# "': , ,o =#(
$-1o "r 'o 9" $' $"% $ "ff # "$'
#o$% ' o$! T( , , 'r=" ("'("r (" 9"
) ' r ,' or # 1 ' ) ,'2 1rov %"% '( ' (" 9"
f r-, 0('"%! I$ '(" ,1("r" of 1o) ' #, '("
or0 $ ,"r v " , "$ , "K ,' $0 for '(" S' '"
for '(" D L"v '( $ D of '(" S'= r' 1( )o-
,o1("r Ho99",! B=' '(" " o#r ' # I%" ) ,' !A
9 r"): 'o)"r '", '(" S' '" , $"#",, r: "v ) ^
for ' ) ', fr""%o !
I$ '(" ",' 9) ,("% " o#r # ", of '(" ?",'2
'(" %" ), of Fr""%o ( v" 9""$ 'r $, ='"%
$'o '(" 1r" =% #", of '(" v"r 0" # ' "$2 $%
' , o$ '("," D ( 9 ', of '(o=0(' D '( ' '("
,"#=r ': of o=r fr""%o %"1"$%,2 r '("r '( $
o$ '(" 1 ,, $0 "#,' , ", of %" ) , ! For
'(o=, $% :" r, ,=#( 1r" =% #", 'oo; roo' =$%"r
'(" $,=) r 1ro'"#' o$ of Br ' $ @ '(": r"
'(" o='#o " of #o$' $=o=, "K1"r "$'2 $%
=,' 9" 'r" '"% ' )" ,' '( r",1"#'2 =$)",,
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" r" 1r"1 r"% 'o '( $; of o=r for"f '("r, ,
foo),! O$" of '("," 1r" =% #", , '( ' ' ,
=$ ," 'o ' ;" $ EK1"r' , M $ ,'"r of S' '"!
I$ '(" 1r","$' ' " of ? r2 ("$ fr""%o
"v"$ $ %" o#r #: =,' : ")% 'o "ff # "$#:2
3 EMOCRATIC I EALS AN REALITY
'("r" r" '(o," (o o=)% ( v" =, , : '( '
'(" "K1"r', (o " ( v" for '(" ' "
9" $0 $,' ))"% $ ,o " of '(" ( 0( off #",
,(o=)% 9" ,=##""%"% ("$#"for'( 9: "K1"r',2
$% '( ' o=r 1r" =% #" , $' = '"%! No$"
'(" )",, "v"$ $ r ' " Br ' $ ( , r"'=r$"%
'o C v ) $ M $ ,'"r for ? r T(" f #' ,2
of #o=r,"2 '( ' '(" $"ff # "$# ", of '(" $or )):
or; $0 Br ' ,( Co$,' '=' o$ r" "r"): '("
o9v"r," of '(" 'r='( '( ' %" o#r #: , $-
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#o 1 ' 9)" '( '(" or0 $ , ' o$ $"#",, r:
for r 0 $,' ='o#r # ",! ?("$ '("
1r","$' C( ) $ M $ ,'"r f r,' # " 'o E$0) $%
(" , "$'"r' $"% 9: ,o " " 9"r, of '("
Ho=," of Co o$,! R"f"rr $0 'o '(" Mo'("r
of + r) "$',2 , ,""$ fro '(" f r + # f #2
$% 'o '(" #(ro$ # 0r= 9) $0 $ r"0 r% 'o
+ r) "$' r: 0ov"r$ "$' ( #( (" fo=$% o$
( , rr v ) $ Lo$%o$2 (" "K#) "%2 D Yo=
for0"' '( ' o$" of '(" #( "f f=$#' o$, of
+ r) "$', , 'o 1r"v"$' '( $0, 9" $0 %o$" D
T(" '(o=0(' of '(" or0 $ ,"r , ",,"$' )):
,'r '"0 # )2 ("r" , '( ' of '(" 'r=" %" o#r '
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> < ^ $ '(" : of '(" or0 $ ,"r! U$%o=9'"%):
'(" or0 $ ,"r =,' 9" ,'"r2 for2 0 v"$
'(" : r%$",, of (= $ $ '=r" $% '("
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^ 2
,
SOCIAL MOMENTUM
37
$v"'"r #: of ( 9 '2 (" o=)% ;" ) '')"
1ro0r",, o'("r ,"! B=' (" , 9 % ,=1r" "
,'"r2 9"# =," of ( , D :, $% " $, D
$%!
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T(" N" ", , of %" o#r ' # %" ) , 2 f '
9r" ; fro '(" 9o$%, of r" ) ':2 , '(" ,=1r" "
r=)" of '(" or0 $ ,"r $% of 9) $% "ff # "$#:!
T(" or0 $ ,"r 9"0 $, $$o#"$'): "$o=0( @ ( ,
"K"#=' v" $% r"vo)', fro '(" % ,or%"r2 $%
9ov" )) fro '(" $% ,# 1) $" ro=$% ( !
So)% "r): "ff # "$#: =$%o=9'"%): , v"% R"-
vo)=' o$ r: Fr $#"! B=' ,=#( , '(" 1"'=,
of '(" 0o $0 #o$#"r$2 '( ' ' , ""1, for r%
"v"$ ', o $ #r" 'or! To 1rov" '("
"ff # "$#: of ( , $-1o "r (" =,' $ '("
"$% ,""; 'o #o$'ro) )) ', #' v ' ", or; $0
$% '( $; $02 $o )",, '( $ f 0(' $0! H" ,
$ ,=1r" " #o $%2 $% $"ff # "$#: , 1 $
'o ( ! T("r"for" N 1o)"o$ %%"% 'o ( ,
Gr $% Ar : $% ( , Co%" C v )2 ),o ( ,
Co$#or% ' '( '(" + 1 #:2 ("r"9: '("
1r ",' , 'o 9"#o " ( , ,"rv $'! H" 0('
( v" "$ o:"% ) ,' $0 1" #" f'"r '(" Tr" ': !
of A "$,2 9=' =,' $""%, #o$' $=" 'o 1r"- VJ
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1 r" r! F $ )): (" , 1"))"% 'o ( ,
Mo,#o 2 =,' , 0r" ' o$": ;"r )) '^
ov"rr" #( ( ,")f $% "$% $ 9 $;r=1'#:!
B , r#; , '(" N 1o)"o$ of '(" +r=,, $,2
'(" r $ of 9)oo% $% ro$2 :"' (" % ff"r"%
33 EMOCRATIC I EALS AN REALITY
fro ( , Fr"$#( 1ro'o':1" $ #"r' $ r"0 r%,
( #(2 for o=r 1r","$' 1=r1o,"2 r" or'(
''"$' o$! H , "$% , =$) ;" '(" "$% of
N 1o)"o$! T("r" , $o 9 $ ,( "$' 'o E)9
f'"r Mo,#o 2 $o 1r ,o$ "$' $ S'!
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H")"$ f'"r ? '"r)oo! Tr=" '( '2 f'"r
'( r': :" r, ' '(" (") 2 '(" o)% 1 )o' ,
%ro11"% $ 7 8 9: $" # 1' $ '(
$% 'o 1 r #:2 9=' ' , 9"# =," of ( ,
# =' o$ $% $o' 9"# =," of v =)' $0 9 ' o$!
- v Bo'( N 1o)"o$ $% B , r#; ( % ,=1r" "
^ ! $%, of '(" D :, $% " $, D or%"r2 9='
'("r" , ,o "'( $0 or" $ B , r#;! H"
> , $o' "r"): '(" 0r" ' 9=, $",, $2 ( #(
5 , E "r,o$D, %",#r 1' o$ of N 1o)"o$! No
,' '", $ "v"r % =,'"% r 'o 1o) #: '(
$ #"r =%0 "$' '( $ B , r#;! H" fo=0('
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^ '(r"" ,(or' $% ,=##",,f=) # 1 0$,2 $%
%" '(r"" 'r" ' ", of 1" #"2 fro " #( of
( #( "$,="% ( rv",' of %v $' 0" 'o
+r=,, ! Y"' ( ' % ff"r"$' 'r" ' ", '(":
"r" Af'"r '(" ? r of 7 0 $,' "$-
r;2 B , r#; 'oo; S)", 0 $% Ho),'" $2
'( '(" %" 2 9":o$% =",' o$2 of 6 ")
C $ )! Af'"r '(" ? r of 7 0 $,' A=,'r
(" r"f=,"% 'o ' ;" Bo(" 2 $% '("r"9: ,o
off"$%"% ( , 6 $0 '( ' '(": "r" $o' f=)):
r"#o$# )"% =$' ) f'"r '(" v #'or ", of 7 !
T("r" # $ 9" $o %o=9' '( ' $ '( , #)" "$#:
SOCIAL MOMENTUM 34
B , r#; for", ' " ("$ +r=,, 0('
$""% '(" )) $#" of A=,'r ! I$ 7 72 f'"r
S"% $ $% '(" S "0" of + r ,2 B , r#;
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: ")%"% 'o '(" 1r",,=r" of '(" ) ' r: 1 r':2
$% 'oo; Lorr $" , ")) , A), #"!
! ^*T
T(" 0r" ' C( $#"))or ( %2 $ 'r='(2 ( '
'(" +r=,, $2 , r=)"2 ) #;,2 $ $, 0(' $'o
'(" $%, of o'("r $ ' o$, '( $ ( , o $!
H , "'(o%, "r" 1,:#(o)o0 # ) 9: 1r"f"r-
"$#"! O$#" (" ( % #( "v"% G"r $ =$ ':
=$%"r +r=,, 2 (" 0"% $o or" r,! Y"'
(" ##o 1) ,("% 0r" ' '( $0, for ' " ("
r=)"% E=ro1" $% ( , "'(o% , $o "r"
"K1)o ' ' o$ of ) ' r: 1r",' 0"! A' '("
B"r) $ Co$0r",, of 7 (" ,"#=r"% '(" o##=1 -
' o$ of '(" 1rov $#", of Bo,$ $% H"r "-
0ov $ for A=,'r 2 $% '("r"9: %""1"$"%D '("
r v )r: of A=,'r $% R=,, $ '(" B ); $
+"$ $,=) ! A' '(" , " B"r) $ Co$0r",, ("
1r v '"): $# '"% Fr $#" 'o o##=1: T=$ ,2 $%
("$ Fr $#" 1r","$'): "ff"#'"% '( ' o##=1 -
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' o$2 I' ):2 , (" for", 2 , ,( r1):
o=$%"%! T(" = ) A)) $#" '( A=,'r
fo))o "% $ 7 82 $% '(" Tr 1)" A)) $#" '(
A=,'r $% I' ): $ 7 7! I' , , '(o=0(
(" ( % ,"$' ( , ,(""1-%o0 ro=$% ( , f)o#; 'o
%r v" ( , ,(""1 'o ( ! B: ,=9')"' ", of '("
, " or%"r (" $' 0o$ ,"% Fr $#" $% Br ' $2
$% ),o Br ' $ $% R=,, ! So2 'oo2 % % ("
3
%" ) $ ( , %o ",' # 1o) #:! I$ 7 ("
#" ,"% fro ,'r=00) $0 '( '(" V ' # $2 $%
9ro=0(' ov"r '(" C '(o) # 1 r': 'o ( , ,=1-
1or'2 '("r"9: $"='r ) , $0 '(" ,o# ) ,' '"$%-
"$#: $ '(" $%=,'r ) 9=' C '(o) # +rov $#"
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of '(" R( $") $%2 $% '(" 1 r' #=) r ,' '"$%-
"$#: $ '(" C '(o) # ; $0%o of B v r $
'(" ,o='(!
T(" 'r=" 1 r ))") , 'o 9" %r $ $o' 9"-
' ""$ N 1o)"o$ $% B , r#;2 9=' 9"' ""$
N 1o)"o$ $% '(" "$' r" +r=,, $ r=) $0 # ,'"!
T(" "$% of '( ' # ,'"2 ( #( " r" $o
'$",, $02 , ) ;" '(" "$% of N 1o)"o$ @ '("
9) $%): or0 $ , $0 $ 0o", 'o ( , Mo,#o 2
$% '(" 9) $%): or0 $ , $0 S' '" 'o ', Ar -
0"%%o$! 6=)'=r , '(" $ " 0 v"$ 'o '( '
1( )o,o1(: $% "%=# ' o$ ( #( 9="%
(o)" r #" '( '(" * :, $% " $, D $%!
T(" Fr"$#( r" $ r' ,' #2 $% '("r"for" $
%" ) ,' # 1"o1)" @ N 1o)"o$ 1ro,' '='"% '(" r
%" ) , '( '(" 0)or: of ( , 0"$ =,! B ,-
r#;2 o$ '(" o'("r ( $%2 , '(" #( )% of
'"r ) ,' # 6=)'=r2 9='2 0r" '"r '( $ '("
v"r 0" of ( , r #"2 (" #o=)% r"#;o$ ),o '(
,1 r '= ) for#",!
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6=)'=r ( % ', or 0 $ $o' $ '(" v #'or ", of
Fr"%"r #; '(" Gr" '2 9=' $ '(" %"f" ' of
5"$ ! T(" r=)" of Fr"%"r #; $ '(" " 0('""$'(
#"$'=r: , 1"r,o$ ) r=)" ) ;" '( ' of
SOCIAL MOMENTUM 3.
N 1o)"o$2 ("r" , '(" +r=,, of '(" $ $"-
'""$'( #"$'=r:2 9"( $% ( '"v"r o'("r 1r"-
'"$#"2 , 0ov"r$"% 9: $ o) 0 r#(: of
$'"))"#'= ) D EK1"r', D ,' ff off #"r,2 9=r" =-
#r ',2 1rof",,or,! Fr"%"r #;2 ,o)" or0 $ ,"r2
r ,"% o$): % $ ,'r 'or,2 '( '(" r",=)'
'( ' ("$ (" % "% (" )"f' +r=,, "r"
"#( $ , 2 'o 9" 9ro;"$ o$ '(" f ")% of
5"$ !
I$ '(" v"r: $'"r of 5"$ '(" 1( )o,o1("r
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F #('" # " 'o )"#'=r" $ B"r) $2 ( )" ' ,
,' )) $ '(" o##=1 ' o$ of '(" Fr"$#(! 7 T("r"
, $o U$ v"r, ': $ '(" +r=,, $ # 1 ' ) of
'(o," % :,2 $% '(" )"#'=r", "r" %") v"r"%
$o' 'o :o=$0 ,'=%"$',2 9=' 'o '(" '=r",'
9r $, of '(" #o=$'r: $ '(" f"v"r of 0r" '
#r , ,! F #('" ' =0(' '(" 1( )o,o1(: of + -
'r o' , ' ' " ("$ '(" G"r $ U$ v"r-
, ' ", "r" %"vo'"% 'o '(" 9,'r #' or,( 1
of ;$o )"%0" $% r'! I$ '(" $"K' f" :" r,2
9"' ""$ 7 $% 7 742 , ",' 9) ,("% '( '
#)o," #o$$"#' o$ 9"' ""$ '(" r :2 '("
9=r" =#r #:2 $% '(" ,#(oo),2 or2 $ o'("r
or%,2 9"' ""$ '(" $""%, of 0ov"r$ "$' $%
'(" , of "%=# ' o$2 ( #( #o$,' '='"% '("
",,"$#" $% 1"rv"r," ,'r"$0'( of '(" +r=,, $
,:,'" ! U$ v"r, ) ) ' r: ,"rv #" , #orr"-
7 S"" T("! Evo)=' o$ of +r=,, 2 9: M rr o'' $% Gr $' Ro9"r'-
,o$! C) r"$%o$ +r",,2 787.!
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3 EMOCRATIC I EALS AN REALITY
) '"% '( =$ v"r, ) #o 1=),or: ,#(oo) $02
$ =0=r '"% $ +r=,, ' o 0"$"r ' o$, 9"for"
'(" E$0) ,( E%=# ' o$ A#' of 7 @ '("
U$ v"r, ': of B"r) $2 '( 9r )) $' 1rof",-
,or '"2 , ",' 9) ,("% , , ,'"r 'o '(" Gr" '
G"$"r ) S' ff! T(=, ;$o )"%0" $ +r=,,
, $o )o$0"r 1=r,="% $): for ', o $
, ;"2 9=' , " $, 'o $ "$%2 $% '( '
"$% , '(" ,=##",, of S' '" ( #( ( %
"K1"r "$#"% 9 ''"r % , ,'"r! I' , C 1-
S' '"2 or"ov"r2 $ '(" %,' of 1) $2
'(o=' '(" $ '=r ) 9=) r;, of S1 $2
Fr $#"2 or Br ' $! T(" "$% %"'"r $", '("
" $,2 $% , $#" '(" +r=,, $ "$% , ) ' r:
,'r"$0'(2 9 ,"% of $"#",, ': o$ ,' r; % ,# 1-
) $"2 '(" " $, "r" $"v ' 9): '"r ) ,' #!
5=%0"% fro '(" ,' $%1o $' of B"r) $2 ' ,
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o$%"rf=) '( $0 'o ( v" 1r",,"% 6=)'=r2
or S'r '"0 # ) "$' ) ':2 o$ '(" "%=# '"% #) ,,
of (o)" 1"o1)"2 9=' fro '(" ,' $%1o $'
of # v ) , ' o$ ' ) r0" ' , f ' ) o "$'=
'o ( v" 0 v"$ 'o $ ' o$ f ' )2 '( ' , 'o
, :2 $ '(" )o$0 r=$2 " '("r 'o # v ) , ' o$ or
'( ' $ ' o$!
?" ( v" ( % for 9: or% $ '("," ' ",
'(" G"r $ r 1! I' : 9" =",' o$"%2
(o "v"r2 ("'("r o,' 1"o1)" $ Br ' $ $%
A "r # ( v" f=)): r" ) ,"% '(" 1 r' 1) :"%
9: '(" 1 $ G"r $ "%=# ' o$ %=r $0 '("
SOCIAL MOMENTUM 3
1 ,' '(r"" 0"$"r ' o$,! M 1, r" '(" ",,"$-
' ) 11 r '=, of 6=)'=r2 $% "v"r: "%=# '"%
G"r $ , 0"o0r 1("r $ ,"$," '( ' ,
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'r=" of v"r: f" E$0) ,( "$ or A "r # $,!
H" ( , 9""$ ' =0(' 'o ,"" $ 1, $o'
"r"): '(" #o$v"$' o$ ) 9o=$% r ", ",' 9-
) ,("% 9: ,#r 1, of 1 1"r2 9=' 1"r $"$'
1(:, # ) o11or'=$ ' ", D :, $% " $, D $
'(" ) '"r ) ,"$," of '(" or%,! H , R" )-
+o) ' ; ) v", $ ( , $% =1o$ "$' ) 1!
T(" ,"r o=, '" #( $0 of 0"o0r 1(: $ G"r $
H 0( S#(oo), $% U$ v"r, ' ", % '", fro '("
v"r: 9"0 $$ $0 of 6=)'=r! I' , or0 $ ,"%
$ '(" 0"$"r ' o$ f'"r 5"$ 2 $): 9: '("
) 9o=r, of fo=r "$ A)"K $%"r vo$ H= -
9o)%'2 B"r0( =,2 C r) R ''"r2 $% S' ")"r
(o "r" '' #("% 'o '(" $" U$ v"r, ': of
B"r) $ $% 'o '(" , $#" f o=, 1-(o=," of
+"r'(", of Go'( ! To '( , % :2 $o' '(-
,' $% $0 )) '( ' ( , 9""$ %o$" 9: ' o or
'(r"" "K#"1' o$ ) 1-(o=,", $ '( , #o=$'r:2
f :o= $' 0oo% 12 #o$v": $0 ##=r '"):
$% :"' 0r 1( # )): '(" f=$% "$' ) #o$-
'r ,',2 :o= =,' ( v" r",or' , of'"$ , $o'
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'o o$" of G"r $ or 0 $! T(" r" ,o$ , '( '
$ G"r $: '("r" r" $: # r'o0r 1("r,
(o r" ,#(o) r): 0"o0r 1("r, $% $o' "r"):
,=rv":or, or %r f', "$! T(": # $ "K ,'2
9"# =," '("r" , %" 1=9) # "%=# '"% 'o
3 EMOCRATIC I EALS AN REALITY
11r"# '" $% 1 : for $'")) 0"$'): %r $
1,! 7
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"%=# ' o$2 $% ' , 1"r( 1, $'= ' v"): '( '
" ( v" $"0)"#'"% '"r ) ,' # 0"o0r 1(:!
B"for" '(" ? r $o' f" '" #("r,2 '( $ :
;$o )"%0"2 o9 "#'"% 'o 0"o0r 1(: , ,=9-
"#' of "%=# ' o$2 o$ '(" 0ro=$% '( ' '
'"$%"% 'o 1ro o'" I 1"r ) , 2 =,' , '(":
o9 "#'"% 'o 1(:, # ) %r )) 9"# =," ' '"$%"% 'o
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) ' r , ! ?" : ) =0( ' ,=#( "K#",,",
of 1o) ' # ) # =' o$2 , "$ of for "r #"$'=r ",
,#off"% ' '(" $#(or '", (o ,"#r"'"% '(" -
,")v", fro '(" or)%2 9=' '(" 1ro'",' $ " #(
# ," , 0 $,' $ "K#",, $ '(" o11o, '"
% r"#' o$!
B"r) $-B 0(% %2 B"r) $-H"r '2 B"r) $-+"; $
$o' (" r% , "r" or%,2 9=' v ,= ) ,"% o$
'(" "$' ) r") "f 1 $vo)v" for o,' A$0)o-
S Ko$, $" o%" of '(o=0('2 ) '"): $%
1"rf"#'): $'ro%=#"% o$0 =, 9: '(" ro=0(
1, of '(" $" ,1 1"r,! B=' :o=r +r=,, $2
$% ( , f '("r2 $% ( , 0r $%f '("r ( v" %"-
9 '"% ,=#( #o$#"1', )) '(" r ) v",2 1"$# ) $
( $%! I$ rr $0 $0 '(" %"' )"% '"r , of
1" #"2 o=r ,' '", "$ ))2 $o %o=9'2 ( v" '("
7 I$ : A%%r",, 'o '(" G"o0r 1( # ) S"#' o$ of '(" Br ' ,(
A,,o# ' o$ ' I1, #( $ 7 8. )) 9" fo=$% $ ##o=$' of '("
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SOCIAL MOMENTUM 38
%v #" of "K#"))"$' 0"o0r 1( # ) "K1"r',2 9='
'(" G"r $ r"1r","$' ' v", )) ( v" 9"( $%
'(" $o' "r"): f" "K1"r', 9=' 0r" '
0"o0r 1( # )): $,'r=#'"% 1=9) #2 )o$0 f ) r
'( "v"r: 1or' $' ,1"#' of '(" =",' o$,
( #( )) r ,"2 $% = #; 'o 0 v" f r-
, 0('"% ,=11or' 'o '(" r )" %"r,! T( , :
" , ): 9"#o " %"# , v" %v $' 0"2 ",1"# )):
,(o=)% o=r 1"o1)" 1 ,, $'o 0$ $ o=,
fr " of $%! ' o=)% 9" #=r o=, '( $0
f '(" ,=##",,", of T ))":r $% $% M"''"r$ #(2
$ '(" ,"#r"' % 1)o #: of 7 7 2 "r" r"1" '"%
9: '(" ,1o;", "$ of '(" %"f" '"% S' '", of
o=r o $ ' " =$%"r '(" #o$% ' o$, 1o,"%
=1o$ % 1)o #: 9: 1o1=) r 0ov" "$fTT 5
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T(" 1 ( 9 ' of '(o=0(' , $o )",, 1r"0-
$ $' $ '(" ,1("r" of "#o$o #, '( $ ' ,
$ '( ' of ,'r '"0:! Tr=" '( ' L ,," -f r"
( % ) '')" =," for '2 9=' '(" D o,' f vo=r"%
$ ' o$ D #) =," ( #( G"r $: 1o,"% o$
%"f" '"% Fr $#" $ '(" Tr" ': of Fr $;f=r'
( % = '" % ff"r"$' " $ $0 for '(" ,'r '"0 -
# ) G"r $ $% 'o '( ' ( #( , '' #("%
7 I' , 'r=" '( ' '("r" , D (or,"-,"$," D of 0"o0r 1(: o$0
'(o," of =, (o ( v" 'r v"))"%! I' , 'r="2 ),o2 '( ' " ;""1 ') ,",
$ o=r off #", $% ) 9r r ",2 'o 9" #o$,=)'"% , " o=)% #o$,=)'
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SOCIAL MOMENTUM 47
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43 EMOCRATIC I EALS AN REALITY
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SOCIAL JMOMENTUM 44
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4 EMOCRATIC I EALS AN REALITY
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SOCIAL MOMENTUM 4.
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THE SEAMANDS +OINT OF VIE? 7
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THE SEAMANDS +OINT OF VIE? 4
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THE SEAMANDS +OINT OF VIE? ..
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?("$ Ro " ( % #o 1)"'"% '(" or0 $ , ' o$
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v r )" 1"o1)" #(o," '(" for "r #o=r,"2 $%
'(" fro$' "r $% '(" ro %, "r" # rr "% '(ro=0(
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L ' $ +"$ $,=) 2 9"' ""$ '(" M"% '"rr $" $
$% '(" o#" $!^55
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FIG! ! T(" L ' $ S" 2 ,(o $0 '(" Ro $ '"rr 'or:
f'"r '(" +=$ # ? r,!
B ,# :2 $% 9= )' f)""' ("r" '( (" %"f" '"%
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'(": ,"rv" 'o #r:,' )) ," 1or' $' 0"$"r ) , ' o$,2 $% I 1ro1o,"
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FIG! ! T(" L ' $ +"$ $,=) 2 o##=1 "% 9: '("
o%"r$ Ro $#" $ ' o$,!
A (=$%r"% :" r, ) '"r '(" Ro $, #o$ ="r"%
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T(" Nor," "$ r %"% ov"r '(" Nor'( S" fro
'(" r f or%,2 $% '(ro=0( '(" C( $$")2 $%
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'(" 'o (o)% S1 $2 '(o=0( $or'( of '(" '"r2
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THE SEAMANDS +OINT OF VIE? 8
$% ', 11"$% $' ,) $% of Br ' $! F f'""$
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S #r"% +ro o$'or: 'o '(" S'r ', ' Co$-
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'o r%, '(" $ 1"$ $,=) ' " #( ,'r '2
S# $% $ v o$ '(" o$" ( $%2 $% A, M $or
o$ '(" o'("r @ $% 9"( $% '(" ) $% 9 r, ,o
for "% r" ' o ) $%0 r' 9 , $,2 '(" B )' #
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9 ) $# $0 I' ):2 '(" ,: "'r: of '(" % ,' )
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EMOCRATIC I EALS AN REALITY
0(' ( v" ( 11"$"% ( % Ro " $o' r"f=,"% 'o
#o$ ="r " ,' r% of '(" R( $" ?(o # $
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,o='( o=)% ( v" o9) '"r '"% C(r ,'"$%o !
So C( r)" 0$" "r"#'"% $ E 1 r" ,'r %"
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V"$ #" $% G"$o 'o 5 ff $% A#r" o$ '("
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r#("% '(ro=0( H=$0 r:2 )o$0 '(" f o=,
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'(=, ( r%"$"% 9: $'"r of #"$'=r ",2 # ))"%
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#"$'=r: % % T " r 1"$ for '(" 0r" ' %v"$-
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THE SEAMANDS +OINT OF VIE? 4
or)% E=ro1" $! I' , or'( 1 =, $0 for
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L '( +"$ $,=) $% '(" ,=9, % r: 1"$ $,=) ,
$% ,) $%, #)=,'"r"% ro=$% '! Bro % %","r',
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'(" C ,1 $ S" 2 %"' #("% fro '(" o#" $!
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THE SEAMANDS +OINT OF VIE? .
%"f $ '" #o$#"1' o$2 "v"$ '(o=0( '("! ) $%, $
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$ '=r ) 1rov , o$ for '(" $' #: of f ):
of $ ' o$,! ? '"r-1 '(, '(": "r"2 '(
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, '(": '(r" %"% '(" r : 9"' ""$ '(" ' o
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for '(" Nor," "$2 '(o=0( f "r#" $% #r=")
( )" '(": r" $"% + 0 $2 "r" 9 ,"% o$
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fr= 'f=) '( $ '(" o ,",2 $% ("r"v"r '(":
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EMOCRATIC I EALS AN REALITY
R=,, '(" r , )) $= 9"r, "r" ,oo$ 9-
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THE SEAMANDS +OINT OF VIE?
)" $ #o ,' , 'orr % %","r'2 9"# =," '("
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for ,(" r"'=r$"% (o " '(ro=0( '(" S="
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I$% ", =$%"r' ;"$2 "K#"1' , $ %v"$'=r"2
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F ! 7 ! T(" or)%-1ro o$'or:!
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THE SEAMANDS +OINT OF VIE? 8
$% ,'ro$0"r2 '(": 1=' '(" r #o "r# ) # ' ",2
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E$0) ,( $ '(" 1) #" of '(" o$" 1o "r ( #(
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EMOCRATIC I EALS AN REALITY
0r" '"r r",o=r#", of '(" 1"$ $,=) r $) $%
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) '"r ' " '(" r v )r: of S1 r' $% A'("$,
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, ," -9 ,"! So $ '(" # ," of '(" 0r" '"r
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) :, 9" 1r"%o $ $' E$0) ,( 1"o1)" $
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THE SEAMANDS +OINT OF VIE? 7
E$0) ,( $ ' o$ , ) o,' =$ ="): , 1)"
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3 EMOCRATIC I EALS AN REALITY
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THE SEAMANDS +OINT OF VIE? 4
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$o )",, for o=r fr= 'f=) ,o )! I$,=) r Cr"'"
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?("$ '(" N 1o)"o$ # ? r , ov"r2 Br ' ,(
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Lo$%o$ $% v ) 9)" for '(" $'"$ $#" of
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I$ "ff"#'2 '(" I$% $ O#" $ , D #)o,"% ," !D
Br ' $ o $"% or D 1ro'"#'"% D o,' of '("
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THE SEAMANDS +OINT OF VIE? .
" '("r o$ ,) $%,2 , '(" ='#( E ,' I$% ",2
or o$ '"rr 'or ", ,=#( , +or'=0="," Mo -
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Ro $,2 '( '(" )"0 o$, )o$0 '(" R( $"
fro$' "r2 $% '(" #)o,"% I$% $ O#" $2 '(
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EMOCRATIC I EALS AN REALITY
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Cr"' $ $,=) r 9 ," , #o$ ="r"% fro
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THE SEAMANDS +OINT OF VIE?
' 9: '(" %"f"$#" of ) $% fro$' "r,! I$ '("
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'o '' #; fro '(" ) $%2 '(" ,'"r: of '("
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(" r',! Mor"ov"r '(" Mo$ro" %o#'r $" ,
=1(")% $ r"0 r% 'o So='( A "r # !
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v"r: % ff"r"$' 9=' for '(" $'"rv"$' o$ of '("
8/14/2019 Mackinder Democratie Si Realitate
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Br ' ,( f)""'! No$" '(" )",, $% 1"r( 1, ,
#o$," ="$#" '(" 0ro '( of '(" G"r $
f)""' =$%"r '(" ,=##",, v" N v: L ,2 $-
THE SEAMANDS +OINT OF VIE? 8
%=#"% '(" '(%r ) of '(" Br ' ,( 9 '')"
, = %ro$, fro '(" F r E ,' $% fro '("
M"% '"rr $" $2 $% #o-o1"r ' o$ $ '(o," ," ,
'( '(" 5 1 $"," $% Fr"$#( ," -1o "r,!
T(" Gr" ' ? r ',")f 9"0 $ $ '(" o)% ,':)"2
$% ' , $o' =$' ) 787 '( ' '(" $" ,1"#',
of R" ) ': 9"# " "v %"$'! I$ '(" v"r: f r,'
% :, of '(" ,'r=00)" '(" Br ' ,( f)""' ( %
)r" %: ' ;"$ #o $% of '(" o#" $2 "$v")o1-
$02 '( '(" ,, ,' $#" of '(" Fr"$#( f)""'2 '("
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(o)" 1"$ $,=) r '(" 'r" of '(" r o$ ) $%!
T(" G"r $ 'roo1, $ '(" G"r $ Co)o$ ",
"r" ,o) '"%2 G"r $ "r#( $' ,( 11 $0 ,
%r v"$ off '(" ," ,2 '(" Br ' ,( "K1"% ' o$ r:
for#" , 'r $,1or'"% #ro,, '(" C( $$")
'(o=' '(" )o,, of $ or (or,"2 $%
Br ' ,( $% Fr"$#( ,=11) ", fro ov"r '("
o#" $ "r" , f"): 9ro=0(' $! I$ or%2
'(" '"rr 'or ", of Br ' $ $% Fr $#" "r"
%" o$" for '(" 1=r1o," of '("* r2 $% '(" r
o $' 9o=$% r: , %v $#"% 'o '( $ 0=$-
,(o' r $0" of '(" G"r $ #o ,' $o , ))
off,"' for '(" '" 1or r:2 '(o=0( %""1):
r"0r"''"%2 )o,, of #"r' $ Fr"$#( %"1 r'-
"$',! Af'"r '(" 9 '')" of '(" M r$" '("
'r=" r- 1 of E=ro1" o=)% ( v" ,(o $
Fr $#o-Br ' ,( fro$' "r fo))o $0 '(" Nor-
"0 $2 $ ,(2 G"r $2 ='#(2 $% B")0 $
#o ,', ' % ,' $#" of '(r"" )", $ '("
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EMOCRATIC I EALS AN REALITY
# ," of '(" $"='r ) #o ,', $% '("$ r=$$ $0
, , $=o=, ) $" '(ro=0( B")0 = $% Fr $#"
'o '(" 5=r 9or%"r of S ' "r) $%! ?",' of
'( ' 9o=$% r:2 ("'("r 9: ) $% or ," 2 '("
' o +o "r, #o=)% ;" r" %: '(" r %"f"$#"
0 $,' '(" "$" :! N $" o$'(, ) '"r I' ):
% r"% 'o o $ '(" A)) ",2 $): 9"# =," ("r
1or', "r" ;"1' o1"$ 9: '(" A)) "% ," -1o "r!
O$ '(" E ,'"r$ fro$' ),o '(" o)% ,':)" of
r (")%! L $%-1o "r , '("r" % v %"% $'o
' o #o$'"$% $0 for#",2 $% '(" o='"r of '(" ' o2
$o' '(,' $% $0 ', $#o$0r=o=, C r%o 2
, )) "% '( '(" ," -1o "r of '(" " o-
#r ' # ?",'! I$ ,(or'2 '(" % ,1o, ' o$ of
for#", r"1" '"% $ 0"$"r ) : '( ' of
#"$'=r: " r) "r2 ("$ Br ' ,( ," -1o "r ,=1-
1or'"% '(" +or'=0="," $% S1 $ r%, ( D '("
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+"$ $,=) 2D $% , )) "% '( '(" ='o#r # ",
of '(" E ,'"r$ ) $%-1o "r,! N 1o)"o$ fo=0('
o$ ' o fro$',2 ( #( $ '(" '"r , of 'o-% :
" ,(o=)% %",#r 9" , ?",'"r$ $% E ,'"r$!
I$ 787 2 (o "v"r2 # " 0r" ' #( $0"2
%=" 'o '(" "$'r: of '(" U$ '"% S' '", $'o '("
? r2 '(" f )) of '(" R=,, $ C r%o 2 $% '("
,=9," ="$' #o)) 1," of '(" R=,, $ f 0(' $0
,'r"$0'(! T(" or)%-,'r '"0: of '(" #o$'",'
, "$' r"): )'"r"%! ?" ( v" 9""$ f 0(' $0
, $#"2 $% # $ ffor% 'o , : ' '(o=' (=r' $0
$: of o=r )) ",2 'o ;" '(" or)% , f"
THE SEAMANDS +OINT OF VIE? 7
/1) #" for %" o#r # ",! So =#( , r"0 r%,
I#T" ) , ! B=' ' , " = )): 1or' $' '( '
" ,(o=)% 9" r $ $% '(" $" f #" of
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R" ) ':! ?" ( v" 9""$ f 0(' $0 ) '"):2 $
'(" #)o," of '(" ? r2 ,'r 0(' %=") 9"' ""$P
) $%-1o "r $% ," -1o "r2 $% ," -1o "r
( , 9""$ ) : $0 , "0" 'o ) $%-1o "r! ?"- > L
( v" #o$ ="r"%2 9=' ( % G"r $: #o$ ="r"% QT
,(" o=)% ( v" ",' 9) ,("% ("r ," -1o "r o$
%"r 9 ," '( $ $: $ ( ,'or:2 $% $ f #'
o$ '(" %",' 1o,, 9)" 9 ,"TX T(" o $' "o$- I
' $"$' of E=ro1"2 A, 2 $ Afr # 2 , $o
"ff"#' v"):2 $% $o' "r"): '("or"' # )):2 $
,) $%! No $% 0 $2 )",' " for0"'2 )"' Xf5 5 )
=, # )) ' '(" ?or)%-I,) $% ( ( ' foH9 ,!
O$" r" ,o$ (: '(" ," "$ % % $o' )o$0 *
0o r ," 'o '(" 0"$"r ) , ' o$ 1) "% $ '("
"K1r",, o$ D ?or)%-I,) $%2 . , '( ' '(": #o=)%
$o' ;" '(" ro=$% vo: 0" of '! A$ #"-
# 12 ' o '(o=, $% )", #ro,,2 f)o ', o$ '("
+o) r S" 2 '( o$" "%0" 0ro=$% o$ '("
,(o ), oS '(" $or'( of A, ! For '("^ #o o$
1=r1o,", of $ v 0 ' o$2 '("r"for"2 '(" #o$-
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' $"$' , $o' $ ,) $%! T(" ," "$ of '("
) ,' fo=r #"$'=r ", ( v" 'r" '"% ' , v ,'
1ro o$'or: ,'r"'#( $0 ,o='( r% fro
v 0=" $or'(2 , o=$' $ 1" ; : r ,"
o=' of '(" #)o=%, fro ( %%"$ fo=$% ' o$,!!
Ev"$ $ '(" ) ,' #"$'=r:2 , $#" '(" o1"$ $0
F
3 EMOCRATIC I EALS AN REALITY
of '(" S=" C $ )2 '(" " ,' r% vo: 0" ( ,
,' )) 9""$ ro=$% 1ro o$'or:2 '(o=0( '( '("
1o $' ' S $0 1or" $,'" % of C 1" To $!
T( , f #' $% ', v ,'$",, ( v" %" "$
'( $; of '(" Co$' $"$' , '(o=0( ' % ff"r"%
fro o'("r ,) $%, $ or" '( $ , "! ?"
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,1" ; of ', 1 r', , E=ro1"2 A, 2 $% Afr #
$ 1r"# ,"): '(" , " : '( ' " ,1" ; of
'(" 1 r', of '(" o#" $ , A') $' #2 + # f #2
$% I$% $! I$ '("or: "v"$ '(" $# "$'
Gr"";, r"0 r%"% ' , $,=) r2 :"' '(": ,1o;"
of ' , '(" D ?or)%!D T(" ,#(oo)-#( )%r"$ of
'o-% : r" ' =0(' of ' , '(" D O)% ?or)%2D $
#o$'r ,' '( #"r' $ 1 r of 1"$ $,=) ,
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S" "$ ,1" ; of ' "r"): , D '(" Co$' $"$'2D
'(" #o$' $=o=, ) $%!
L"' =, #o$, %"r for - o "$' '(" 1ro1or-
' o$, $% r") ' o$, of '( , $" ): r" ) ,"% Gr" '
I,) $%! 7 I' , ,"' , ' "r" o$ '(" ,(o=)%"r
of '(" " r'( '( r"f"r"$#" 'o '(" Nor'( +o)"!
M" ,=r $0 fro +o)" 'o +o)" )o$0 '(" #"$'r )
"r % $ of A, 2 " ( v" f r,' '(o=, $%
)", of #"-#) % ," , f r , '(" $or'("r$ ,(or"
of S 9"r 2 '("$ f v" '(o=, $% )", of ) $% 'o
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7 I' o=)% 9" ,)" % $0 'o ''" 1' 'o r"1r","$' '(" ,' '"-
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# '"% o$ 0)o9"! T("r"for" '(": r" ))=,'r '"% 9: % 0r , @
,"" F 0,! 73 $% 74!
THE SEAMANDS +OINT OF VIE? 4
'(" ,o='("r$ 1o $' of I$% 2 $% '("$ ,"v"$
'(o=, $% )", of ," 'o '(" A$' r#' # # 1
of #"-#) % ) $%! B=' " ,=r"% )o$0 '("
"r % $ of '(" B : of B"$0 ) or of '("
Ar 9 $ S" 2 A, , o$): ,o " '(r"" '(o=, $%
f v" (=$%r"% )", #ro,,! Fro + r , 'o
V) % vo,'o; , , K '(o=, $% )",2 $% fro
+ r , 'o '(" C 1" of Goo% Ho1" , , ) r
% ,' $#" @ 9=' '("," " ,=r" "$', r" o$
G)o9" ' "$':-, K '(o=, $% )", ro=$%! ?"r"
' $o' for '(" #" 1"% "$' 'o ', # r#= -
$ v 0 ' o$2 1r #' # ) ," "$ o=)% )o$0 0o
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( v" ,1o;"$ of '(" Gr" ' I,) $% 9: ,o "
,=#( $ "2 for ' , o$): ) '')" or" '( $
o$"-f f'( , ) r0" , '(" r o#" $!
T(" ?or)%-I,) $% "$%, $ 1o $', $or'(-
" ,' r% $% ,o='(-" ,' r%! O$ #)" r
% : :o= # $ ,"" fro '(" $or'(-" ,'"r$ (" %-
) $% #ro,, B"(r $0 S'r ' 'o '(" 9"0 $$ $0
of '(" )o$0 1 r of 1"$ $,=) ,2 " #( " ,=r $0
9o=' o$" ' "$':-, K'( of '(" G)o9"2 ( #( "
# )) '(" A "r # ,! S=1"rf # )): '("r" , $o
%o=9' #"r' $ r"," 9) $#" of ,: "'r: $
'(" O)% $% N" ?or)%, @ " #( #o$, ,', of
' o 1"$ $,=) ,2 Afr # $% E=ro-A, ( '("
o$" # ,"2 $% Nor'( $% So='( A "r # $
'(" o'("r! B=' '("r" , $o r" ) ) ;"$",,
9"' ""$ '(" ! T(" $or'("r$ $% $or'(-
" ,'"r$ ,(or", of Afr # for $" r): fo=r '(o=-
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EMOCRATIC I EALS AN REALITY
, $% )", r" ,o $' '"): r") '"% '( '("
o11o, '" ,(or", of E=ro1" $% A, '( ' '("
S ( r #o$,' '='", f r or" "ff"#' v" 9r" ;
$ ,o# ) #o$' $= ': '( $ %o", '(" M"% '"r-
r $" $! I$ '(" % :, of r $ v 0 ' o$ ( #(
r" #o $02 ," -1o "r )) =," '(" '"r- :
of '(" M"% '"rr $" $ $% R"% S" , o$): 9:
'(" ,=ff"r $#" of ) $%-1o "r2 for r-1o "r ,
#( "f): $ r of ) $%-1o "r2 $" -
1( 9 o=, # v )r:2 ("$ '(" #o$'",' '( ," -
1o "r , $ =",' o$!
B=' Nor'( $% So='( A "r # 2 ,)"$%"r):
#o$$"#'"% ' + $ 2 r" for 1r #' # ) 1=r-
1o,", $,=) r r '("r '( $ 1"$ $,=) r $ r"0 r%
'o o$" $o'("r! So='( A "r # ) ", $o'
"r"): 'o ,o='(2 9=' ),o $ '(" $ 'o " ,'
of Nor'( A "r # @ '(" ' o ) $%, r" $
"#(")o$2 , ,o)% "r, o=)% , :2 $% '(=, '("
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9ro % o#" $ "$# r#)", So='( A "r # 2 "K#"1'
for $='" 1ro1or' o$ of ', o=') $"! A ) ;"
f #' , 'r=" of Nor'( A "r # '( r"f"r"$#"
'o A, 2 for ' ,'r"'#(", o=' $'o '(" o#" $
fro B"(r $0 S'r ' ,o '( '2 , : 9"
,""$ =1o$ 0)o9"2 '(" ,(or'",' : fro
+"; $ 'o N" Yor; , #ro,, B"(r $0 S'r '2
# r#= ,' $#" ( #( : ,o " % : ( v" -
1or' $#" for '(" 'r v"))"r 9: r ) : or r!
T(" '( r% of '(" $" #o$' $"$',2 A=,'r ) /2
) ", '(o=, $% )", fro '(" ,o='(-" ,'"r$
THE SEAMANDS +OINT OF VIE? .
1o $' of A, 2 $% " ,=r", o$): o$" , K':-f f'(
of '(" ,=rf #" of '(" G)o9"!
T(=, '(" '(r"" ,o-# ))"% $" #o$' $"$', r"
$ 1o $' of r" "r"): , '")) '", of '(" o)%
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#o$' $"$'! T("r" , o$" o#" $ #ov"r $0 $ $"-
' ")f'(, of '(" G)o9" @ '("r" , o$" #o$' $"$'
'(" ?or)%-I,) $% #ov"r $0 ' o-' ")f'(, of
'(" G)o9" @ $% '("r" r" $: , ))"r ,) $%,2
("r"of Nor'( A "r # $% So='( A "r #
r" for "ff"#' v" 1=r1o,", ' o2 ( #( 'o0"'("r
#ov"r '(" r" $ $0 o$"-' ")f'(! T(" '"r
D N" ?or)% D 1) ",2 $o '( ' " # $ ,""
'(" R" ) ' ", $% $o' "r"): ( ,'or # 11" r-
$#",2 ro$0 1"r,1"#' v"!
T(" 'r='(2 ,""$ '( 9ro % v , o$2 , '( '
$ '(" 0r" ' ?or)%-+ro o$'or:2 "K'"$% $0
,o='( r% 'o '(" C 1" of Goo% Ho1"2 $% $
'(" Nor'( A "r # $ ," -9 ," " ( v"2 o$
v ,' ,# )"2 :"' '( r% #o$'r ,' of 1"$ $,=)
$% ,) $% 'o 9" ,"' 9", %" '(" Gr""; 1"$ $-
,=) $% '(" ,) $% of Cr"'"2 $% '(" L ' $
+"$ $,=) $% '(" Br ' ,( I,) $%! B=' '("r"
, '( , v ' ) % ff"r"$#"2 '( ' '(" ?or)%-+ro o$-
'or:2 ("$ =$ '"% 9: o%"r$ ov"r) $% #o -
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=$ # ' o$,2 , $ f #' '(" ?or)%-I,) $%2 1o,-
,",,"% 1o'"$' )): of '(" %v $' 0", 9o'(
of $,=) r ': $% of $#o 1 r 9): 0r" '
r",o=r#",!
L" % $0 A "r # $, ( v" for ,o " ' "
THE SEAMANDS +OINT OF VIE?
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11r"# '"% '(" f #' '( ' '(" r #o=$'r: , $o
)o$0"r or)% 1 r'2 $% +r", %"$' ? ),o$
( % 9ro=0(' ( , (o)" 1"o1)" ro=$% 'o '( '
v " ("$ '(": #o$,"$'"% 'o '(ro '(" ,")v",
$'o '(" ? r! B=' Nor'( A "r # , $o )o$0"r
"v"$ #o$' $"$' @ $ '( , ' "$' "'( #"$'=r: '
, ,(r $; $0 'o 9" $ ,) $%! A "r # $, =,"% 22 r
'o '( $; of '(" r '(r"" )) o$, of , = r"
)", , '(" " = v )"$' of )) E=ro1" @ ,o "
% :2 '(": , %2 '("r" o=)% 9" U$ '"% S' '",
of E=ro1" , , ,'"r 'o '(" U$ '"% S' '", of
A "r # ! No 2 '(o=0( '(": : $o' )) ( v"
r" ) ,"% '2 '(": =,' $o )o$0"r '( $; of
E=ro1" 1 r' fro A, $% Afr # ! T(" O)%
?or)% ( , 9"#o " $,=) r2 or $ o'("r or%,
=$ '2 $#o 1 r 9): '(" ) r0",' 0"o0r 1( # )
=$ ' o$ o=r G)o9"!
T("r" , r" r; 9)" 1 r ))") , 9"' ""$
'(" ,(or' ( ,'or: of A "r # $% '(" )o$0"r
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( ,'or: of E$0) $% @ 9o'( #o=$'r ", ( v"
$o 1 ,,"% '(ro=0( '(" , " ,=##",, o$ of
Co)o$ )2 Co$' $"$' )2 $% I$,=) r ,' 0",!
T(" A$0)" $% S Ko$ ,"'')" "$', )o$0 '("
" ,' $% ,o='( #o ,' of Br ' $ ( v" of'"$
9""$ r"0 r%"% , $' # 1 ' $0 '(" '( r'""$
E$0) ,( Co)o$ ", )o$0 '(" " ,' #o ,' of
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r" " 9"r"% , '( ' '("r" , #o$' $"$' )
,' 0" $ E$0) ,( ( ,'or: 'o 9" #o 1 r"% '(
EMOCRATIC I EALS AN REALITY
'( ' of L $#o)$ $ A "r # ! T(" r, of
A)fr"% '(" Gr" ' $% ? )) '(" Co$ ="ror
"r" $ $o , )) %"0r"" 9"' ""$ #o$'"$% $0
1 r', of E$0) $%2 '( '(" Nor," "$ $'"r-
v"$ $02 $% E$0) $% , $o' "ff"#' v"):
$,=) r =$' ) '(" ' " of E) 9"'(2 9"# =,"
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$o' =$' ) '("$ , ,(" fr"" fro '(" (o,' ) ':
of S#o') $%2 $% ("r,")f =$ '"%2 $% '("r"-
for" =$ '2 $ ("r r") ' o$, '( '(" $" 0(-
9o=r $0 #o$' $"$'! A "r # , 'o-% : =$ '2
)or -'(" A "r # $ 1"o1)" ( v" fo=0(' o=' D'(" r
$'"r$ ) % ff"r"$#",2 $% ' , $,=) r2 9"# =,"
"v"$', r" #o 1")) $0 A "r # $, 'o r" ) ,"
'( ' '(" r ,o-# ))"% #o$' $"$' ) ", o$ '(" , "
0)o9" , '(" Co$' $"$'!
+ #'=r" =1o$ '(" 1 of '(" or)% '( ,
? r , ' ( , 9""$ fo=0(' $ '(" :" r 787 !
I' ( , 9""$ r 9"' ""$ I,) $%"r, $%
Co$' $"$' ),2 '("r" # $ 9" $o %o=9' of '( '!
I' ( , 9""$ fo=0(' o$ '(" Co$' $"$'2 #( "f):
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Er $o" @ $% r $0"% o$ '(" o$" , %" ( v" 9""$
Br ' $2 C $ % 2 '(" U$ '"% S' '",2 Br )2
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<9 v" 9""$ $ '(" ? r 'o '(" "$% ( % ' $o'
9""$ for '(" ,=11or' of '(" I,) $%"r,! I$%
$% C( $ ,o f r , C( $ ( , 9""$ $
THE SEAMANDS +OINT OF VIE? 8
'(" ? r o$ '(" M $#(=r $ fro$' : 9"
r"0 r%"% , %v $#"% 0= r%, of Br ' ,(2
A "r # $2 $% 5 1 $"," ," -1o "r! ='#(
5 v , '(" o$): ,) $% of ) r0" 1o1=) ' o$
( #( , $o' $ '(" ?",'"r$ A)) $#"2 $% "v"$
5 v , $o' o$ '(" , %" of '(" Co$' $"$' ),!
T("r" # $ 9" $o ,' ; $0 '(" , 0$ f # $#" >
of '( , =$ $ ': of '(" I,) $%"r,! T(" #o)- '*J
) 1," of R=,, ( , #)" r"% o=r v " of '("
r" ) ' ",2 , '(" R=,, $ r"vo)=' o$ 1=r f "% Av#-^
'(" %" ), for ( #( " ( v" 9""$ f 0(' $0TW
T(" f #', 11" r $ '(" , " 1"r,1"#' v"
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f " #o$, %"r '(" 1o1=) ' o$ of '(" G)o9"!
Mor" '( $ fo=r'""$-, K'""$'(, of )) (= $ ':
) v" o$ '(" Gr" ' Co$' $"$'2 $% $" r): o$"-
, K'""$'( or" o$ '(" #)o,"): off-,"' I,) $%,
of Br ' $ $% 5 1 $! Ev"$ 'o-% :2 f'"r
fo=r #"$'=r ", of " 0r ' o$2 o$): 9o=' o$"-
, K'""$'( ) v" $ '(" )",,"r #o$' $"$',! Nor
, ' " ) ;"): 'o #( $0" '("," 1ro1or' o$,
'"r )):! If '(" %%)"- ",' of Nor'(
A "r # #o ", 1r","$'): 'o ,=11or'2 )"' =,
, :2 $o'("r (=$%r"% )) o$ 1"o1)"2 ' ,
1ro9 9)" '( ' '(" $'"r or of A, )) ' '("
, " ' " # rr: ' o (=$%r"% )) o$, or"
'( $ $o 2 $% f '(" Tro1 # ) 1 r' of So='(
A "r # ,(o=)% f""% (=$%r"% )) o$, or"2
'("$ '(" Tro1 # ) 1 r', of Afr # $% '("
I$% ", : $o' 1ro9 9): ,=11or' ' o
-!o
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o
THE SEAMANDS +OINT OF VIE? 87
(=$%r"% )) o$, or"! T(" Co$0o For",'
)o$"2 ,=9%="% 'o 0r #=)'=r"2 o=)% $' $
,o " fo=r (=$%r"% )) o$ ,o=), f 1o1=) '"%
'( '(" , " %"$, ': , 5 v 2 $% '(" 5 v $","
1o1=) ' o$ , ,' )) 0ro $0! H v" " $:
r 0('2 or"ov"r2 'o ,,= " '( '2 0 v"$ ',
#) '" $% ( ,'or:2 '(" $'"r or of A,
o=)% $o' $o=r ,( 1o1=) ' o$ , v r )" ,
'( ' of E=ro1"2 Nor'( A "r # 2 or 5 1 $
?( ' f '(" Gr" ' Co$' $"$'2 '(" (o)"
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?or)%-I,) $% or ) r0" 1 r' of '2 "r" ' ,o "
f='=r" ' " 'o 9"#o " , $0)" $% =$ '"% 9 ,"
of ," -1o "r ?o=)% $o' '(" o'("r $,=) r
9 ,", 9" o='9= )' , r"0 r%, ,( 1, $% o='-
$$"% , r"0 r%, ," "$ T(" r f)""',
o=)% $o %o=9' f 0(' '( )) '(" ("ro ,
9"0o''"$ of '(" r ( ,'or ",2 9=' '(" "$% o=)%
9" f '"%! Ev"$ $ '(" 1r","$' ? r2 $,=) r
A "r # ( , ( % 'o #o " 'o '(" % of $,=) r
Br ' $2 $o' 9"# =," '(" Br ' ,( f)""' #o=)%
$o' ( v" (")% '(" ," , for '(" ' " 9" $02 9='
)",' ,=#( 9= )% $0 $% $$ $0 9 ," "r"
'o 9" ,,=r"% 'o G"r $: ' '(" +" #"2 or
r '("r Tr=#"2 '( ' Br ' $ o=)% $"v ' 9):
9" o='9= )' $% o=' $$"% f" :" r, ) '"r!
T(" ,=rr"$%"r of '(" G"r $ f)""' $ '("
F r'( of For'( , % ) $0 "v"$'2 9=' $ ))
,o9"r$",,2 f " o=)% ' ;" '(" )o$0 v " 2
=,' " $o' ,' )) r"#;o$ '( '(" 1o,, 9 ) ':
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IV
THE LAN SMANDS +OINT OF VIE?
FOUR #"$'=r ", 0o '(" (o)" o=')oo; of $-
; $% , #( $0"% $ , $0)" 0"$"r ' o$ 9: '("
vo: 0", of '(" 0r" ' 1 o$""r,2 Co)= 9=,2
G 2 $% M 0")) $! T(" %" of '("
=$ ': of '6" o#" $2 9"for"( $% "r"): $f"rr"%
fro '(" ) ;"$",, of '(" ' %", $ '(" A') $' #
$% I$% $ '"r,2 ,=%%"$): 9"# " 1 r'
of '(" "$' ) " = 1 "$' of 1r #' # ) "$!
A , ) r r"vo)=' o$ , $ 1ro0r",, $ '("
1r","$' 0"$"r ' o$ $ '(" r 1 % r" ) , ' o$ of
'(" =$ ': of '(" Co$' $"$' o $0 'o o%"r$
"'(o%, of #o =$ # ' o$ 9: ) $% $% rT
T(" I,) $%"r, ( v" 9""$ ,)o 'o =$%"r,' $%D
( ' , ( 11"$ $0! Br ' $ "$' $'o '("
? r for '(" %"f"$#" of ("r $" 0(9o=r,2 B")0 =
$% Fr $#"2 ,"" $0 v 0="): 1"r( 1, '( ' ,(" /
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, ("r,")f '(r" '"$"% '(ro=0( '(" r % $0"r2 V
9=' ) o,' =$ $ o=, $ ("r %"# , o$ o$): !f"#o
! J ^- K / 4 DJ*V^
9"# =," of or ) ' "2 ("r 9o$% $ r"0 r%
'o B")0 = ! A "r # , ,(o#;"% 9: '("
L=, ' $ 'r 0"%:2 $% , =)' '"): 9ro=0(' OL^
$
8 EMOCRATIC I EALS AN REALITY
$ 9"# =," of '(" 0"$"r ) $fr $0" "$' of '("
r 0(', of $"='r ), 9: '(" G"r $ ,=9 r $",!
N" '("r of '(" A$0)o-S Ko$ $ ' o$, ' f r,'
#)" r): , '(" ,'r '"0 # ) " $ $0 of '("
? r! T(" r, , $ "K'"r$ ) v " of '("
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Co$' $"$'2 ) ;" '( ' of '(" ," "$ (o $ "%
'(" G= $" 2 M ) 9 r2 Coro $%")2 $% M=r $
FIG! 7 ! S(o $0 '(" 0r" ' 1 r' of A, $% E=ro1" (o,"
r v"r, f)o " '("r 'o '(" #: $or'(2 or $'o , )' ) ; , '(o='
"K ' 'o '(" o#" $ @ ),o (o Afr # f #", E=ro1" $% A, for
)",! E = ) r" , 1ro "#' o$!W
D Co ,',!D N" '("r $ Lo$%o$ $or $ N" Yor;
"r" I$'"r$ ' o$ ) +o) ' #, #o o$): % ,-
#=,,"% $ '(" : $ ( #( '(": r" % ,#=,,"%
( '(" # f", of Co$' $"$' ) E=ro1"! I$ or%"r2
'("r"for"2 'o 11r"# '" '(" Co$' $"$' ) v "
" =,' r" ov" o=r ,' $%1o $' fro '(o='
'o '( $ '(" 0r" ' r $0 of '(" D Co ,',!D
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THE LAN SMANDS +OINT OF VIE? 8.
L"' =, 9"0 $ 9: D9r 0 % $0D o=r % ' 2 for
o$): ,o ,( )) " 9" 9)" 'o r" ,o$ #o$v"$ "$'):
9o=' '(" r" ) ' ", ( #( '(" Co$' $"$' 1r"-
,"$', for ,'r '"0 # ) '(o=0('! ?("$ :o= r"
'( $; $0 of ) r0" '( $0, :o= =,' '( $; o$
9ro % ) $", @ '(" #o)o$") of 9 '' ) o$ '( $;,
$ #o 1 $ ",2 9=' '(" 0"$"r ) of % v , o$ $
9r 0 %",! For '(" 1=r1o," of for $0 o=r
9r 0 %",2 (o "v"r2 ' )) 9" $"#",, r: ' '("
o=',"' 'o 0o $'o ,o " %"0r"" of 0"o0r 1( # )
%"' )!
* 8 * 8 *
T(" $or'("r$ "%0" of A, , '(" I$ ##",-
, 9)" Co ,'2 9","' '( #" "K#"1' for $ rro
'"r ) $" ( #( o1"$, ("r" $% '("r" )o$0
'(" ,(or" $ '(" 9r "f ,= "r o $0 'o '("
")' $0 of '(" )o# ) #" for "% $ '(" $'"r
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9"' ""$ '(" 0ro=$%"% f)o", $% '(" ) $%! I'
,o ( 11"$, '( ' '(r"" of '(" ) r0",' r v"r, $
'(" or)%2 '(" L"$ 2 Y"$ ," 2 $% O9 2 ,'r"
$or'( r% '(ro=0( S 9"r 'o '( , #o ,'2 $%
r" '("r"for" %"' #("% for 1r #' # ) 1=r1o,",
fro '(" 0"$"r ) ,:,'" of '(" o#" $ $%
r v"r $ v 0 ' o$,! 7 So='( of S 9"r r" o'("r
7 T( , , 'r=" =1 'o '(" 1r","$' ' "2 '(o=0(2 '( '(" % of
o%"r$ #"-9r" ;"r,2 '(" "ffor', ( #( r" 9" $0 %"2 ",1"# )):
9: T:$", %" "$'"r1r ,"2 'o o1"$ % r"#' ro='" 'o '(" o='(, of
'(" O9 $% Y"$ ," : 1"r( 1, r",=)' $ '(" ",' 9) ,( "$' of
," -9or$" ,= "r 'r ff # 'o ?",'"r$ S 9"r !
8 EMOCRATIC I EALS AN REALITY
r"0 o$, ' )" ,' , ) r0"2 %r $"% $'o , )'
) ;", ( v $0 $o o=')"' 'o '(" o#" $ @ ,=#( r"
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'(" 9 , $, of '(" Vo)0 $% Ur ) R v"r, f)o $0
'o '(" C ,1 $ S" 2 $% of '(" OK=, $%
5 K r'", 'o '(" S" of Ar L G"o0r 1("r,
=,= )): %",#r 9" '("," $ r% 9 , $, ,
7 Co$' $"$' )!D T ;"$ 'o0"'("r2 '(" r"0 o$,
of Ar#' # $% Co$' $"$' ) %r $ 0" " ,=r"
$" r): ( )f of A, $% = r'"r of E=ro1"2
$% for 0r" ' #o$' $=o=, 1 '#( $ '("
$or'( $% #"$'r" of '(" #o$' $"$'! T( '
(o)" 1 '#(2 "K'"$% $0 r 0(' #ro,, fro '("
#:2 f) ' ,(or" of S 9"r 'o '(" 'orr %2 ,'""1
#o ,', of B )=#( ,' $ $% +"r, 2 ( , 9""$
$ ##",, 9)" 'o $ v 0 ' o$ fro '(" o#" $!
T(" o1"$ $0 of ' 9: r ) :, for ' ,
1r #' # )): ro %)",, 9"for"( $% $% 9:
"ro1) $" ro='", $ '(" $" r f='=r"2 #o$-
,' '='", r"vo)=' o$ $ '(" r") ' o$, of "$
'o '(" ) r0"r 0"o0r 1( # ) r" ) ' ", of '("
or)%! L"' =, # )) '( , 0r" ' r"0 o$ '("
H" r') $% of '(" Co$' $"$'A
T(" $or'(2 #"$'r"2 $#T ",' of '(" H" r'-
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) $% r" 1) $2 r , $0 o$): f" (=$%r"%
f""' ' o,' 9ov" ," )"v")! I$ '( '
0r" '",' )o ) $% o$ '(" G)o9" r" $#)=%"%
?",'"r$ S 9"r 2 T=r;",' $2 $% '(" Vo)0
9 , $ of E=ro1"2 for '(" Ur ) Mo=$' $,2
'(o=0( )o$0 r $0"2 r" $o' of 1or' $'
8 EMOCRATIC I EALS AN REALITY
(" 0('2 $% '"r $ '" ,o " '(r"" (=$%r"%
)", $or'( of '(" C ,1 $2 )" v $0 9ro %
0 '" : fro S 9"r $'o E=ro1"! L"' =,
,1" ; of '( , v ,' 1) $ , '(" Gr" ' Lo ) $%!
So='( r% '(" Gr" ' Lo ) $% "$%, )o$0
'(" foo' of ' 9)") $%2 (o," v"r 0" ")"v ' o$
, 9o=' ( )f )"2 '( o=$' $ r %0",
5 r , $0 'o )" $% ( )f! T( , ' 9)") $%
56 V " r, =1o$ ', 9ro % 9 #; '(" '(r"" #o=$'r ",
! 6 ^of +"r, 2 Af0( $ ,' $2 $% B )=#( ,' $ @ for
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#o$v"$ "$#" " : %",#r 9" '(" (o)" of '
, '(" Ir $ $ U1) $%! T(" H" r') $%2 $
'(" ,"$," of '(" r"0 o$ of Ar#' # $% Co$-
' $"$' ) %r $ 0"2 $#)=%", o,' of '(" Gr" '
Lo ) $% $% o,' of '(" Ir $ $ U1) $% @
' "K'"$%, '("r"for" 'o '(" )o$02 ( 0(2 #=rv $0
9r $; of '(" +"r, $ Mo=$' $,2 9":o$% ( #(
, '(" %"1r",, o$ o##=1 "% 9: '(" E=1(r '",
V ))": $% '(" +"r, $ G=)f!
No )"' =, 'r v") $ 0 $ ' o$ 'o '("
",' of Afr # ! T("r"2 9"' ""$ '(" ) ' '=%",
of '(" C $ r: $% C 1" V"r%" I,) $%,2 ,
","r' Co ,'P ' , '(" #( r #'"r of '( '
#o ,'2 ' )) 9" r" " 9"r"%2 ( #( ,o )o$0
9 ff)"% '(" "ffor' of '(" "% "v ) , )or, 'o
;" '(" ,o='( r% vo: 0" ro=$% Afr # !
? '( 9r" %'( of '(o=, $% )", '(" S ( r
,1r" %, '("$#" #ro,, '(" $or'( of Afr # fro
'(" A') $' # O#" $ 'o '(" V ))": of '(" N )"!
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THE LAN SMANDS +OINT OF VIE? 88
T(" S ( r , $o' "v"r: ("r" $ =''"r %","r' @
'("r" r" $: o ,", 'r"$#("% v ))":, '(
")), 'o '(" '"r 1"r#o) ' $0 =$%"r0ro=$% $
'(" r 9o''o ,2 or ( )): 'r #', 0 $,' ( #( '
' ", '(" #)o=%, 0 '("r 9=' '("," r" $='"
$% ,# ''"r"% "K#"1' o$, =1o$ 9 rr"$ $%
r v"r)",, r" $" r): , ) r0" , )) E=ro1"!
T(" S ( r , '(" o,' =$9ro;"$ $ '=r )
9o=$% r: ( '(" or)% @ '(ro=0(o=' H ,'or: '
( , 9""$ 9 rr "r 9"' ""$ '(" ?( '" $% '("
B) #; "$!
B"' ""$ '(" S ( r $% '(" H" r') $%
'("r" , 9ro % 0 1 ( #( , o##=1 "% 9:
Ar 9 ! T(" ' o 9r $;, of '(" N )" V ))":
r" ;$o $ , L 9: $ 'o '(" ?",' $% Ar 9 $
'o '(" E ,' @ $% : 9":o$% '(" Lo "r
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E=1(r '",2 ' '(" foo' of '(" +"r, $ Mo=$-
' $,2 , '(" % ,'r #' ;$o $ , Ar 9 ,' $ or
'(" #o=$'r: of '(" Ar 9,! I$ #o 1)"'" ( r-
o$:2 '("r"for"2 '( )o# ) =, 0"2 Ar 9
: 9" r"0 r%"% , ,1r" % $0 for )",
fro '(" N )" 'o 9":o$% '(" E=1(r '",! Fro
'(" foo' of '(" T =r=, Mo=$' $,2 $or'( of
A)"11o2 'o '(" G=)f of A%"$2 ' " ,=r", $o
)",, '( $ 7 )",! A, 'o o$"-( )f2 Ar 9
, %","r'2 $% , 'o '(" o'("r ( )f $): %r:
,'"11", @ )'(o=0( ' ) ", $ '(" , " ) ' '=%",
, '(" S ( r 2 ' , or" 1ro%=#' v" $%
# rr ", or" #o$, %"r 9)" 1o1=) ' o$ of
F o! 7 ! T(" ?or)%- I,) $%2 % v %"% $'o , K
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'!=r ) r"0 o$,! E = ) r" , 1ro "#' o$!W
3 EMOCRATIC I EALS AN REALITY
r
$%"r $0 B"%o= $! Mor"ov"r2 ' ( , ) r0"r
o ,",2 $% '("r"for" ) r0"r # ' ",! ?( '2
(o "v"r2 o,' % ,' $0= ,(", Ar 9 9o'( fro
'(" H" r') $% $% '(" S ( r , '(" f #'
'( ' ' , 'r v"r,"% 9: '(r"" 0r" ' '"r- :,
$ #o$$"#' o$ '( '(" o#" $ '(" N )"2 '("
R"% S" 2 $% '(" E=1(r '", $% +"r,
G=)f! No$" of '("," '(r"" :,2 (o "v"r2
)for%, $ '=r )): #o 1)"'" 1 ,, 0" #ro,,
'(" r % 9")'! T(" N )" , $ v 0 9)" fro
'(" M"% '"rr $" $ o$): 'o '(" f r,' # ' r #'2
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% : #ro,, '(" %","r'2 '(o=0( )o#;, ( v"
$o 9""$ #o$,'r=#'"% ' A,,o= $ ( #( 0 v"
##",, , f r , '(" ,"#o$% # ' r #' @ $% '("
$ v 0 ' o$ of '(" E=1(r '", ,#"$%, o$): 'o
1o $' (=$%r"% )", fro '(" M"% '"r-
r $" $! To-% : ' , 'r=" '( ' '(" S=" C $ )
=$ '", '(" M"% '"rr $" $ 'o '(" R"% S" 2 9='
' , $o' o$): '(" ,'( =, ( #( for "r):
1"%"% '(ro=0( 'r ff # 9: '( , ro='" @ 1"r-
, ,'"$' $or'( $%, of '(" 'r %" $% #=rr"$'
9)o %o $ '(" $or'("r$ "$% of '(" R"% S" 2
( #( , 9","' '( ro#;,2 $% , ) $0 ,( 1,
%o $o' )) $0): ''" 1' '(" $or'( r%
vo: 0" 'o '(" C $ )2 ( #( o=)% '("r"for"
( v" 9""$ r") ' v"): =,")",, 9=' for ,'"
$ v 0 ' o$! T(" for "r R"% S" ro='" 'o
'(" M"% '"rr $" $ , fro 6o,," r o$ '("
",' #o ,' ov"r '(" %","r' 'o '(" N )" '
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THE LAN SMANDS +OINT OF VIE? 7 4
6"$"(2 $% '("$ %o $ '(" N )" @ '( ' ,
'(" : fo))o "% 9: '(" Br ' ,( Ar : ("$
,"$' fro I$% 'o E0:1' or" '( $ (=$-
%r"% :" r, 0o2 ' '(" ' " of '(" N 1o)"o$ #
$v , o$ of E0:1' $% + )",' $"!
I' fo))o , fro '(" for"0o $0 %",#r 1' o$
'( ' '(" H" r') $%2 Ar 9 2 $% '(" S ( r
'o0"'("r #o$,' '='" 9ro %2 #=rv $0 9")' $-
##",, 9)" 'o ," f r $0 1"o1)"2 "K#"1' 9: '("
'(r"" Ar 9 $ '"r- :,! T( , 9")' "K'"$%,
#o 1)"'"): #ro,, '(" 0r" ' #o$' $"$' fro '("
Ar#' # 'o '(" A') $' # ,(or",! I$ Ar 9 '
'o=#(", '(" I$% $ O#" $2 $%2 , #o$,"-
="$#"2 % v %", '(" r" $%"r of '(" Co$' $"$'
$'o '(r"" ,"1 r '" r"0 o$, (o," r v"r, f)o
'o '(" #"-fr"" o#" $! T("," r"0 o$, r" '("
+ # f # $% I$% $ ,)o1", of A, @ '(" 1"$ $,=) ,
$% ,) $%, of E=ro1" $% '(" M"% '"rr $" $ @
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$% '(" 0r" ' 1ro o$'or: of Afr # ,o='( of
'(" S ( r ! T(" ) ,'-$ "% % ff"r, fro '("
o'("r ' o r"0 o$, $ v"r: 1or' $' r",1"#'!
I', ) r0"r r v"r,2 '(" N 0"r2 9", 2 $%
Co$0o2 $% ),o ', , ))"r r v"r,2 ,=#( , '("
Or $0" $% L 1o1o2 f)o #ro,, '(" ' 9)"-
) $% of '(" =)'"r or2 $% f )) ,'""1): ov"r ',
"%0" 'o r") ' v"): ,(or' ," r% r" #(", $
'(" $ rro #o ,' ) )o ) $%,! T(" )o$0 =1-
) $% #o=r,", of '("," r v"r, r" $ v 0 9)" for
,"v"r ) '(o=, $% )",2 9=' r" for 1r #' # )
7 EMOCRATIC I EALS AN REALITY
1=r1o,", , #o 1)"'"): %"' #("% fro '("
o#" $ , '(" r v"r, of S 9"r ! T(" , "2 of
#o=r,"2 , 'r=" of '(" N )" 9ov" '(" # ' r #',!
?" :2 '("r"for"2 r"0 r% '(" $'"r or of
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) $%222 L"' =, ,1" ; of ' , '(" So='("r$
H" r') $%2 $ #o$'r % ,' $#' o$ 'o '(" Nor'(-
"r$ H" r') $% of A, $% E=ro1"!
No' '(,' $% $0 '(" r v"r: % ff"r"$' ) ' -
'=%", '(" ' o H" r') $%, 1r","$' o'("r
,'r ; $0 , ) r ' ",! A 0r" ' 9")' of for",'2
$): of '(" "v"r0r""$ ':1" of '(" 1 $",
$% f r,2 ,1r" %, fro Nor'( G"r $: $%
'(" B )' # ,(or" r 0(' #ro,, 'o M $#(=r 2
#o$$"#' $0 9: for",'-r 99o$2 , ' "r"2 '("
for",', of E=ro1" '( '(o," of '(" + # f #
Co ,'! So='( of '( , for",' o$" '(" H" r'-
) $% ) ", o1"$2 '( 'r"", o$): )o$0 '(" r v"r
9 $;, $% =1o$ '(" o=$' $,! T( , v ,'2
o1"$ 0ro=$% , )=,# o=, 1r r " )o$0 '("
,o='("r$ 9or%"r of '(" for",'2 $% 9r )) $'
'( 9=)9-f)o "r, $ '(" ,1r $0-' "2 9='
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,o='( r%2 , '(" r % ': $#r" ,",2 '(" 0r ,,
9"#o ", #o r,"r $% or" ,1 r,"! T(" (o)"
0r ,,) $%2 r #( $% 1oor2 , #o$v"$ "$'):
,1o;"$ of , '(" S'"11",2 )'(o=0( '( ' $ "
1ro1"r): 9")o$0, o$): 'o '(" )",, f"r' )"
,o='("r$ 'r #', ( #( ,=rro=$% '(" %","r'
1 '#(", of T=r;",' $ $% Mo$0o) ! T("
THE LAN SMANDS +OINT OF VIE? 7 .
S'"11", "r" 1ro9 9): '(" or 0 $ ) ( 9 ' '
of '(" (or,"2 $% ( '(" r ,o='("r$ 1 r', of
'(" ' o-(= 1"% # ") F 0! 7 W!
FIG! 7 ! T(" So='("r$ H" r') $%! R v"r f )),!
<- L $", of Ar 9 $v , o$!
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T(" So='("r$ H" r') $% ),o ( , ', %"
o1"$ 0r ,,) $%,2 ( #( $ '(" S=% $ 0r %= )):
5
7 EMOCRATIC I EALS AN REALITY
$#r" ," $ f"r' ) ': fro '(" "%0" of '("
S ( r 'o r%, '(" 'ro1 # ) for",', of '("
G= $" Co ,' $% '(" Co$0o! T(" for",', %o
$o' ,1r" % #o 1)"'"): #ro,, 'o '(" I$% $
O#" $2 9=' )" v" 9")' of 0r ,,: =1) $%
( #( #o$$"#', '(" 0r ,,) $%, of '(" S=% $
'( '(o," of So='( Afr # 2 $% '( , "$,"2
o1"$ 0ro=$%2 '(=, #o$' $=o=, fro '(" S=% $
'o '(" C 1" V")%'2 , '(" (o " of '(" $'"-
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)o1",2 "9r ,2 $% o'("r ) r0"2 (oof"% 0 "2
( #( #orr",1o$% 'o '(" )% (or,", $% )%
,,", of '(" Nor'("r$ H" r') $%! T(o=0(
'(" "9r ( , $o' 9""$ ,=##",,f=)): %o ",' -
# '"%2 $% '(" So='( Afr # $ $ ' v", ( % $o
=,= ) 9" ,' of 9=r%"$2 :"' '(" (or," $%
'(" o$"-(= 1"% # ") of Ar 9 "r" " r):
$'ro%=#"% $'o '(" S=% $2 $ 9o'( H" r'-
) $%,2 '("r"for"2 )'(o=0( 'o 0r" '"r "K'"$'
$ '(" Nor'("r$ '( $ $ '(" So='("r$2 o9 ) ':
9: '(" % of $ ), ( , 9""$ v ) 9)" 'o
r"1) #" '(" r v"r ," $% #o ,' ," o9 ) ':
of '(" ,( 1, of '(" A') $' # $% + # f # #o ,'-
T(" Nor'("r$ H" r') $% % o $, Ar 9 2 ,
" ( v" ,""$2 for $: (=$%r"% )", ("r"
'(" Ir $ $ U1) $% %ro1, 'o '(" E=1(r '",
V ))": @ '(" So='("r$ H" r') $%2 ' ', $or'(-
" ,'"r$ #or$"r $ A9:,, $ $% So ) ) $%2
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0r ,1,2 '(o=0( '( $ $'"rv ) of ," 2 '("
THE LAN SMANDS +OINT OF VIE? 7
,o='("r$ f"r' )" $0)" of Ar 9 2 ;$o $ ,
Y" "$! So '(" S'"11", of Ar 9 2 "$fr -
$0 ', %","r',2 ,"rv" , 1 ,, 0"-) $% 9"' ""$
'(" Nor'("r$ $% So='("r$ H" r') $%, @ $%
'("r" , ),o '(" : 9: '(" 9 $;, of '("
N )" '(ro=0( N=9 ! T(=, ' )) 9" r" ) ,"%
'( ' '(" Nor'("r$ H" r') $%2 Ar 9 2 $%
'(" So='("r$ H" r') $% ffor% 9ro %2 0r ,,:
: for (or," "$ $% # ")- "$ fro S 9"r
'(ro=0( +"r, 2 Ar 9 2 $% E0:1' $'o '("
S=% $2 $% '( ' 9=' for '(" ',"',"-f): $%
o'("r 1) 0=", "$ o=)% 1ro9 9): ( v" 1"$"-
'r '"% o$ (or,"9 #; $% # ")-9 #; ,o='(-
r% ) o,' 'o '(" C 1" of Goo% Ho1"!
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O=', %" Ar 9 2 '(" S ( r 2 $% '(" ' o
H" r') $%,2 '("r" r" $ $ '(" ?or)%-I,) $%
o$): ' o #o 1 r ' v"): , )) r"0 o$,2 9='
'(o," ' o r"0 o$, r" '(" o,' 1or' $' o$
'(" G)o9"! Aro=$% '(" M"% '"rr $" $2 $%
$ '(" E=ro1" $ 1"$ $,=) , $% ,) $%,2 '("r"
% ")) fo=r (=$%r"% )) o$ 1"o1)"2 $% $ '("
,o='("r$ $% " ,'"r$ #o ,') $%, of A, 2 or2
'o =," '(" ( ,'or # "K1r",, o$2 $ '(" I$% ",2
'("r" % ")) " 0(' (=$%r"% )) o$ 1"o1)"!
I$ '("," ' o r"0 o$,2 '("r"for"2 r" '(r""-
= r'"r, of '(" 1"o1)" of '(" or)%! Fro
o=r 1r","$' 1o $' of v " '(" o,' 1"r' $"$'
: of ,' ' $0 '( , 0r" ' f #' , 'o , : '( '
fo=r-f f'(, of '(" 1o1=) ' o$ of '(" Gr" '
7 EMOCRATIC I EALS AN REALITY
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Co$' $"$'2 '(" ?or)%-I,) $%2 ) v" $ ' o r"0 o$,
( #( 'o0"'("r " ,=r" o$): o$"-f f'( of ', r" !
r! o
FIG! 7 ! T(" S'"11",!
T("," ' o r"0 o$, r"," 9)" o$" $o'("r (
#"r' $ o'("r v"r: 1or' $' r",1"#',! I$
THE LAN SMANDS +OINT OF VIE? 7 8
'(" f r,' 1) #"2 '(" r r v"r, r" for '(" o,'
1 r' $ v 0 9)" #o$' $=o=,): fro '(" o#" $!
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2'^< v "f1
////// Gr ,,) $%,!
I$ '(" I$% ", " ( v" '( , ,"r ", of ) r0"
r v"r, %",#"$% $0 'o '(" o1"$ ," @ I$%=,2
77 EMOCRATIC I EALS AN REALITY
G $0",2 Br ( 1='r 2 Irr %:2 S ) "$2
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M"$ 2 M";o$02 So$0(o2 S ; $02 Y $0',"2
Ho $0(o2 +" (o2 L =(o2 A =r! Mo,' of
'(" r" $ v 0 9)" fro '(" r o='(, for
,o " (=$%r"%, of )", @ Br ' ,( 9 '')",( 1
o$#" ,'" "% =1 '(" Y $0'," 'o H $;o 2
f v" (=$%r"% )", fro '(" ," ! T("r" ,
$o' =#( ,1 #" for ,=#( ) r0" r v"r, $
1"$ $,=) r E=ro1"2 9=' '(" $=9"2 R( $"2
$% E)9" # $: 0r" ' 'r ff # $ % r"#' #o$-
$"#' o$ '( '(" o#" $! M $$(" 2 '(r""
(=$%r"% )", =1 '(" R( $"2 , o$" of '("
1r $# 1 ) 1or', of E=ro1" 9"for" '(" ? r @
9 r0", (=$%r"% : r%, )o$0 $% of '(o=-
, $% 'o$, 9=r%"$ ) : 9", %" ', ( rv",!
For '(" r",'2 '(" 1"$ $,=) ' o$ of E=ro1"2
( #( ) ', '(" %"v")o1 "$' of r v"r,2 ',")f
off"r, "v"$ 0r" '"r f # ) ' ", for o9 ) ': 9:
'"r!
T(" , ) r ': of '("," ' o D Co ,') $%, D
, $o' ) '"% 'o '(" $ v 0 9 ) ': of '(" r
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r v"r,! If " #)" r : fro '(" or" r %
o$" o$ '(" r $f )) 1 of '(" ?or)%-I,) $%
'(" 1 '#(", $% # ' v" of "r"): )o# ) r $,2
%=" 'o o=$' $ 0ro=1,2 " 1"r#" v" ' o$#"
'(" 1r"-" $"$#" of '(" #o ,') $%, $ f"r' ) ':2
o $0 'o '(" r %",1r" % r $f )) o$ '("
1) $, , ")) , ( '(" o=$' $,! T("
Mo$,oo$ $%, of '(" ,= "r # rr: '("
THE LAN SMANDS +OINT OF VIE? 777
o ,'=r" of '(" o#" $ fro '(" ,o='(- ",'
o$ 'o I$% $% fro '(" ,o='(-" ,' o$ 'o
C( $ @ '(" ",' $%, fro '(" A') $' #
9r $0 r ' )) ," ,o$, =1o$ E=ro1"2 $% $
'(" $'"r ' " =1o$ '(" M"% '"rr $" $!
Bo'( #o ,') $%, r" '("r"for" r #( '( ' )) 0"2
$% for '( ' r" ,o$ $o=r ,( '(" r 0r" '
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1o1=) ' o$,! T(=, E=ro1" $% '(" I$% ",
r" '(" r"0 o$, of '(" 1)o=0( "$ $% ,( 1-
"$ @ ("r" , '(" Nor'("r$ H" r') $%2
Ar 9 2 $% '(" So='("r$ H" r') $% ( v"
for '(" o,' 1 r' 9""$ =$1)o=0("%2 $% r"
$ ##",, 9)" 'o ," -0o $0 ,( 1,! O$ '(" o'("r
( $%2 '(": r" $ '=r )): % 1'"% 'o '("
o9 ) ': of (or," "$ $% # ")- "$2 '(
'(" r ("r%, of # '')" $% f)o#;, of ,(""1!
Ev"$ o$ '(" , v $$ (, of Tro1 # ) Afr # 2
("r" (or,", $% # "), r" 9,"$'2 '("
" )'( of '(" $ ' v", , #( "f): of # '')" $%
,(""1! T("," r" of #o=r," 9ro % 0"$"r ) , -
' o$,2 '( $: )o# ) "K#"1' o$, @ '(": r"
$o$" '(" )",, 'r=): $% ,=ff # "$'): %",#r 1' v"
of "$," 0"o0r 1( # ) r" ) ' ",! 7
D!
+** * * 8
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2 '( ' , 'o , :2 '( ' ( v" #o$% ' o$"% H ,'or:2 $%
( v" '(=, )"% 'o '(" 1r","$' % ,'r 9=' o$ of 1o1=) ' o$ $%
! # v ) , ' o$! T("," , " r" ) ' ", ( v" 'o-% : 9"0=$ 'o ' ;" o$
! $" ,1"#',2 o $0 'o '(" ( 0("r or0 $ , ' o$ of foo% 1ro%=#' o$
o$ '(" r #("r 0r ,,) $%,!
*
773 EMOCRATIC I EALS AN REALITY
L"' =, $o # )) H ,'or: 'o o=r %2 for $o
1r #' # ) %" 2 $o %" ( #( ov", "$ 'o
#' o$2 # $ 9" 0r ,1"% ,' ' # )): @ " =,'
#o " 'o ' '( o "$'= of '(o=0('
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" '("r fro o=r o $ "K1"r "$#" or fro '("
( ,'or: of '(" r #"! T(" o ,", of '(" E ,'
F o! 78! Nor'("r$ Ar 9 !
#o=$' $ 1o"'r: , '(" G r%"$, of '(" ?or)%2
o$): 9"# =," '(": r" 11ro #("% ov"r '("
%","r'
R"#or%"% H ,'or: 9"0 $, $ '(" 0r" ' o ,",
ro=$% '(" $or'( of Ar 9 ! T(" f r,' I$'"r-
$ ' o$ ) +o) ' #, of ( #( " ( v" %"f $ '"
;$o )"%0" "r" #o$#"r$"% '( '(" $'"r-
THE LAN SMANDS +OINT OF VIE? 774
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H
#) : ' 9)"', 9or" '(" #=$" for $,#r 1' o$,!
T(" ro % 9"' ""$ '(" ' o #o=$'r ", r $
",' r% fro '(" E=1(r '", #ro,, '("
S:r $ $0)" of '(" Ar 9 $ ","r'2 1 ,' '("
")), o^ ) :r 1 'o ,#=,2 ( #( ,
9= )' $ Q'E"Q o , , for "% 9: '(" ,'r" ,
A9 $ $% +( r1 r %",#"$% $0 fro A$' -
L"9 $o$ $% H"r o$! Fro ,#=, '("r"
"r" )'"r$ ' v" :, $'o E0:1' @ '(" )o "r
9: '(" #o ,'2 $% '(" =11"r )o$0 '(" "%0"
of '(" %","r' 1) '" = " ,' of '(" 5or% $ V ))":!
A)oof2 o$ '(" ro#;: r %0" of 5=%" 2 9"' ""$
'("," =11"r $% )o "r :,2 , '(" ( ))
for'r",, of 5"r=, )" !
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I$ o$; ,( 12 #o$'" 1or r: '( '("
Cr=, %",2 ( #( ,' )) ( $0, $ H"r"for%
C '("%r )2 5"r=, )" , r;"% , ' '("
0"o "'r # ) #"$'r"2 '(" $ v")2 of '(" or)%2
$% o$ '(" f)oor of '(" C(=r#( of '(" Ho):
S"1=)#(r" ' 5"r=, )" '(": )) ,(o :o=
'o '( , % : '(" 1r"# ," ,1o' ( #( , '(" #"$'r"!
If o=r ,'=%: of '(" 0"o0r 1( # ) r" ) ' ",2 ,
" $o ;$o '(" $ '(" r #o 1)"'"$",,2 ,
)" % $0 =, 'o r 0(' #o$#)=, o$,2 '(" "% "v )
"##)", ,' #, "r" $o' f r ro$0! If '(" ?or)%-
I,) $% 9" $"v ' 9): '(" 1r $# 1 ) ," ' of
(= $ ': o$ '( , G)o9"2 $% f Ar 9 2 , '("
1 ,, 0"-) $% fro E=ro1" 'o '(" I$% ", $%
fro '(" Nor'("r$ 'o '(" So='("r$ H" r') $%2
THE LAN SMANDS +OINT OF VIE? 77.
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9" #"$'r ) $ '(" ?or)%-I,) $%2 '("$ '(" ( ))
# ' %") of 5"r=, )" ( , ,'r '"0 # ) 1o, ' o$
'( r"f"r"$#" 'o or)%-r" ) ' ", $o' % ff"r $0
",,"$' )): fro ', %" ) 1o, ' o$ $ '(" 1"r-
,1"#' v" of '(" M %%)" A0",2 or ', ,'r '"0 # )
1o, ' o$ 9"' ""$ $# "$' B 9:)o$ $% E0:1'!
A, '(" ? r ( , ,(o $2 '(" S=" C $ ) # rr ",
'(" r #( 'r ff # 9"' ""$ '(" I$#H", $% E=ro1"
'o '( $ ,'r ; $0 % ,' $#" of $ r : 9 ,"%
o$ + )",' $"2 $% )r" %:
'(" 'r=$; r ) : , 9" $0
9= )' '(ro=0( '(" #o ,' )
1) $ 9: 5 ff 2 ( #( ))
#o$$"#' '(" So='("r$ '(
'(" Nor'("r$ H" r') $%!
?(o o $, ,#=,2
or"ov"r2 )) ( v" f) $;
##",, 'o '(" )'"r$ ' v"
ro='" 9"' ""$ '(" o#" $,
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%o $ '(" E=1(r '", V ))":! I' # $$o' 9"
(o)): #o $# %"$#" '( ' $ '(" ,")f-, "
r"0 o$ ,(o=)% 9" '(" ,' r' $0 1o $' of H ,'or:
$% '(" #ro,, $0 1o $' of '(" o,' v ' ) of
o%"r$ ( 0( :,! P ̂ 9/ L^
I$ '(" % $ of H ,'or: " f $% '(" #( )%r"$
of S(" 2 '(" S" '",2 #o$ ="r $0 '(" #=)' -
v '"% r0 $, of '(" Ar 9 $ %","r', @ '("r"
, $o , )) , ) r ': 9"' ""$ '(" r $0 of
'(" r ,"'')" "$', ro=$% '(" ," of , $%2 $%
F o! 37! A "% "v )
?("")- 1!
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77 EMOCRATIC I EALS AN REALITY
'(" ,"'')" "$', of '(" Gr"";, ro=$% '(" ^E0" $
S" ! T(" $v , o$ of '(" +ro ,"% L $%
^ fro 9":o$% '(" 5or% $ 9: '(" B"$ -I,r ")2
P ^ '(" C( )%r"$ of I,r ")2 , 1ro9 9): 9=' o$"
v ^Dof $: ) ;" %",#"$', of '(" B"%o= $! T("
r C( )%"",2 fro (o," # ': of Ur o$ '(" %","r'
9or%"r A9r ( 0r '"% )o$0 '(" 9" '"$
#; $'o + )",' $"2 "r" S" '", (o ,=1-
1) $'"% '(" $o$-S" ' # A## % $, $ '("
) $% ( #( 9"# " B 9:)o$ @ $% '("
O ^ :$ ,': of '(" S("1("r% 6 $0, $ E0:1' ,
),o 11 r"$'): of S" ' # or 0 $! So ' # "
9o=' '( ' )) '(" 1"o1)", of Ar 9 Ar 9,2
B 9:)o$ $,2 A,,:r $,2 S:r $,2 +(o"$ # $,2
K^-! $% H"9r" , ,1o;" % )"#', of '(" , "
^r- S" ' # f ): of ,1""#(! To-% : Ar 9 # ,
> ^ '(" =$ v"r, ) 'o$0=" fro '(" T =r=, 'o '("
G=)f of A%"$2 $% fro '(" +"r, $ Mo=$-
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' $, 'o '(" o ,", $ '(" S ( r ",' of '("
N )"!
T(" Ar 9 $ ' 9)") $% %ro1, ,'""1): 'o '("
," ,(or", ro=$% $ )) % r"#' o$, , v" o$" @
$or'(-" ,' r% ' ,(")v", 0r %= )): %o $ 'o
'(" %"1r",, o$ o##=1 "% 9: '(" E=1(r '", $%
'(" +"r, $ G=)f! T( ' %"1r",, o$ , 7
)", )o$02 fro '(" 0or0" 9: ( #( '("
E=1(r '", ,,=", fro ', ,o=r#" v ))": $ '("
Ar "$ $ +) '" = 'o '(" S'r ' of Or = '
'(" o='( of '(" +"r, $ G=)f @ '(ro=0(o='
THE LAN SMANDS +OINT OF VIE? 77
', )"$0'( ' , ov"r)oo;"% 9: '(" r $0" of
'(" +"r, $ Mo=$' $,2 '(" ( 0( Ir $ $ 9r $;
of '(" H" r') $%! O$" of '(" 0r" ' "v"$',
of C) ,, # ) H ,'or: , ("$ '(" +"r, $
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H 0() $%"r, # " %o $ o$ 'o '(" E=1(r '",
1) $ =$%"r '(" r 6 $0 C:r=,2 $%2 f'"r #o$-
="r $0 B 9:)o$2 1 ,,"% o$ 9: '(" S:r $
ro % '(ro=0( ,#=, 'o '(" #o$ =",' of
E0:1'!
T(" 0or0" 9: ( #( '(" E=1(r '", ",# 1",
fro '(" Ar "$ $ =1) $% , or" '( $
)", $ % r"#' ) $" fro '(" r v"r
o='( $% o$): ) '')" or" '( $ 7 )",
fro '(" $or'(-" ,'"r$ #or$"r of '(" M"% '"r-
r $" $ S" $" r A)"11o! I "% '"): ",'
of '( , 0or0" '(" H 0( U1) $% of Ar "$ 2
,o " o$" $% ( )f )", $ v"r 0" ")"v -
' o$2 %ro1, 'o '(" =#( )o "r 1"$ $,=) r
' 9)") $% of A, M $or! A ,"#o$% 0r" ' "v"$'
$ C) ,, # ) H ,'or: , ("$ '(" M #"%o$ $,2
=$%"r 6 $0 A)"K $%"r2 ( v $0 #ro,,"% '("
r% $"))", $% 'r v"r,"% '(" o1"$ #"$'r" of
A, M $or2 %",#"$%"% 9: '(" T =r=, 1 ,,",
$'o C ) # 2 $% ,'r=#; '(ro=0( S:r $'o
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E0:1'2 $% '("$ fro E0:1' 9 #; '(ro=0(
S:r 'o '(" E=1(r '",2 $% %o $ '(" E=-
1(r '", 'o B 9:)o$! I' , 'r=" '( ' A)"K $%"r
'(=, )"% ( , M #"%o$ $, ov"r) $% $'o Ar 9 2
9=' '(" r '' #; , r" )): 9 ,"% o$ ," -1o "r2
77 EMOCRATIC I EALS AN REALITY
, , "v %"$' fro '(" r 1 % r ," ( #( "$,="% of
'(" 0r" ' Gr"";-,1" ; $0 1or', of A)"K $%r
$% A$' o#(2 '(" #o ,' ) # 1 ' ),2 '( ' , 'o
, :2 of ," "$ 0o $0 $) $%!
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0r 1( # ) ":"2 9")' of f"r' ) ': )) 9" ,""$
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'("$ #=rv $0 'o ,o='( r% )o$0 '(" r $-
0 '("r $0 o=$' $, of S:r 2 $% "$% $0
",' r% $ E0:1'! I' , 1o1=)o=, 9")'2 for
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THE LAN SMANDS +OINT OF VIE? 778
( v $0 9"( $% '(" )) '(" '"r- :, of
E=ro1"! 7
I$ A, '(" Ro $, % % 9=' ' ;" ov"r '("
",'"r$ 1or' o$ of '(" M #"%o$ $ #o$ =",',!
A, '(" R( $" $% $=9"2 %"f"$%"% 9: '("
L"0 o$,2 r;"% '(" "K'"$' of Ro $ 1"$"-
'r ' o$ $or'( r% fro '(" M"% '"rr $" $2
,o '(" U11"r E=1(r '",2 ("r" ' f)o , fro
$or'( 'o ,o='( 9"for" 9"$% $0 ,o='(-" ,' r%2
r;"% '(" ) '2 %"f"$%"% 9: o'("r L"0 o$,2
of '(" r " ,' r% 1"$"'r ' o$ fro '(" M"% -
'"rr $" $! E(" Ro $ E 1 r" ,2 $ f #'2
$ '(" ) r0" ,"$,"2 )o# ) E 1 r" @ ' 9"-
)o$0"% (o)): 'o '(" A') $' # Co ,') $%!
T(" f=r'("r 1rov $#", ( #( ( % 9""$ =$%"r
'(" M #"%o$ $ , : f")) $ Ro $ ' ", 'o
'(" + r'( $,2 ,=##",,or, of '(" +"r, $,2 (o
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$ '(" r '=r$ %",#"$%"% fro Ir $ =1o$
M",o1o' 5*?- *'A =* %HU 'f'o-C Q
O$#" or" # " '(" o11or'=$ ': of '("
# ")- "$! I$,1 r"% 9: '(" 1r" #( $0 of
Mo( "%2 '(" Ar 9, of '(" #"$'r ) o , ,
of N" %2 $% of ', ",'"r$ "K'"$, o$ $ '(" =
H"% of M"## $% M"% $ 2 ,"$' for'( '(" D
S r #"$ r ",2 (o %rov" '(" + r'( $,
fro M",o1o' 2 $% '(" Ro $, fro
S:r $% E0:1'2 $% ",' 9) ,("% #( $ of
$) $% C 1 ' ), C ro2 ,#=,2 $% B 0(-
* S"" F 0! 3 o$ 1! 774!
73 EMOCRATIC I EALS AN REALITY
% % $ '(" $# "$' 'r #; : of f"r' ) ':!
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Fro '( , f"r' )" 9 ," '(" S r #"$ 1o "r ,
# rr "% $'o )) '(" r"0 o$, ro=$% $ ,=#(
$$"r , 'o ;" 9 % for 'r=): ?or)%-
E 1 r"! Nor'(-" ,' r% '(" Mo( "% $,
,#"$%"% fro B 0(% % $'o Ir $ 9: '("
, " 1 ,, : ( #( ( % 0= %"% '(" + r'( $,
$% +"r, $, %o $ r%2 $% '(": ,1r" %
"v"$ $'o Nor'("r$ I$% ! So='( r% '(":
#ro,,"% fro '(" Y" "$ (" %) $% of Ar 9
'o '(" Afr # $ #o ,' ,o='( of '(" S ( r 2 $%
1"$"'r '"% o$ '(" r # "), $% (or,", '(ro=0(
'(" (o)" 9r" %'( of '(" S=% $! T(=,2 ) ;"
v ,' " 0)"2 '(" r E 1 r" of L $%-1o "r
,1r" % ', $0, fro '(" Ar 9 $ C"$'r"-
) $%2 o$ '(" o$" ( $% ov"r '(" Nor'("r$
H" r') $%2 f r $'o '(" %"1'(, of A, 2 $%
o$ '(" o'("r ( $% ov"r '(" So='("r$ H" r'-
) $% " = )): f r $'o '(" %"1'(, of Afr # !
B=' '( S r #"$, "r" $o' #o$'"$' '(
%o $ o$ 9 ,"% o$): o$ '(" " $, of o9 ) ':
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1ro1"r 'o '(" r ,'"11", $% %","r', @ ) ;" '(" r
1r"%"#",,or,2 '(" +(o"$ # $, $% S("9 $,2
'(": 'oo; 'o '(" ," ! ?",' r% '(": 'r -
v"))"% )o$0 '(" $or'( #o ,' of Afr # 2 9o'(
o$ ," $% ) $%2 =$' ) '(": # " 'o ' o
#o=$'r ",2 B r9 r: $% S1 $2 (o," 9ro %
' 9)") $%,2 $" '("r =''"r): ,'"r )" ) ;" '("
S ( r 2 $or :"' for",'"% ) ;" o,' of '("
THE LAN SMANDS +OINT OF VIE? 737
E=ro1" $ +"$ $,=) 2 r"1" '"% $ ,o " %"0r""
'(" #o$% ' o$, of '(" r o $ (o ") $%! O$
'(" o'("r ( $%2 " ,' r% fro Y" "$2 ' '("
o='( of '(" R"% S" 2 $% fro O $2 '
'(" o='( of '(" +"r, $ G=)f2 '(": , )"%
o$ '(" ,= "r Mo$,oo$ 'o '(" M ) 9 r #o ,'
of I$% 2 $% "v"$ 'o '(" f r M ) : I,) $%,2
$% r"'=r$"% (o " o$ '(" $'"r Mo$,oo$!
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T(=, '(" Ar 9 %(o , ,;"'#("% o=' S" -
E 1 r"2 "K'"$% $0 fro '(" S'r ', of G 9-
r )' r 'o '(" S'r ', of M ) ## 2 fro '("
A') $' # 0 '" 'o '(" + # f # 0 '"!
T( , v ,' S r #"$ %", 0$ of $or'( r% $%
,o='( r% o $ o$ of C ")- "$ #ro,,"%
9: ",' r% $% " ,' r% o $ o$ of
S( 1 "$ , v ' '"% 9: o$" f ' ) %"f"#' @ '
) #;"% $ ', Ar 9 $ 9 ," '(" $"#",, r: $-
1o "r 'o ;" ' 0oo%! B=' $o ,'=%"$' of
'(" r" ) ' ", 9o=' ( #( =,' '=r$ '(" ,'r -
'"0 # ) '(o=0(' of $: 0ov"r$ "$' ,1 r $0
'o or)%-1o "r # $ ffor% 'o )o," , 0(' of '("
r$ $0 '(=, 0 v"$ 9: H ,'or:!
T(" S r #"$ E 1 r" , ov"r'(ro $2 $o'
fro E=ro1" or '(" I$% ",2 9=' fro '("
H" r') $% $ '(" $or'( , 0$ f # $' f #'!
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'o r"1) #" '(" 0r ,, )o$0 '(" ) $" of '("
r ) :2 9=' '(" '(r" % of ,"'')"% 1o1=) ' o$ ,
,' )) $ rro o$"2 $% '(" T r' r $% 6( r0(
(or," "$ r" ,' )) $o % ov"r %" r" ,!
T(" "%0" of '(" for",' 9"$%, ,o='( r%
)o$0 '(" 9o=$% r: 9"' ""$ ?",'"r$ $%
E ,'"r$ S 9"r 2 for E ,'"r$ S 9"r , f ))"%
'( for",'"% o=$' $, $% ( )),2 ( #( f ))
$ ")"v ' o$ 0r %= )): fro '(" Tr $,9 ; ) $
+) '" = $'o '(" $or'(-" ,'"r$ 1ro o$'or: of
A, 'o r%, B"(r $0 S'r '! T(" Gr ,,:
o$" 9"$%, ,o='( '( '(" for",' $% #o$-
' $=", " ,' r% ov"r '(" )o "r )"v") of-
'(" Mo$0o) $ =1) $%,! T(" ,)o1" =1 r%
fro '(" Gr" ' Lo ) $% $'o Mo$0o) ,
'(ro=0( '(" * r: S'r ' D of =$0 r 2 9"' ""$
'(" T $,( $ Mo=$' $, o$ '(" ,o='( $%
A)' Mo=$' $, o$ '(" $or'(! B":o$% =$-
0 r '(" ,'"11",2 $o ' =1) $% )"v")2 #o$-
' $=" ro=$% '(" ,o='("r$ "%0" of '(" for",'"%
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A)' $% Tr $,9 ; ) $ Mo=$' $,2 '(
'(" Go9 ","r' 'o '(" ,o='( of '(" 2 =$' )
'(": r" #( '(" =11"r 'r 9=' r ", of '(" A =r
THE LAN SMANDS +OINT OF VIE? 73.
R v"r! T("r" , for",' 9")' )o$0 '(" " ,'"r$2
o=' r% f #" of '(" 6 $0 $ R $0"2 9: ( #(
'(" Mo$0o) $ =1) $% %ro1, 'o '(" )o ) $%
of M $#(=r 2 9=' '("r" , ) ,' %"' #("%
0r ,,) $% $ M $#(=r 2 'o 9" #o 1 r"% '(
'(" , ) r): %"' #("% 0r ,,) $% of H=$0 r:
f v" '(o=, $% )", : ' '(" ",' "$% of
'(" ,'"11" 9")'! Gr ,,: M $#(=r %o", $o'2
(o "v"r2 "K'"$% '(ro=0( 'o '(" + # f # ,(or"2
for '("r" #o ,' r $0" of o=$' $,2 '( #;):
for",'"%2 "$fr ", '(" o1"$ #o=$'r: $%
%"f)"#', '(" " ,' r% f)o $0 A =r 'o
$or'( r% o='(!
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L"' =, #)" r '( , )o$0 r 99o$ of ,'"11", of
', o%"r$ r ) :, $% #or$-f ")%,2 $% 1"o1)"
' 0 $ $ 0 $ ' o$ '( (or,"-r % $0
T r' r,2 (o r" $o$" o'("r '( $ T=r;, @ '
, , % '( ' '(" T=r; ,( ) $0= 0" of Co$-
,' $' $o1)" # $ 'o '( , % : 9" =$%"r,'oo% 9:
'(" Ar#' # 'r 9" ' '(" o='( of '(" L"$
R v"r! For ,o " r"#=rr"$' r" ,o$ ' :
( v" 9""$ o $0 'o ,1")), of %ro=0(': :" r,
'("," T r' r o9 )" (or%", ( v" fro ' "
'o ' " $ '(" #o=r," of ( ,'or: 0 '("r"%
'(" r (o)" ,'r"$0'( 'o0"'("r $% f ))"$ ) ;"
%"v ,' ' $0 v ) $#(" =1o$ '(" ,"'')"% 0r -
#=)'=r ) 1"o1)", " '("r of C( $ or E=ro1"!
I$ '(" ?",' " (" r of '(" f r,' , '(" H=$,2
(o $ '(" %%)" of '(" f f'( #"$'=r: f'"r
73 ̂ EMOCRATIC I EALS AN REALITY
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L"o of Ro "2 $%2 for ( '"v"r r" ,o$2 "$'
$o f r'("r2 '( '(" r",=)' '( ' '(" Ro $
S"" o$ 0r" ' 1r",' 0"! T(=, # $ ' 9"
, % '( =#( 'r='( '( ' fro '(" r" #' o$
of '(" Co ,' "$ 0 $,' '( , ( "r 9)o
fro '(" H" r') $%2 '("r" ro," '(" E$0) ,(
$% Fr"$#( $ ' o$ ) ' ",2 '(" ," -1o "r of
V"$ #"2 $% '(" ,=1r" " "% "v ) $,' '=' o$
of '(" + 1 #:! ?(o ,( )) , : ( ' 0r" '
THE LAN SMANDS +OINT OF VIE? 73
$%2 )"' =, (o1"2 9"$"f #"$' '( $0, : $o'
0ro o=' of '(" r" #' o$ ( #( ( , 9""$ #o -
1"))"% 9: '(" ( "r 9)o of o=r o%"r$
H=$,
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FIG! 33! For",' $% S'"11", $ E ,' E=ro1"! Af'"r
% 0r $ : 1 1"r o$ D T(" G"o0r 1( # ) + vo' o
H ,'or: D $ '(" G"o0r 1( # ) 5o=r$ ) for 78 !W
T(" H=$$ ,( r %, #" ,"% f'"r f" :" r,2
for ' , 1ro9 9)" '( ' '(" $-1o "r 9"( $%
'(" , $o' v"r: #o$, %"r 9)" @ '(" for#"
of 9)o : 9" %=" , =#( 'o ', ,1""% ,
73 EMOCRATIC I EALS AN REALITY
'o ', " 0('! B=' ,o " H=$$ ,( r" $ $',
1ro9 9): ) $0"r"% $ '(" 0r ,,: v # $#: of '("
H=$0 r $ +) $2 'o 9" 9,or9"% 9: $" 'r 9",
of (or," "$ %v $# $0 ",' r%2 '(" Av r,2
0 $,' (o C( r)" 0$" %" r2 $%
1r","$'): '(" M 0: r,! I$ '(" :" r 7
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'("," M 0: r T=r;,2 (o ( % %o$" =#(
r v 0 $0 $ G"r $: %=r $0 '(" 1r"v o=,
#"$'=r:2 "r" #o$v"r'"% 'o C(r ,' $ ': fro
Ro "2 $% 9"# " '("$#"for'( ,o " ,or' of
9=) r; 'o L ' $ C(r ,'"$%o 2 ,o '( ' $o
or" T r' r, "r" % ''"% $'o H=$0 r:!
B=' '(" "#o$o # ) f" of '(" M 0: r, #o$-
' $="% $ '(" $ 'o 9" '( ' of '(" ,'"11",
=$' ) )",, '( $ (=$%r"% :" r, 0o!
?("$ " r"f)"#' '( ' '(ro=0( ,"v"r )
#"$'=r ", of '(" r; A0", '(" Nor," 1 0 $,
$ '(" r ,( 1, "r" ' 1 r #: o$ '(" $or'("r$
," ,2 $% '(" S r #"$ $% Moor ,( $f %"), $
'(" r ,( 1, ' 1 r #: o$ '(" M"% '"rr $" $2
$% '( ' '(" (or,"-r % $0 T=r;, fro A,
r %"% '(=, $'o '(" v"r: (" r' of '(" C(r ,' $
+"$ $,=) ("$ ' , #) ,1"% 9: (o,' )"
," -1o "r2 " ( v" ,o " %" of '(" 1o=$% $02
, 9"' ""$ 1",')" $% or' r2 ( #( "$'
'o '(" ; $0 of o%"r$ E=ro1"! T("
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1",')" , ) $%-1o "r fro '(" H" r') $%!
THE LAN SMANDS +OINT OF VIE? 738
If '("," ( ,'or # ) "v"$', 9" fo))o "% o$ '("
12 '(" ,'r '"0 # ) f #' of %"# , v" " $ $0
( #( " "r0", , '( ' '(" #o$' $=o=, 1) $,
of '(" Gr" ' Lo ) $% ov"r) 1 fro '("
Co$' $"$' ) $% Ar#' # %r $ 0" of '(" H" r'-
) $% $'o '(" E ,' of '(" E=ro1" $ 1"$ $,=) !
T("r" , $o 1"% "$' 'o 1r"v"$' '(" (or,"-
"$ fro r % $0 ",' r% $'o r"0 o$, %r $"%
9: ,=#( (o)): E=ro1" $ r v"r, , '("
$ "1"r $% $=9"! I$ ,( r1 #o$'r ,' 'o
'( , o1"$ 1 ,, 0" fro '(" H" r') $% $'o
E=ro1" , '(" ,:,'" of 0(': 9 rr "r,
( #( ,"1 r '" '(" H" r') $% )o$0 ', " ,'"r$
$% ,o='(-" ,'"r$ 9or%"r fro '(" I$% ",!
T(" 1o1=)o=, ) $%, of C( $ 1ro1"r $%
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I$% ) " ro=$% '(" " ,'"r$ $% ,o='("r$
,)o1", of '(" o,' ,, v" =1) $%, o$ '("
G)o9" @ '(" ,o='("r$ f #" of '(" H ) :
R $0"2 #=rv $0 for 7. )", )o$0 '(" $or'(
of I$% 2 r ,", fro )"v"), ' o,' o$): 7
f""' 9ov" '(" ," 'o 1" ;, of 3 2 $%
382 f""'! B=' '(" H ) : , o$): '("
"%0" of '(" T 9"' $ +) '" =2 ( #( , , ) r0"
, Fr $#"2 G"r $:2 $% A=,'r -H=$0 r:
1=' 'o0"'("r2 $% of $ v"r 0" ")"v ' o$
of 7.2 f""'2 or '(" 1" ; (" 0(' of Mo$'
B) $# $ '(" A)1,! A, #o 1 r"% '( ,=#(
f #', , '(","2 '(" % ,' $#' o$ 9"' ""$ '("
)o "r =1) $%, $% '(" )o ) $%,2 9"' ""$ '("
I
74 EMOCRATIC I EALS AN REALITY
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Ir $ $ U1) $%2 )"' =, , :2 $% '(" Gr" '
Lo ) $%2 9"#o ", )'o0"'("r ,=9or% $ '"!
T 9"'2 '( ', ''"$% $' H ) : 2 + r,2
6 r ;or 2 H $%= 6=,(2 $% T $,( $
# )) '(" 'o0"'("r '(" T 9"' $ H" 0(', ( ,
$o 1 r ))") o$ E r'( for #o 9 $"% (" 0(' $%
r" 2 or2 ( , $0)" or%2 for ,, v"$",,!
?("$ '(" S ( r ,( )) 9" #ro,,"% $% r"-
#ro,,"% % ): 9: '(" 'r ff # of # v ) , ' o$2 '
, 1ro9 9)" '( ' T 9"'2 '(" D roof of '(" or)%2D
)) ,' )) %"f)"#' ro=$% ', f) $;, $% %"):
,"1 r '" '(" ov"r) $% ro='", $'o C( $ $%
I$% 2 '(=, 0 v $0 ,1"# ) , 0$ f # $#" 'o
'(" Nor'(- ",' Fro$' "r, of '(o," ' o
#o=$'r ",!
Nor'( of T 9"'2 #o$, %"r 9)" 1 r' of ( #(
( , #o$' $"$' ) %r $ 0"2 $% ,2 '("r"for"2
$#)=%"% '( $ '(" H" r') $%2 ,1r" %, '("
Mo$0o) $ U1) $%2 ),o ) r0"): of '(" H" r'-
) $%! T( , Mo$0o) $ U1) $% , of =#(
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9"#o " %"' #("% fro '(" r=)" of '(" S'"11"-
"$! So , '2 for $,' $#"2 '( '(" Mo0=),
A A
F o! 34! T(" T 9"' $ H" 0('* $% '(" 11ro #(*
'o C( $ $% I$% fro '(" H" r') $%!
74 EMOCRATIC I EALS AN REALITY
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of I$% 2 (o "r" %"r v"% fro '(" Mo$0o),
of '(" I$'"r or!
T(" #o$#)=, o$ 'o ( #( '( , % ,#=,, o$
)" %, , '( ' '(" #o$$"#' o$ 9"' ""$ '("
H" r') $%2 $% ",1"# )): ', or" o1"$
",'"r$ r"0 o$, of Ir $2 T=r;",' $2 $%
S 9"r 2 , =#( or" $' '" '( E=ro1"
$% Ar 9 '( $ ' , '( C( $ $% I$% 2
or :"' '( '(" So='("r$ H" r') $% of Afr # !
T(" ,'ro$0 $ '=r ) fro$' "r, of '(" S ( r
","r' $% '(" T 9"' $ H" 0(', ( v" $o
" = v )"$' ("r" '(" Nor'("r$ H" r') $%
"r0", '( Ar 9 $% E=ro1"! T(" #)o,"
#o$$"#' o$ of '("," '(r"" r"0 o$, , "))
':1 f "% 9: '( ' 0"o0r 1( # ) for =) $'o
( #( ' , ''" 1'"% 'o #r:,' )) ," =,'
$o #"r' $ ",,"$' ) ,1"#', of M",o1o' $
$% S:r $ ( ,'or: @ '(" 1)o=0( "$ of
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FIG! 3 ! T(" H" r') $%2 '( '(" %% ' o$ of '(" 9 , $,
of '(" B) #; $% B )' # S" ,2 $% of '(" =11"r o,'
1) '" =W v ))":, of '(" C( $"," $% I$% $ r v"r,!
( #( , '(" ( 0( ,o='("r$ 9r $; of '(" 1"$ $-
,=) r =1) $% of A, M $or! T(" ,=rf #" of
A, M $or , 1 '#( of ,'"11",2 v"r0 $0 o$
%","r' $ '(" #"$'r"2 ("r" , )' ) ;", r"#" v"
74 EMOCRATIC I EALS AN REALITY
,o " of '(" ,'r" , fro '(" T =r=, @ 9='
'(" ) r0"r r v"r, f)o $or'( r% 'o '(" B) #;
S" ! B":o$% '(" 9r" ; %" 9: '(" ^E0" $
S" 2 " ( v" '(" 0r" ' 9 , $ of '(" $=9"2
),o %r $ $0 $'o '(" B) #; S" @ '(" (" %-
,'r" , of '(" $=9" 'r 9=' r ", r ," ) o,'
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'( $ , 0(' of '(" A%r ' #2 9=' ( 0( o$ '(o,"
I)):r $ U1) $%, (o," ,'""1 o='"r 9r $;
for , '(" o=$' $ )) 9ov" '(" 9" =' f=)
) ' $ #o ,'! T( ' )) " $ " '("
$ r # A)1,!
T(=, '(" T =r=, $% '(" $ r # A)1,
1r","$' ,'""1 fro$', 'o '(" M"% '"rr $" $ $%
A%r ' #2 9=' ,"$% )o$0 r v"r, %o $ 'o '("
B) #; S" ! B=' for '(" M0"&$ S" 2 9r" ; $0
'(ro=0( '(" =1) $%, 'o r%, '(" B) #; S" 2
$% 9=' for '(" r% $"))",2 (o," #=rr"$'
r #", ,o='( r% '( '(" '"r of )) '("
B) #; S" r v"r,2 '("," ( 0(2 o=' r% fro$',
of '(" T =r=, $% $ r # A)1, o=)% 9"
, $0)" #=rv $0 r $0"2 '(" "%0" of #o$' $=o=,
9 r of ) $% % v % $0 '(" $$"r B) #; S" fro
'(" o='"r M"% '"rr $" $ $% A%r ' #! ?"r"
' $o' for '(" r% $"))", '( ' "%0" o=)%
for '(" 9or%"r of '(" H" r') $%2 $% '("
B) #; S" $% )) ', r v"r, o=)% 9" %%"%
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'o '(" D Co$' $"$' ) D ,:,'" , of %r $-
0"! ?("$ '(" r% $"))", r" #)o,"% 9:
) $%-1o "r 'o '(" ," -1o "r of '(" M"% '"r-
74 EMOCRATIC I EALS AN REALITY
r $" $2 , '(": ( v" 9""$ $ '(" Gr" ' ? r2
'( ' #o$% ' o$ of '( $0, , $ "ff"#' r" ) ,"% ,o
f r , (= $ ov" "$', r" #o$#"r$"%!
T(" Ro $ E 1"ror, 1=' '(" r E ,'"r$
# 1 ' ) ' Co$,' $' $o1)"2 % : 9"' ""$
'(" $=9" $% E=1(r '", fro$' "r,2 9='
Co$,' $' $o1)" , 'o '(" or" '( $ '("
9r %0"-'o $ fro E=ro1" $'o A, ! Ro "2
'(" M"% '"rr $" $ +o "r2 % % $o' $$"K '("
$or'("r$ ,(or" of '(" B) #; S" 2 $% '( ' ," 2
'("r"for"2 , ',")f 1 r' of '(" fro$' "r of
'(" E 1 r"! T(" ,'"11", "r" )"f' 'o '("
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S#:'( $,2 , '(" T=r;, "r" '("$ # ))"%2 $%
' o,' f" 'r % $0 ,' ' o$, "r" %o''"% 9:
'(" ," "$ )o$0 '(" #o ,' of '(" Cr " !
T(=, Co$,' $' $o1)" , '(" 1o $' fro ( #(
M"% '"rr $" $ ," -1o "r (")% '(" %%)" ," -
fro$' "r2 , '(" ) $%-1o "r of '(" L"0 o$, (")%
'(" ",'"r$ $% " ,'"r$ fro$' "r, )o$0 '("
r v"r,! U$%"r Ro "2 ," -1o "r '(=, %-
v $#"% $'o '(" H" r') $%2 f '( ' '"r 9"
=$%"r,'oo%2 $ ) r0"2 ,'r '"0 # ) ,"$,"2
, $#)=% $0 A, M $or $% '(" B ); $
+"$ $,=) !
L '"r ( ,'or: , $o )",, 'r $,1 r"$' 'o '("
=$%"r): $0 f #', of 0"o0r 1(:2 9=' $ '("
$v"r," % r"#' o$! So " of '(" T=r;, fro
C"$'r ) A, '=r$"% , %" fro '(" : %o $
$'o Ar 9 2 $% ro%" ov"r '(" M"% $ $%
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THE LAN SMANDS +OINT OF VIE? 748
Ar "$ $ =1) $%, $'o '(" o1"$ ,'"11" of
A, M $or2 $% '("r" %" '(" r (o "2 =,'
, '(" M 0: r T=r;, o$): #"$'=r: or ' o
" r) "r ro%" ro=$% '(" $or'( of '(" B) #; S"
$'o '(" H=$0 r $ S'"11"! U$%"r 0r" '
)" %"r, of # v )r: of '(" O''o $ %:$ ,':2
'("," T=r;, #ro,,"% '(" r% $"))",2 $%2 fo)-
)o $0 '(" D Corr %or D of '(" M r ' $%
Mor v v ))":, '(ro=0( '(" B ); $ Mo=$-
' $,2 #( "v"% '(" #o$ =",' of M 0: r H=$-
0 r: ',")f! Fro '(" o "$' '( ' '(" # ':
of Co$,' $' $o1)" f")) $'o T=r; ,( ( $%, $
7 .42 '(" B) #; S" , #)o,"% 'o '(" V"$"-
' $ $% G"$o"," ," "$! U$%"r Ro "2 '("
r" ) of '(" ," "$ ( % 9""$ %v $#"% 'o
'(" $or'("r$ ,(or" of '(" B) #; S" @ =$%"r
'(" O''o $ T=r;, '(" H" r') $%2 '(" r" )
of '(" (or," "$2 , %v $#"% 'o '(" $ r #
A)1, $% '(" T =r=,! T( , ",,"$' ) f #' ( ,
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':2 ' , "v %"$' '( ' , $#" ) $%-1o "r # $
'o-% : #)o," '(" B) #; S" 2 '(" (o)" 9 , $
of '( ' ," =,' 9" r"0 r%"% , of '(" H" r'-
) $%! O$): '(" B v r $ $=9"2 of v"r:
) '')" v )=" for $ v 0 ' o$2 : 9" 'r" '"% ,
): $0 o=', %"!
O$" or" # r#= ,' $#" r" $, 'o 9" %%"%2
$% " ,( )) ( v" 9"for" =, '(" (o)" #o$#"1-
' o$ of '(" H" r') $% , ' " "r0", fro '("
f #', of 0"o0r 1(: $% ( ,'or:! T(" B )' # ,
," ( #( # $ $o 9" D #)o,"% D 9: ) $%-1o "r!
T(" f #' '( ' '(" G"r $ F)""' ' 6 ") , r"-
,1o$, 9)" for '(" $", $% ,=9 r $", ( #(
;"1' '(" A)) "% , = %ro$, fro "$'"r $0 '("
B )' # %o", $o'2 of #o=r,"2 $ $: : v ' '"
'(" ,' '" "$' '( ' '(" #)o, $0 , 9: ) $%-
1o "r@ '(" A)) "% Ar ", $ Fr $#" "r"
'("r" 9: v r'=" of ," -1o "r2 $% '(" G"r $
," %"f"$#", of '(" B )' # "r" '("r" ,
r",=)' of ) $%-1o "r! I' , of 1r " 1or'-
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1o "r2 ( #( , ) #; $0 'o '(" (or,"-r %"
of ( ,'or:! T(" H" r') $% , '(" r"0 o$ 'o
( #(2 =$%"r o%"r$ #o$% ' o$,2 ," -1o "r
# $ 9" r"f=,"% ##",,2 '(o=0( '(" ",'"r$
1 r' of ' ) ", '(o=' '(" r"0 o$ of Ar#' # $%
Co$' $"$' ) %r $ 0"! T("r" , o$" ,'r ; $0
1(:, # ) # r#= ,' $#" ( #( ;$ ', ' 0r 1( -
# )): 'o0"'("r @ '(" (o)" of '2 "v"$ 'o '("
9r $; of '(" +"r, $ Mo=$' $, ov"r)oo; $0
'orr % M",o1o' 2 ) ", =$%"r ,$o $ '("
$'"r ' "! T(" ) $" $% # ' v" of $ v"r 0"
fr"" $0 '" 1"r '=r" for '(" (o)" o$'( of
5 $= r: 1 ,,", fro '(" Nor'( C 1" of Nor-
: ,o='( r%2 =,' '( $ '(" D G= r% D of
,) $%, )o$0 '(" Nor "0 $ ,(or"2 1 ,' "$-
r;2 #ro,, M %-G"r $: 'o '(" A)1,2 $%
fro '(" A)1, " ,' r% )o$0 '(" B ); $
r $0"!J}T(" B : of O%",, $% '(" S" of
A ofQ r" fro "$ ov"r $$= )):2 $% ),o '("
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H" r') $%2 $% ,"" "% 'o '(r" '"$ )) '("
r0 $ ) ) $%, of A, $% E=ro1"! To-
r%, '(" "$% of '(" #"$'=r:2 (o "v"r2 '("
G"r $, of +r=,, $% A=,'r %"'"r $"%
'o ,=9%=" '(" S) v, $% 'o "K1)o ' '(" for
'(" o##=1 ' o$ of '(" H" r') $%2 '(ro=0(
( #( r=$ '(" ) $%- :, $'o C( $ 2 I$% 2
Ar 9 2 $% '(" Afr # $ H" r') $%! T("
G"r $ ) ' r: #o)o$ ", of 6 =#( = $%
E ,' Afr # "r" ",' 9) ,("% , '"r $ of '("
1ro "#'"% ov"r) $% ro='",!
To-% : r ", ( v" ' '(" r % ,1o, ) -$o'
o$): '(" Tr $,-Co$' $"$' ) R ) : 9=' ),o
'(" Mo'or-C r! T(": ( v"2 'oo2 '(" A"ro-
THE LAN SMANDS +OINT OF VIE? 7 4
1) $"2 ( #( , of 9oo "r $0 $ '=r"2
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" 1o$ of ) $%-1o "r , 0 $,' ," -1o "r!
Mo%"r$ r' ))"r:2 or"ov"r2 , v"r: for % 9)"
0 $,' ,( 1,! I$ ,(or'2 0r" ' ) ' r:
>- 59 "r $ 1o,,",, o$ of '(" H" r') $% $% of
v Ar 9 #o=)% ' ;" " ,: 1o,,",, o$ of '(" #ro,,-
:, of '(" or)% ' 74=" S" -1o "r o=)%
( v" fo=$% ' v"r: % ff #=)' 'o (o)% '(" C $ )
f f)""' of ,=9 r $", ( % 9""$ 9 ,"% fro
'(" 9"0 $$ $0 of '(" r o$ '(" B) #; S" !
?" ( v" %"f" '"% '(" % $0"r o$ '( , o## , o$2
9=' '(" f #', of 0"o0r 1(: r" $2 $% off"r
"v"r- $#r" , $0 ,'r '"0 # ) o11or'=$ ' ", 'o
) $%-1o "r , 0 $,' ," -1o "r!
I' , "v %"$' '( ' '(" H" r') $% , , r" )
1(:, # ) f #' '( $ '(" ?or)%-I,) $% , ,
'(" ?or)%-I,) $% ',")f '( $ '(" O#" $2
)'(o=0( ', 9o=$% r ", r" $o' = '" ,o
#)" r): %"f $"%! No' =$' ) 9o=' (=$%r"%
:" r, 0o2 (o "v"r2 , '("r" v ) 9)"
9 ," of $-1o "r ,=ff # "$' 'o 9"0 $ 'o
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'(r" '"$ '(" ) 9"r': of '(" or)% fro '( $
'( , # ' %") of '(" ?or)%-I,) $%! No "r"
,#r 1, of 1 1"r2 "v"$ '(o=0( '(": 9" '("
r ''"$ #o$,' '=' o$ of L" 0=" of N ' o$,2
r" =$%"r '(" #o$% ' o$, of 'o-% : ,=ff # "$'
0= r $'"" '( ' '(" H" r') $% )) $o' 0 $
9"#o " '(" #"$'r" of ?or)%-? r! No ,
'(" ' "2 ("$ '(" N ' o$, r" f)= %2 'o #o$-
V ! 3 ! T(" ?or)%-I,) $% =$ '"%2 , ' "oo$ )) <"
o,' 1 r' 1 r ))") '(
9: r ) :,2 $% 9: "ro1) $" ro='",2 '(" ) ''"r for '("
'(" $ r ) :,!
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7 EMOCRATIC I EALS AN REALITY
, %"r ( ' 0= r $'"",2 9 ,"% o$ G"o0r 1( # )
$% E#o$o # R" ) ' ",2 # $ 9" %" v )-
9)" for '(" f='=r" ,"#=r ': of M $; $%!
? '( '( , ( v " 2 ' )) 9" or'( o=r ( )"
'o ,"" (o '(" ,'or 0 '("r"% ( '(" H" r'-
) $% o$ '(" 1r","$' o## , o$!
V
THE RIVALRY OF EM+IRES
A MOST $'"r",' $0 1 r ))") 0(' 9" %r $
9"' ""$ '(" %v $#" of '(" , )or, ov"r '("
o#" $ fro ?",'"r$ E=ro1" $% '(" #o$-
'" 1or r: %v $#" of '(" R=,, $ Co,, #;,
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#ro,, '(" ,'"11", of '(" H" r') $%!
Y"r ;2 '(" Co,, #;2 ro%" ov"r '(" Ur )
Mo=$' $, $'o S 9"r ( 7.442 '( $
%o "$ :" r,2 '( ' , 'o , :2 f'"r M 0")) $D,
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9" r"1" '"% $ r"0 r% 'o o=r o $ % :,! I'
, $ =$1r"#"%"$'"% '( $0 $ '(" :" r 78
'( ' Br ' $ ,(o=)% $' $ = r'"r of
)) o$ "$ $ ("r r '( '(" Bo"r, '
% ,' $#" of )", ov"r '(" o#" $ @ 9='
' , , r" r; 9)" f" ' for R=,, 'o 1) #"
$ r : of or" '( $ = r'"r of )) o$
"$ 0 $,' '(" 5 1 $"," $ M $#(=r $
78 ' % ,' $#" of )", 9: r )! ?"
( v" 9""$ ( '(" ( 9 ' of '( $; $0 '( '
o9 ) ': 9: ," f r o='r $ o9 ) ': =1o$ '("
) $%2 $% ,o for ' " ' % %2 9=' ' , "))
7
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7 EMOCRATIC I EALS AN REALITY
'o r" " 9"r '( ' f f': :" r, 0o 8 1"r #"$'2
of '(" or)%D, ,( 11 $0 , ,' )) ov"% 9:
, ),2 $% '( ' )r" %: '(" f r,' r ) : ( %
9""$ o1"$"% #ro,, Nor'( A "r # !
O$" of '(" r" ,o$, (: " #o o$): f )
'o 11r"# '" '(" , 0$ f # $#" of '(" 1o) # $0
of '(" ,'"11", 9: '(" Co,, #;, , '( ' "
'( $; v 0="): of R=,, , "K'"$% $02 '(
0r %= )): % $ ,( $0 %"$, ': of ,"'')" "$'2
fro '(" G"r $ $% A=,'r $ fro$' "r, for
'(o=, $%, of )", " ,' r%2 ov"r )) '(" r"
#o)o=r"% o$ '(" 1 '( o$" ' $' $% ) 9"))"%
, o$" #o=$'r:2 , f r , B"(r $0 S'r '!
I$ 'r='( R=,, '(" r" ) R=,, ( #( ,=1-
1) "% or" '( $ 1"r #"$'2 of '(" r"#r= ',
for '(" R=,, $ r ", %=r $0 '(" f r,' '(r""
:" r, of '(" ? r , v"r: =#( , ))"r
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f #' '( $ '(" , 1) # ': of '(" 1 o=)%
,"" 'o $% # '"! T(" R=,, ( #( , '("
(o ") $% of '(" R=,, $ 1"o1)"2 ) ", (o)):
$ E=ro1"2 $% o##=1 ", o$): 9o=' ( )f of
( ' " #o o$): # )) R=,, $ E=ro1"!
T(" ) $% 9o=$% r ", of R=,, $ '( , ,"$,"
r" $ $: 1) #", ) o,' , %"f $ '" , r"
'(" #o ,', of Fr $#" or S1 $! Tr #" ) $"
o$ '(" 1 fro +"'ro0r % " ,' r% )o$0 '("
U11"r Vo)0 'o '(" 0r" ' 9"$% of '(" r v"r '
6 $2 $% '("$#" ,o='( r% )o$0 '(" M %%)"
Vo)0 'o '(" ,"#o$% 0r" ' 9"$% ' C r ' $2
THE RIVALRY OF EM+IRES 7 8
$% f $ )): ,o='(- ",' r% )o$0 '(" )o "r
r v"r o$ 'o Ro,'of $% '(" S" of A of!
? '( $ '( , ) $"2 'o ,o='( $% ",' of '2 r"
or" '( $ (=$%r"% )) o$ R=,, $ 1"o1)"!
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6 $ $% S r 'o '(" Ur ) R $0"2 $%
ov"r '( ' r $0"2 1 ,' '(" $", of E; '"r $-
9=r02 $'o S 9"r 2 $% r 0(' #ro,, ?",'"r$
S 9"r 'o Ir;=',;2 =,' ,(or' of L ;" B ; )!
T( , 9")' of 1o1=) ' o$ 9":o$% '(" Vo)0
7. EMOCRATIC I EALS AN REALITY
$= 9"r, 1"r( 1, ' "$': )) o$,! T(" (o)"
of '2 fro 6 $ $% S r 'o Ir;=',;2 $
,o f r , ' , o##=1 "% 9: 1)o=0( "$ $%
F o! 3 ! S(o $0 '(" ) ', of '(" %"$,"r R=,, $
1o1=) ' o$ - - !
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:o= ( v" '(" 9"0 $$ $0 of '(" v # $# ", of
C"$'r ) A, !
A ,'r ; $0 1r #' # ) #o "$' r: o$ '(","
0r" ' 1(:, # ) $% ,o# ) #o$'r ,', ( , 9""$
,=11) "% $ '(" ) ,' f" o$'(, 9: '(" C v )
? r $ R=,, ! I$ )) Nor'( R=,, '("r"
r" 9=' ' o or '(r"" 'o $, ) r0"r '( $
v )) 0"2 $%2 , $#" '(" Bo),("v ;, r" 9 ,"% o$
'(" 'o $ 1o1=) ' o$,2 Bo),("v , ( , ( %
) '')" (o)% $or'( of '(" Vo)0 ! Mor"ov"r '("
,1 r," r=r ) ,"'')" "$',2 #( "f): of for",'"r,2
( v"2 $ '(" r , 1)"2 #o)o$ ) #o$% ' o$,2 $o
A 0ro=$%, for 0r r $ 1o) ' # ) f"") $02 $%
'("r" , '(=, $o 1" , $' ,: 1 '(: for '("
-^Bo),("v ;,! A, r",=)'2 '(" r ) : fro
^ Ar#( $0") 'o Vo)o0% o$ '(" U11"r $
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Mo=$' $,2 '( '(" ,=11or' of '(" Ur )
Co,, #;,2 '(": 'oo; S r ' '(" 1o $' ("r"
'(" r ) : r" #(", '(" M" %o B $;2 $%
'(": ," "% '(" 0r" ' 9r %0" ov"r '(" r v"r '
S: r $! T(": "v"$ 1"$"'r '"% ,(or' :
)o$0 '(" ) $" 'o +"$ '( $ '(" r" ) R=,, 2
9=' '(ro=0( r '("r ,1 r,"):-1o1=) '"% $" 0(-
9o=r(oo%! A),o2 '(": ,'r=#; =1 '(" r v"r 'o
6 $! I$ 'r='( '(": "r" '(=, (ov"r $0
ro=$% '(" "%0" of '(" r" ) R=,, $% '(r" '"$-
$0 ' fro o=', %"! T(" Br ' ,( "K1"% ' o$
fro Ar#( $0") 9: 9o ' =1 '(" $ R v"r
'o 6o') ,2 $% '("$#" 9: r ) : 'o V: ';
THE RIVALRY OF EM+IRES 7.4
o$ '(" Tr $, 9"r $ ) $"2 11" r, )",, foo)-
( r%: "$'"r1r ," ("$ ,""$ $ '(" ) 0(' of
'("," r" ) ' ",!
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) $% r% 9o=$% r: r $ ,'r 0(' fro +"'ro-
0r % 'o 6 $2 $% '("$ )o$0 #=rv"% ) $"
fro 6 $ 9: '(" Vo)0 $% o$ R v"r, 'o
'(" B) #; S" 2 $% 9: '(" T=r; ,( fro$' "r 'o
$" r '(" (" % of '(" A%r ' #! A' '(" o$"
"$% of '( , E=ro1" , C 1" S'! V $#"$' ,' $%-
7. EMOCRATIC I EALS AN REALITY
$0 o=' 'o ," @ ' '(" o'("r "$% , '(" ) $%
# 1" for "% 9: '(" Vo)0 ")9o ' 6 $!
B"r) $ , ) o,' "K #'): % : 9"' ""$ S'!
V $#"$' $% 6 $! H % +r=,, o$ '( ,
J MM&
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vv
+ro! 3 ! T(" r" ) E=ro1"2 E ,' $% ?",'2 '( '(" %% ' o$
of B r9 r:2 '(" B ); $,2 $% A, M $or ,"" 11! 7.82 7 W!
? r ' , ("r $'"$' o$ '( ' Co$' $"$' )
E=ro1" fro S'! V $#"$' 'o 6 $2 '( '("
%% ' o$ of '(" A, ' # H" r') $%2 ,(o=)%
( v" 9"#o " '(" $ v ) 9 ," fro ( #(
,(" o=)% ( v" fo=0(' Br ' $ $% A "r #
$ '(" $"K' r!
L"' =, $o % v %" o=r E=ro1" $'o E ,'
$% ?",' 9: ) $" ,o %r $ fro '(" A%r ' #
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THE RIVALRY OF EM+IRES 7..
'o '(" Nor'( S" '( ' V"$ #" $% '(" N"'("r-
) $%, : ) " 'o '(" ",'2 $ ),o '( ' 1 r'
of G"r $: ( #( ( , 9""$ G"r $ fro '("
9"0 $$ $0 of E=ro1" $ ( ,'or:2 9=' ,o '( '
B"r) $ $% V "$$ r" 'o '(" " ,'2 for +r=,,
$% A=,'r r" #o=$'r ", ( #( '(" G"r $
( , #o$ ="r"% $% or" or )",, for# 9):
T"='o$ ,"%! O$ '(" 1 '(=, % v %"% )"' =,
D '( $; '(ro=0( D '(" ( ,'or: of '(" ) ,' fo=r
0"$"r ' o$, @ ' )) ,,= " $" #o("r"$#:!
T(" E$0) ,( R"vo)=' o$ ) '"% '(" 1o "r,
of Mo$ r#(:2 $% '(" Fr"$#( R"vo)=' o$
,,"r'"% '(" r 0(', of '(" +"o1)"! O $0 'o
% ,or%"r $ Fr $#"2 $% ("r $v , o$ fro
9ro %2 '(" or0 $ ,"r N 1o)"o$ , '(ro $
=1! N 1o)"o$ #o$ ="r"% B")0 = $% S ' -
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' o$, "r" 9o=' "v"$): 9 ) $#"%2 9=' '("
,=1"r or ': %=" 'o '(" ( 0("r # v ) , ' o$ of
7 A$% '("r"for" #ro,, '(" '"rr 'or: ( #( #o=)% ffor% ,=1-
1) ",2 'o '(" #o$'"$% $0 r ",!
THE RIVALRY OF EM+IRES 7.
?",' E=ro1" , $"='r ) ,"% 9: Br ' ,( ," -
1o "r!
Af'"r ? '"r)oo2 E ,' E=ro1" , =$ '"% f)
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R=,, 2 A=,'r 2 $% +r=,, ! E #( of '(" ^
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?",' G"r $:2 $$"K $0 H $ov"r $% '("r"-
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,"$," fro '(" Co ,') $%!
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THE RIVALRY OF EM+IRES 7 7
")" "$',2 '(" Ro $#" $% '(" T"='o$ #! A,
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Mo$ r#(: fro %o $ ' $0 '(" Co$' $"$' of
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THE RIVALRY OF EM+IRES
7 4
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" $ $0 for '(o," (o r" % ( ,'or: o$ '("
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7 EMOCRATIC I EALS AN REALITY
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#( $', of L 9"#; $% '(" T"='o$ # 6$ 0(',2
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7 EMOCRATIC I EALS AN REALITY
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THE RIVALRY OF EM+IRES 7
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A=,'"r) ' ! +r f +o)",2 '(" C "#(,2 '(" So='(
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7 EMOCRATIC I EALS AN REALITY
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T(=, E ,' E=ro1" ( , $o' #o$, ,'"%2 ) ;"
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THE RIVALRY OF EM+IRES 7 8
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So "'( $0 f=$% "$' ) ( % ( 11"$"% $
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7 EMOCRATIC I EALS AN REALITY
'(" T=r;,2 o $0 'o '(" )o,,", ( #( ,(" ( %
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So =#( $ r"0 r% 'o '(" ( ,'or: of ?",'
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%",#"$%"% '(" 0r" ' A =r R v"r 'o '("
+ # f # Co ,' 9"for" '(" Cr " $ ? r! I'
, =,= ) 'o ''r 9='" '(" o1"$ $0 of 5 1 $ 'o
'(" #' o$ of '(" A "r # $ Co o%or" +"rr:
$ 7 .42 9=' '(" 1r","$#" of '(" R=,, $, $
'(" ,) $% of S ;( ) $2 $% "v"$ , f r ,o='(
, H ;o% '" $ Y",,o2 ( % %o$" ,o "'( $0
'o 1r"1 r" '(" :! I$ r"0 r% 'o Br ' $2 '("
o,' "% '" R=,, $ "$ #" ,2 of
#o=r,"2 9":o$% '(" Nor'(- ?",' Fro$' "r of
I$% !
I$ '(" $ $"'""$'( #"$'=r: Br ' $ % % ( '
,(" ) ;"% =1o$ '(" O#" $2 for '(" U$ '"%
S' '", "r" $o' :"' 1o "rf=)2 $% E=ro1"
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, f=)): o##=1 "% '( ', r,! S( 11 $0
$% r;"', "r" '(" o9 "#' v" of '(" N ' o$
of S(o1;""1"r, =$%"r '(" r"0 " of '(" M $-
#(",'"r S#(oo) of 1o) ' # ) '(o=0('! T("
1r $# 1 ) $" r;"', off"r $0 "r" o$0
'(" v ,' 1o1=) ' o$, of '(" I$% ",2 for Afr #
7 3 EMOCRATIC I EALS AN REALITY
, =$"K1)or"%2 $% for '(" o,' 1 r' "$'
$ ;"%2 $% '(" A "r # , "r" $o' :"' 1o1=-
)o=,! T("r"for"2 ( )" Br ' $ 0(' ( v"
$$"K"% ) o,' "v"r: #o ,' o=', %" E=ro1"
"K#"1' '(" A') $' # #o ,' of '(" U$ '"% S' '",2
,(" ) '"% ("r,")f 'o # )) $0 1or', for ("r
,( 11 $0 o$ '(" o#" $ ro % 'o '(" I$% ",2
$% 'o ,=#( #o)o$ ) %"v")o1 "$', $ =$-
o##=1 "% r"0 o$, , "r" for#"% o$ ("r 9:
("r o $ %v"$'=r"r,2 (o ,(" 'r "% $ v $
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'o #("#;! B=' ,(" , #o 1"))"% 'o ;"
,'" %: %v $#" ( I$% 2 of '( ' ; $% ( #(
o)% Ho " ( % ;$o $ ,o "))2 ("$ o$" $"
1rov $#" f'"r $o'("r , $$"K"% for '("
1=r1o," of %"1r v $0 $v %"r, of '(" r 9 ,",
0 $,' '(" '"rr 'or: )r" %: 1o,,",,"%!
T(" 1 r"v" ), ' o$#" '(" ",,"$' )
,'r '"0 # ,1"#', of '(" r v )r: 9"' ""$ R=,,
$% Br ' $ %=r $0 '(" $ $"'""$'( #"$'=r:!
R=,, 2 ( #o $% of $" r): '(" (o)" of
'(" H" r') $%2 , ;$o#; $0 ' '(" ) $% r%
0 '", of '(" I$% ",! Br ' $2 o$ '(" o'("r
( $%2 , ;$o#; $0 ' '(" ," 0 '", of C( $ 2
$% %v $# $0 $) $% fro$ '(" ," 0 '", of
I$% 'o ""' '(" "$ #" fro '(" $or'(-
",'! R=,, $ r=)" ( '(" H" r') $% ,
9 ,"% o$ ("r $-1o "r ( E ,' E=ro1"2 $%
, # rr "% 'o '(" 0 '", of '(" I$% ", 9:
'(" o9 ) ': of '(" Co,, #; # v )r:! Br ' ,(
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" 0('""$'( #"$'=r:2 ,(o "% '( ' ' , 1o,-
, 9)" 'o 9= )% $ " 1 r" $ I$% fro '("
#o ,' $ r%2 o$ '(" r= $, of '(" Mo0=)
E 1 r" ( #( ( % 9""$ 9= )' fro ")(
o=' r%! Bo'( %" ,2 '( ' of N 1o)"o$ $%
'( ' of =1)" K2 "r" ",,"$' )): %" , of ," -
1o "r2 $% ,1r $0 $o' =$$ '=r )): fro
Fr $#" $ '(" +"$ $,=) of ?",' E=ro1"! B:
( , "K1"% ' o$ 'o E0:1' N 1o)"o$ %r" '("
Br ' ,( F)""' 'o '(" 9 '')" of '(" N )" $ '("
M"% '"rr $" $2 $% ),o %r" '(" Br ' ,(
Ar : fro I$% 2 for '(" f r,' ' "2 ov"r," ,
7 EMOCRATIC I EALS AN REALITY
'o '(" N )" V ))":! ?("$2 '("r"for"2 R=,, $
1o "r $ '(" H" r') $% $#r" ,"%2 '(" ":",
9o'( of Br ' $ $% Fr $#" "r" $"#",, r ):
% r"#'"% 'o r%, S=" 2 '(o," of Br ' $ for
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o9v o=, 1r #' # ) r" ,o$,2 $% '(o," of Fr $#"
1 r'): for '(" ,"$' "$' ) r" ,o$ of '(" 0r" '
N 1o)"o$ # 'r % ' o$2 9=' ),o 9"# =," '("
fr""%o of '(" M"% '"rr $" $ , ",,"$' )
'o ("r #o for' $ '(" ?",'"r$ +"$ $,=) !
B=' R=,, $ ) $%-1o "r % % $o' r" #(2 $
'(" ":", of 1"o1)" of '( ' ' "2 , f r , 'o
'(r" '"$ Ar 9 ! T(" $ '=r ) E=ro1" $ "K '
fro '(" H" r') $% , 9: '(" ," - :
'(ro=0( '(" S'r ', of Co$,' $' $o1)"! ?"
( v" ,""$ (o Ro " %r" ("r fro$' "r
'(ro=0( '(" B) #; S" 2 $% %" Co$,' $' -
$o1)" )o# ) 9 ," of ("r M"% '"rr $" $ ," -
1o "r 0 $,' '(" S#:'( $, of '(" ,'"11",!
R=,, 2 =$%"r C r N #(o) ,2 ,o=0(' 'o $-
v"r' '( , 1o) #:2 $%2 9: #o $% $0 '("
B) #; S" $% ', ,o='( r% "K '2 "% '
"K'"$% $0 ("r ) $%-1o "r 'o '(" r% $"))",!
T(" "ff"#' , $"v ' 9): 'o =$ '" ?",'
E=ro1" 0 $,' ("r! So ' ( 11"$"% '( '
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("$ R=,, $ $'r 0=" ( % $vo)v"% Br ' $
$ '(" F r,' Af0( $ ? r $ 7 482 Br ' $ #o=)%
$o' v " '( " = $ ': '(" "$# 1 "$'
of R=,, $ Ar : o$ '(" Bo,1or=, $ or%"r
'o %"f"$% '(" S=)' $ fro '(" '' #;2 '(ro=0(
THE RIVALRY OF EM+IRES 7 .
S:r 2 of M"(" "' A))2 '(" $,=r0"$' 6("% v"
of E0:1'! T("r"for" Br ' $ $% Fr $#"
%" )' '( M"(" "' '(" ,")v",2 9: '' #; $0
( $ S:r $ 7 !
I$ 7 . Br ' $ $% Fr $#" "r" 0 $ $-
vo)v"% $ #' o$ 0 $,' R=,, ! Fr $#" ( %
,,= "% '(" 1ro'"#'or '" of '(" C(r ,' $,
$ '(" N" r E ,'2 $% ("r 1r",' 0" $ '( '
r",1"#' , 9" $0 % 0"% 9: R=,, $ $-
'r 0=" $ r"0 r% 'o '(" Ho): +) #", ' 5"r=-
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, )" ! So Fr $#" $% Br ' $ fo=$% '(" -
,")v", $vo)v"% $ ,=11or' of '(" T=r;,
("$ '(" R=,, $ r ", # " 0 $,' '("
o$ '(" $=9"! Lor% S ) ,9=r:2 ,(or'):
9"for" ( , %" '(2 %"#) r"% '( ' $ ,=11or' $0
T=r;": " ( % 9 #;"% '(" ro$0 (or,"! I,
'( ' ,o #"r' $ $ r"0 r% 'o '(" %%)" of ) ,'
#"$'=r: T " , of '(" ",,"$#" of I$'"r-
$ ' o$ ) +o) #:@ '("r" , $ o11or'=$ ,
( #( , '(" ' #' of 1o) ' #,! I$ r"0 r% 'o
'( $0, ( #( r" $o' f=$% "$' )2 , ' $o' r"-
#o0$ ,"% '( ' $ or% $ r: ,o# ) $'"r#o=r," '
, 1o,, 9)" 'o , : '(" r 0(' '( $0 ' '(" ro$0
' " I$ 7 . ' , R=,, $ 1o "r2 $% $o'
:"' G"r $ 1o "r2 ( #( , '(" #"$'r" of
or0 $ , ' o$ $ E ,' E=ro1"2 $% R=,, ,
1r",, $0 '(ro=0( '(" H" r') $% 0 $,' '("
I$% ",2 $% 9: '(" S'r ', of Co$,' $' $o1)"
, ,""; $0 'o ,,=" fro '(" H" r') $%
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7 EMOCRATIC I EALS AN REALITY
$'o '(" ",'2 $% +r=,, , ,=11or' $0
R=,, !
I$ 7 T=r;": , 0 $ $ 'ro=9)" $%
, 0 $ 9 #;"% 9: Br ' $2 '(o=0( $"#",-
, r ): '(o=' '(" ,=11or' of Fr $#"! T("
r",=)' , 'o (" % off R=,, $ 1o "r fro
^ Co$,' $' $o1)"2 9=' ' '(" #o,' of 0 v $0 'o
'(" G"r $, '(" r f r,' ,'"1 'o r%, '("
B ); $ Corr %or 9: ( $% $0 ov"r 'o A=,'r $
;""1 $0 '(" S) v +rov $#",2 ( '("r'o T=r; ,(2
of Bo,$ $% H"r "0ov $ ! O$ '( ' o## -
, o$ '(" Br ' ,( F)""'2 9: T=r; ,( ,=ff"r $#"2
,'" "% '(ro=0( '(" r% $"))", 'o '( $
, 0(' of '(" $ r"', of Co$,' $' $o1)"!
T(" 0r" ' #( $0" $ '(" or "$' ' o$ of
R=,, $ 1o) #: ( % $o' :"' o##=rr"%2 $%
$" '("r R=,, $or Br ' $ :"' for", '("
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"#o$o # "'(o%, of ,, $0 $-1o "r
'o ( #( B"r) $ , 9o=' 'o r",or'!
?("$ - " )oo; 9 #; o$ '(" #o=r," of "v"$',
%=r $0 '(" (=$%r"% :" r, f'"r '(" Fr"$#(
R"vo)=' o$2 $% #o$, %"r E ,' E=ro1" , '("
9 , , of ( ' , o$ '(" (o)" , $0)" for#"
$ '(" or)%D, ff r,2 %o " $o' r" ) ," '( '
,"1 r '" , 1"o1)" of '(" V #'or $ A0" of'"$
!^D '(o=0(' '(" 1o) ' #, of E=ro1" fro '(o," of
^ '(" No'-E=ro1" o=', %"2 '("r" ,2 $ f #'2
- $o ,=#( ,"1 r ' o$! E ,' E=ro1" , $
: #o $% of '(" H" r') $%2 $% , o11o,"%
THE RIVALRY OF EM+IRES 7
9: '(" ," -1o "r of Br ' $ ro=$% or" '( $
'(r"" = r'"r, of '(" r0 $ of '(" H" r'-
) $%2 fro C( $ '(ro=0( I$% 'o Co$,' $' -
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$o1)"! Fr $#" $% Br ' $ "r" #o o$):
)) "% $ #' o$ $ r"0 r% 'o Co$,' $' $o1)"!
?("$2 $ 7 2 '("r" , % $0"r of r $
E=ro1" 9"# =," of '(" = rr") 9"' ""$ '("
6("% v" $% '(" S=)' $2 $,' $#' v"): )) ":",
"r" '=r$"% 'o '(" R( $"2 ("r" +r=,, ( %
",' 9) ,("% ("r o='1o,' 1rov $#",! T("$ '
, '( ' '(" G"r $ ,o$02 '(" J ? #('
R(" $2J , r ''"$ B=' '(" r '(r" '-
"$"% 0 $,' Fr $#" , $o' $ r",1"#' of
A), #" $% Lorr $"2 9=' $ ,=11or' of
R=,, @ $ o'("r or%,2 '(" = rr") ,
9"' ""$ E ,' $% ?",' E=ro1"!
I$ 7 Br ' $ % % $o' ,=11or' Fr $#"
0 $,' +r=,, ! ? '( '(" f'"r ,%o of
"v"$', ,(o=)% " $o'2 1"r( 1,2 9" =,' f "%
$ ,; $0 ("'("r " % % $o' $ '( , $,' $#"
f ) 'o 9 #; '(" r 0(' (or," B=' '(" ":",
of '(" ,) $%"r, "r" ,' )) 9) $%"% 9: '("
v #'or: of Tr f )0 r! T(": ;$" ( ' '
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, 'o "$ o: ," -1o "r2 '(" fr""%o of '("
o#" $2 9=' '(": for0o' '( ' ," -1o "r ,2 $
) r0" " ,=r"2 %"1"$%"$' o$ '(" 1ro%=#' v ':
of '(" 9 ,", o$ ( #( ' r",',2 $% '( ' E ,'
E=ro1" $% '(" H" r') $% o=)% ;"
0(': ," -9 ,"! I$ '(" B , r#; $ 1"r o%2
M
EMOCRATIC I EALS AN REALITY
@ or"ov"r2 ("$ '(" #"$'r" of 0r v ': $ E ,'
E=ro1" , 9" $0 ,( f'"% fro +"'ro0r % 'o
B"r) $2 ' , 1"r( 1, $o' =$$ '=r ) '( '
- #o$'" 1or r ", ,(o=)% f ) 'o r" ) ," '(" ,=9-
or% $ '" #( r #'"r of '(" = rr"), 9"' ""$ '("
'(r"" ='o#r # ",2 $% '(" f=$% "$' ) #( r #-
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'"r of '(" r 9"' ""$ +r=,, $% Fr $#"!
T(" r"#"$' Gr" ' ? r ro," $ E=ro1"
fro '(" r"vo)' of '(" S) v, 0 $,' '("
G"r $,! T(" "v"$', ( #( )"% =1 'o '
9"0 $ '( '(" A=,'r $ o##=1 ' o$ of '("
S) v 1rov $#", of Bo,$ $% H"r "0ov $ $
7 2 $% '(" )) $#" of R=,, '( Fr $#"
$ 7 8.! T(" E$'"$'" of 78 9"' ""$ Br ' $
$% Fr $#" , $o' $ "v"$' of '(" , "
, 0$ f # $#" @ o=r ' o #o=$'r ", ( % #o-
o1"r '"% or" of'"$ '( $ $o' $ '(" $ $"-
'""$'( #"$'=r:2 9=' Fr $#" ( % 9""$ '("
= #;"r 'o 1"r#" v" '( ' B"r) $ ( % ,=1-
1) $'"% +"'ro0r % , '(" #"$'r" of % $0"r $
E ,' E=ro1"2 $% o=r ' o 1o) # ", ( %2 $
#o$," ="$#"2 9""$ ,( 1"% fro % ff"r"$'
$0)", for f" :" r,! ?",' E=ro1"2 9o'(
$,=) r $% 1"$ $,=) r2 =,' $"#",, r ): 9"
o11o,"% 'o ( '"v"r +o "r ''" 1', 'o
or0 $ ," '(" r",o=r#", of E ,' E=ro1" $%
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'(" H" r') $%! V " "% $ '(" ) 0(' of '( '
#o$#"1' o$2 9o'( Br ' ,( $% Fr"$#( 1o) #:
for (=$%r"% :" r, 1 ,' ' ;", o$ ) r0"
THE RIVALRY OF EM+IRES 7 8
#o$, ,'"$#:! ?" "r" o11o,"% 'o '(" ( )f-
G"r $ R=,, $ C r%o 9"# =," R=,, ,
'(" %o $ ' $02 '(r" '"$ $0 for#" 9o'( $
E ,' E=ro1" $% '(" H" r') $% for ( )f
#"$'=r:! ?" "r" o11o,"% 'o '(" (o)):
G"r $ 6 ,"r%o 2 9"# =," G"r $: 'oo;
'(" )" % $ E ,' E=ro1" fro '(" C r%o 2
$% o=)% '("$ ( v" #r=,("% '(" r"vo)' $0
S) v,2 $% %o $ '"% E ,' E=ro1" $% '("
H" r') $%! G"r $ 6=)'=r2 $% )) '( ' '
" $, $ '(" : of or0 $ , ' o$2 o=)%
( v" %" '( ' G"r $ %o $ ' o$ #( ,-
' ," "$' of ,#or1 o$, , #o 1 r"% '( '("
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( 1, of R=,, !
T(=, f r " ( v" 9""$ '( $; $0 of '("
r v )r: of E 1 r", fro '(" 1o $' of v " of
,'r '"0 # ) o11or'=$ ' ",2 $% " ( v" #o "
'o '(" #o$#)=, o$ '( ' '(" ?or)%-I,) $% $%
'(" H" r') $% r" '(" f $ ) G"o0r 1( # ) R" ) -
' ", $ r"0 r% 'o ," -1o "r $% ) $%-1o "r2
$% '( ' E ,' E=ro1" , ",,"$' )): 1 r' of
'(" H" r') $%! B=' '("r" r" $, 'o 9" #o$-
, %"r"% '(" E#o$o # R" ) ': of $-1o "r!
?" ( v" ,""$ '( ' '(" =",' o$ of 9 ,"2 $o'
o$): ,"#=r" 9=' ),o 1ro%=#' v"2 , v ' ) 'o
," -1o "r @ '(" 1ro%=#' v" 9 ," , $""%"% for
'(" ,=11or' of "$ $o' o$): for '(" $$ $0
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1r",,"% 9: r $! T(": % ff"r o$): $ '("
=$ ' of #o 1"' ' o$! I$ +o) ' # ) E#o$o :
'( ' =$ ' , '(" $% v %= ) or f r @ $ N ' o$ )
E#o$o : ' '"$%, 'o 9"#o " '(" S' '" o$0
S' '",! T( , , '(" f #' 11r"# '"% 9: L ,'2
'(" fo=$%"r of G"r $ N ' o$ ) E#o$o :2
=$%"r (o," 1=)," '(" +r=,, $ o))v"r" $
or C=,'o , U$ o$ , 9ro %"$"% =$' ) ' $-
#)=%"% o,' of G"r $:! T(" Br ' ,( +o) -
' # ) E#o$o ,', ")#o "% '(" o))v"r" $2
r"0 r% $0 ' , $ $,' ) "$' of '(" r o $
Fr"" Tr %"! I$ 'r='(2 9: r" ov $0 #o 1"' -
' o$ $ 0r" '"r or )",, %"0r"" 'o '(" o=', %"2
N ' o$ ) E#o$o : "% ' ,=9,' '=' $0 for
'E" #o 1"' ' o$ of "r" "$ '( ' of 0r" ' ! 2
$ ' o$ ) or0 $ , ' o$,! I$ or%2 '(" N ' o$ ) Q
E#o$o ,', '(o=0(' %:$ # )):2 9=' '("
+o) ' # ) E#o$o ,', $ '(" $ ,' ' # )): W
T( , #o$'r ,' of '( $; $0 9"' ""$ 6=6=r
$% " o#r #: , $o' ' f r,' of 0r" '
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1r #' # ) , 0$ f # $#"! I$ '(" f f' ", $%
, K' ", of ) ,' #"$'=r: '(" G"r $, "r" '
'(" r r,! T(" Br ' ,( M $=f #'=r"r ,
'o1 5o02 $%2 , B , r#; o$#" , %2 Fr""
Tr %" , '(" 1o) #: of '(" ,'ro$0! I' , $o'
=$' ) 7 2 '(" % '" of '(" f r,' ,# "$' f #
7 3 EMOCRATIC I EALS AN REALITY
' r ff2 '( ' '(" "#o$o # , or% of G"r $:
, =$,(" '("%! T( ' % '" r;, 11roK -
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'r $,1or' 'o ( #( %=" " 0(' , $o' ) :,
'' #("%! I' , '("$ '( ' Br ' ,(-9= )'
r ) :, $ A "r # $% Br ' ,( ,'"")-9= )'
,( 1, o$ '(" A') $' # 9"0 $ 'o # rr: 9=);-
# r0o",!
?( ' '( , $" f #' of '(" # rr 0" of 9=);
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THE RIVALRY OF EM+IRES 7 4
'r ", %" $ $#r" ,"% %" $% for Br ' ,(
$=f #'=r",! So '(" Br ' ,( 1"o1)" 0r"
$ $= 9"r ' (o " , ")) , $ '(" Co)o$ ",
$% '(" U$ '"% S' '",! Co9%"$ $% Br 0('
( % for",""$ '( , @ '(": " $' 'o ( v" #(" 1
foo% $% #(" 1 r '"r ), ("r" '( 'o
;" #(" 1 "K1or',! B=' '(" r",' of '("
or)% )oo;"% =1o$ o=r Fr"" Tr %" , "'(o%
of E 1 r" r '("r '( $ of Fr""%o @ '(" r"-
v"r," of '(" "% ) , 1r","$'"% 'o '(" @
'(": "r" 'o 9" (" "r, $% %r "r, for Gr" '
Br ' $! T(" Br ' ,( I,) $%"r, =$for'=$ '"):
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,1"r ': $): 'o '(" r fr"" 1or',2 ("r" ,
' , #( "f): %=" 'o '(" r 0r" ' D Go $0 Co$-
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9"for" ' ( % #o 1"' 'or,! I' , 9"# =,"
'(": "r" D '(" ,'ro$0 D $ 7 2 '( ' '(":
#o=)% %o1' Fr"" Tr %" '( "% '" %v $-
' 0" $% '(o=' ,"r o=, "% '" % , %-
v $' 0"!
Fro 7 G"r $: 9"0 $ 'o 9= )% =1 ("r
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(o "! O$" of ("r "'(o%, , '(" ,# "$' f #
' r ff2 , "v" '(ro=0( ( #( 1or', "r"
D ,#r""$"%2D ,o '( ' '(": ,(o=)% #o$' $
$ = of ) 9o=r $% ",1"# )): of ,; ))"%
) 9o=r! B=' "v"r: o'("r " $, , r",or'"%
'o for '(" 1=r1o," of r , $0 Go $0 Co$#"r$
7 EMOCRATIC I EALS AN REALITY
( #( ,(o=)% : ")% 0r" ' 1ro%=#' o$ ' (o "!
T(" R ) :, "r" 9o=0(' 9: '(" S' '"2 $%
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1r"f"r"$' ) r '", 0r $'"%! T(" B $;, "r"
9ro=0(' =$%"r '(" #o$'ro) of '(" S' '" 9:
,:,'" of $'"r)o#;"% ,( r"(o)% $02 $% #r"% '
, or0 $ ,"% for $%=,'r:! C r'"), $%
Co 9 $", r"%=#"% '(" #o,' of 1ro%=#' o$ $%
% ,'r 9=' o$! T(" r",=)' , '( ' 9o=' '("
:" r 78 G"r $ " 0r ' o$2 ( #( ( % 9""$
,'" % ): f )) $02 #" ,"% )'o0"'("r2 "K#"1' $ ,o
f r , 9 ) $#"% 9: 0r ' o$!
T(" "#o$o # off"$, v" , $#r" ,"% 9:
"'(o%, of 1"$"'r ' o$ 9ro %! S( 11 $0
) $", "r" ,=9, % ,"%2 $% 9 $;, "r" =,"% ,
'r %" o='1o,', $ for" 0$ # ' ",! I$'"r$ ' o$ )
Co 9 $", "r" or0 $ ,"% =$%"r G"r $ #o$-
'ro)2 v"r: ) r0"): '( '(" (")1 of '(" 5" ,
of Fr $;f=r'! F $ )):2 $ 78 .2 G"r $:
1o,"% ,=#( ,:,'" of #o "r# ) 'r" ' ",
o$ ,"v"$ % o $ $0 $ ' o$, , " $' '(" r
"#o$o # ,=9 "#' o$! O$" of '("," $ ' o$,
, R=,, 2 '("$ " ; fro r $% r"vo)=-
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' o$! T(o," 'r" ' ", r" , % 'o ( v" ' ;"$
'"$ :" r, 'o '( $; o=' #( r #'"r ,' #
"ff)or",#"$#" of 6=)'=r
T(" r 1 % G"r $ 0ro '( , 'r = 1(
of or0 $ , ' o$2 or2 ( o'("r or%,2 of '("
,'r '"0 # )2 '(" D :, $% " $, D "$' ) ':!
T(" f=$% "$' ) ,# "$' f # %" , "r"2 o,'
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of '(" 2 1or'"%2 $% '(" v =$'"% G"r $
T"#($ # ) E%=# ' o$ , "r"): for of
or0 $ , ' o$! T(" (o)" ,:,'" , 9 ,"%
o$ #)" r =$%"r,' $% $0 of '(" R" ) ': of '("
Go $0 Co$#"r$ Or0 $ ,"% M $-1o "r!
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f #'2 for '(" f r,' 1o) ' # ) ''r 9='" of '("
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$ ) M $ , (=$0"r! I$ '(" '"$ :" r,
9"for" '(" ? r G"r $: , 0ro $0 ' '("
r '" of )) o$ ,o=), :" r '(" % ff"r"$#"
9"' ""$ %" '(, $% 9 r'(,! T( ' " $' '( '
'(" 1ro%=#' v" Go $0 Co$#"r$ =,' $o' o$):
9" $' $"%2 9=' '( ' ', D 0o $0 D =,'
9" #o$,' $'): ##")"r '"%! I$ '(" #o=r," of
for': :" r, '(" (=$0"r of G"r $: for r;"',
( % 9"#o " o$" of '(" o,' '"rr 9)" r" ) ' ",
of '(" or)%! T(" f #' '( ' '(" #o "r# )
'r" ': '( R=,, o=)% #o " =1 for r"-
$" ) $ 787 , 1ro9 9): $o' =$#o$$"#'"%
'( '(" for# $0 of '(" ? r @ G"r $: r"-
= r"%2 ' )) #o,',2 ,=9 "#' S) v%o 'o
0ro foo% for ("r $% 'o 9=: ("r r",!
T(" "$ (o2 ' B"r) $2 1=))"% '(" )"v"r
$ 787 2 $% ,"' fr"" '(" % "%-=1 f)oo%
of G"r $ $-1o "r2 ( v" r",1o$, 9 ) ':
( #( ( , 9""$ $ ):,"% $% f K"%2 ,o f r ,
o=r $for ' o$ :"' 0o",2 '( ;""$ r"," r#(
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9: '(" =$for'=$ '" 0"$"r ' o$ ( #( ( , ( %
'o f 0(' '(" f" rf=) %=")! B=' 9"for" H ,'or:
7 EMOCRATIC I EALS AN REALITY
'(" r 0= )' )) 9" ,( r"% 9: '(o," (o2 $
:" r, 1 ,'2 ,"' '(" Co$#"r$ Go $0! I$ '( ,
''"r Br ' ,( S' '", "$ $% '(" Br ' ,(
+"o1)" )) $o' 9" (")% (o)): 9) ")",,!
I' , '(" '("or: of Fr"" Tr %" '( ' '("
% ff"r"$' 1 r', of '(" or)% ,(o=)% %"v")o1 o$
'(" 9 , , of '(" r $ '=r ) f # ) ' ",2 $% '( '
% ff"r"$' #o =$ ' ", ,(o=)% ,1"# ) ," $%
r"$%"r ,"rv #" 'o o$" $o'("r 9: "K#( $0 $0
'(" r 1ro%=#', fr""):! I' , f r ): 9") "v"%
'( ' Fr"" Tr %" '(=, %" for 1" #" $% '("
9ro'("r(oo% of "$! T( ' : ( v" 9""$
'"$ 9)" '(" " $ '(" ' " of A% S '(
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$% for 0"$"r ' o$ or ' o f'"r r%,! B='
=$%"r o%"r$ #o$% ' o$, '(" Go $0 Co$#"r$2
or2 $ o'("r or%,2 ##= =) ' $0 F $ $# )
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Co$#"r$ of '(" L $# ,( r" Co''o$ I$%=,'r:
, $ $,' $#" of '( , o$ 0r" ' ,# )"! A
v"r: , )) % ff"r"$#" of 1r #" $ #(" 1 ) $", of
"K1or' )) (o)% or )o," r;"'2 $% '("
0r" ' Go $0 Co$#"r$ # $ 9",' ffor% 'o #='
1r #",! H"$#" L $# ,( r" ( , $' $"% ("r
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1"' 'or,2 '(o=0( '(" ,o=r#", of '(" r '"-
r ) $% '(" 1r $# 1 ) r;"', for '(" f $ ,("%
0oo%, r" $ % ,' $' 1 r', of '(" or)%! Co )
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THE RIVALRY OF EM+IRES 7
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D r;"'-(=$0r:2D for $o'( $0 , ))"r '( $
'(" (o)" or)% , r;"' "$o=0( for ("r
$ ("r o $ ,1"# ) ) $",!
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for 9 r0 $ $0 @ ( '( ' r",1"#' ,(" ,'oo%
$ ;"% 9"for" '(" or)%! T("r"for"2 ("$
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7 EMOCRATIC I EALS AN REALITY
%"#) r"% '(" $""% for ,'ro$0 Br ' ,( N v:2
9=' '(" r $; $% f )" of '(" M $#(",'"r S#(oo)
"r" ,o 1"r,= %"% '( ' Fr"" Tr %" %" for
1" #" '( ' '(": 0 v" ) '')" '(o=0(' 'o '("
,1"# ) $%=,'r ) r" = r" "$', of ," -1o "r @
$ '(" r v " $: 'r %" , " = )): 0oo%
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1rov %"% ' "r" 1rof ' 9)"! Y"' Br ' $ ,
f 0(' $0 for ("r So='( A "r # $ r;"', ("$
("r f)""' $' $"% '(" Mo$ro" %o#'r $"
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for ("r I$% $ r;"' ("$ ("r f)""' ;"1'
G"r $: ' 9 : %=r $0 '(" So='( Afr # $
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Br ' ,( R 2 $% $o 0r" ' " 0(' of 0= )'
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Br ' ,( "ffor' ( #( o=)% ( v" 9""$ v ) 9)"
o'("r ," ( ,=11or' of o=r r : $ Fr $#"!
THEJ RIVALRY OF EM+IRES 7 8
o "$'= of '(" Go $0 Co$#"r$ ,
v"r: % ff #=)' 'o #( $0" $ %" o#r #:! T("
o$" (o1" of '(" f='=r" , '( '2 , r",=)' of
'(" )",,o$ of '( , ? r2 "v"$ %" o#r #: :
)" r$ 'o ' ;" )o$0"r v " , W I$ $ "#o$o - T
# )): )o1-, %"% #o =$ ': '(" or ': ,
o$ '(" ov"r-%"v")o1"% , %"2 $% ' , '("
or ': ( #( #(oo,", '(" r=)"r, $ %"-
o#r #:! T(" v",'"% $'"r",', , #o$,"-^
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1 r' #=) r :,2 $% of # 1 ' ) $ ; $0 1rof '
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$o'( $0 'o #(oo," 9"' ""$ ) 9o=r $% # 1 ' )
$ '("," r"0 r%, @ '(": 9o'( ' ;" ,(or' v " ,!
B=' '("r" , '(" , " % ff #=)': of #( $0-
$0 '(" Go $0 Co$#"r$ ( $ ='o#r #:2 )-
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:! T(" or ': $ %" o#r #: )) $o'
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of'"$ %o", $o' % r" 'o %o ,o! G"r $: =$%"r
'(" 6 ,"r%o "% ' ?or)% E 1 r"2 $%
'o #( "v" ' r",or'"% 'o 11ro1r '" "#o$o #
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1r","$'): ,(" % r"% $o' #( $0" ("r o$): 'oo
,=##",,f=) 1o) #: "v"$ ("$ ' , for# $0 ("r
'o r2 for '(" )'"r$ ' v" , r"vo)=' o$!
L ;" Fr $;"$,'" $ ,(" ( % #o$,'r=#'"% $
=$ $ 0" 9)" o$,'"r!
78 EMOCRATIC I EALS AN REALITY
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I$ : 9") "f2 9o'( Fr"" Tr %" of '(" ) ,," -
f r" ':1" $% +ro'"#' o$ of '(" 1r"% 'or:
':1" r" 1o) # ", of E 1 r"2 $% 9o'( ;"
for ? r! T(" Br ' ,( $% '(" G"r $, 'oo;
," ', $ "K1r",, 'r $, o$ '(" , " ) $"2 9='
o11o, '" % r"#' o$,! +ro9 9): fro 9o='
/7 8 #o)) , o$ , $"v ' 9)" @ '("r" #o ",
o "$' ("$ '(" 9r ;", ( v" $o )o$0"r
' " 'o #'! T(" % ff"r"$#" $ Br ' ,( $%
G"r $ r",1o$, 9 ) ': : 1"r( 1, 9" ,' '"%
'(=, P '(" Br ' ,( %r v"r ,' r'"% f r,'2 $%
r $ # r")",,):2 $"0)"#' $0 '(" , 0$ ),2 ("r" ,
'(" G"r $ %r v"r %") 9"r '"): ,'r"$0'("$"%
$% r o=r"% ( , 'r $ 'o ,' $% '(" ,(o#;2
1=' ' o$ '(" ro$0 ) $"2 $% ' '(" ) ,'
o "$' o1"$"% ( , '(ro'')" v )v",!
T(" Go $0 Co$#"r$ ,2 $ '("," % :,2 '("
0r" ' E#o$o # R" ) ': @ ' , =,"% #r -
$ )): 9: '(" G"r $,2 $% 9) $%): 9: '("
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Br ' ,(! T(" Bo),("v ;, =,' ( v" for0o''"$
'( ' ' "K ,'"%!
VI
THE FREE OM OF NATIONS
THE A)) ", ( v" o$ '(" ? r! B=' (o ( v"
" o$ T(" 1ro#",, , f=)) of r$ $0!
?" "r" , v"%2 $ '(" f r,' 1) #"2 9: '("
r" % $",, of '(" Br ' ,( F)""'2 $% 9: '("
%"# , o$ ( #( ,"$' ' 'o ," @ ,o Br ' ,( #o -
=$ # ' o$, '( Fr $#" "r" ,"#=r"%! T( '
r" % $",, $% %"# , o$ "r" '(" o='#o " of
'(" Br ' ,( ( 9 ' of )oo; $0 'o '(" o$" '( $0
",,"$' ) $ '(" %,' of $: '( $0, '( '
" )" v" ,) 1,(o% @ ' , '(" : of '(" # 1 9)"
'"=r! ?" "r" , v"%2 $ '(" ,"#o$%
1) #"2 9: '(" o$%"rf=) v #'or: of Fr"$#(
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0"$ =, o$ '(" M r$"2 1r"1 r"% for 9: $:
:" r, of %""1 '(o=0(' $ '(" 0r" ' Fr"$#(
f #o)" M ) ' r" @ $ o'("r r",1"#', '(" Fr"$#(
Ar : , $o' , r" %: , ' 0(' ( v" 9""$2
"K#"1' ( #o=r 0"! ?" "r" , v"% $ '("
'( r% 1) #" 9: '(" , #r f #" ' , $o )",,
of '(" o)% Br ' ,( 1rof",, o$ ) r : ' Y1r",2
$ " '( ' )) ,' $% $ ( ,'or: 9", %"
T("r o1:) "! ?" "r" , v"%2 $ ,(or'2 9:
787
783 EMOCRATIC I EALS AN REALITY
"K#"1' o$ ) 0"$ =, $% "K#"1' o$ ) ("ro ,
fro '(" r",=)', of $ v"r 0" r"f=, ) 'o
for","" $% 1r"1 r" P ")o ="$' '",' o$:
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5 9o'( 'o '(" ,'r"$0'( $% '(" " ;$",, of
%" o#r #:!
T("$ for ' o :" r, '(" f 0(' $0 , ,' 9 -
) ,"%2 $% 9"# " r of 'r"$#(", o$ ) $%
$% of ,=9 r $", ' ," 2 r of ''r ' o$
$ ( #( ' " 'o)% $ f vo=r of Br ' $ 9='
0 $,' R=,, ! I$ 787 R=,, #r #;"% $%
'("$ 9ro;"! G"r $: ( % #o$ ="r"% $ '("
E ,'2 9=' 1o,'1o$"% '(" =''"r ,=9 "#' o$ of
'(" S) v, $ or%"r f r,' 'o ,'r ;" %o $ ("r
?",'"r$ fo",! ?",' E=ro1" ( % 'o # ))
$ '(" (")1 of A "r # 2 for ?",' E=ro1"
)o$" o=)% $o' ( v" 9""$ 9)" 'o r"v"r,"
'(" %"# , o$ $ '(" E ,'! A0 $ ' " ,
$""%"%2 9"# =," A "r # 2 '(" '( r% of '("
0r" '"r %" o#r # ", 'o 0o 'o r2 , "v"$
^)",, 1r"1 r"% '( $ '(" o'("r ' o! A$% ' "
, 9o=0(' 9: '(" ("ro , of Br ' ,( ," "$2
'(" , #r f #" of Br ' ,( "r#( $' ,( 11 $02
$% '(" "$%=r $#" of '(" Fr"$#( $% Br ' ,(
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,o)% "r, 0 $,' $ off"$, v" $ Fr $#" ( #(
)) 9=' ov"r (") "% '(" ! I$ ,(or'2 "
o$#" or" 1 ''"% #( r #'"r $% r 0(' $-
, 0(' $'o ",,"$' ), 0 $,' G"r $ or0 $ , -
' o$2 $% " =,' $ 0"% 'o $! A' '("
")"v"$'( (o=r Br ' $ ##"1'"% '(" 1r $# 1)"
THE FREE OM OF NATIONS 784
of '(" , $0)" ,'r '"0 # ) #o $%2 0 v $0
,#o1" o$#" or" 'o '(" E#o)" M ) ' r"!
B=' '( , (o)" r"#or% of ?",'"r$ $%
O#" $ # f 0(' $02 ,o ,1)"$% % $% :"' ,o
(= ) ' $02 ( , v"r: ) '')" % r"#' 9" r $0 o$
'(" I$'"r$ ' o$ ) R","'')" "$'! T("r" ,
$o "% '" = rr") 9"' ""$ E ,' E=ro1"
$% ?",' E=ro1"@ '(" ' " 0 1 ,' ("$
Fr $#" o=)% ( v" '' #;"% G"r $: 'o
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r"#ov"r A), #" $% Lorr $"! T(" ? r2 )"'
=, $"v"r for0"'2 9"0 $ , G"r $ "ffor' 'o
,=9%=" '(" S) v, (o "r" $ r"vo)' 0 $,'
B"r) $! ?" )) ;$o '( ' '(" =r%"r of '("
A=,'r $ G"r $W Ar#(%=;" $ S) v Bo,$
, '(" 1r"'"K'2 $% '( ' '(" A=,'r $Q G"r-
$W =)' '= 'o S) v S"r9 , '("
"'(o% of for# $0 '(" ? r! B=' ' # $$o'
9" 'oo of'"$ r"1" '"% '( ' '("," "v"$', "r"
'(" r",=)' of D f=$% "$' ) $' 0o$ , 9"-
' ""$ '(" G"r $,2 (o ,("% 'o 9" M ,'"r,
$ E ,' E=ro1"2 $% '(" S) v,2 (o r"f=,"%
'o ,=9 ' 'o '(" H % G"r $: ")"#'"%
'o ,' $% o$ '(" %"f"$, v" o$ ("r ,(or' fro$' "r
'o r%, Fr $#"2 $% ( % ,(" '(ro $ ("r $
,'r"$0'( 0 $,' R=,, 2 ' , $o' 1ro9 9)"
'( ' '(" or)% o=)% 9" $o $ )): ' 1" #"
'o-% :2 9=' ov"r,( %o "% 9: G"r $ E ,'
E=ro1" $ #o $% of )) '(" H" r') $%!
T(" Br ' ,( $% A "r # $ $,=) r 1"o1)",
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N
78 EMOCRATIC I EALS AN REALITY
o=)% $o' ( v" r" ) ,"% '(" ,'r '"0 # ) % $0"r
=$' ) 'oo ) '"!
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f='=r"2 :o= # $$o' $o ##"1' $: o='#o "
of '(" ? r ( #( %o", $o' f $ )): % ,1o," of
'(" ,,=" 9"' ""$ G"r $ $% S) v $ E ,'
E=ro1"! Yo= =,' ( v" 9 ) $#" , 9"-
' ""$ G"r $ $% S) v2 $% 'r=" $%"1"$%-
"$#" of " #(! Yo= # $$o' ffor% 'o )" v"
5LK,=#( #o$% ' o$ of ff r, $ E ,' E=ro1"
$% '(" H" r') $%2 , o=)% off"r ,#o1" for
9 ' o$ $ '(" f='=r"2 for :o= ( v" ",# 1"%
'oo $ rro ): fro '(" r"#"$' % $0"r!
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A v #'or o=, Ro $ 0"$"r )2 ("$ ("
"$'"r"% '(" C ':2 % )) (" %-'=r$ $0
,1)"$%o=r of D Tr = 1(2D ( % 9"( $% (
o$ '(" #( r o' ,) v" (o ( ,1"r"% $'o ( ,
" r '( ' (" , or' )! ?("$ o=r S' '", "$
r" ( #o$v"r, ' o$ '( '(" %"f" '"% "$" :2
,o " r: #("r=9 ,(o=)% ( ,1"r 'o '(" fro
' " 'o ' " '( , , : $0 P
?(o r=)", E ,' E=ro1" #o $%, '(" H" r'-
?(o r=)", '(" H" r') $% #o $%, '("
?or)%-I,) $% P
?(o r=)", '(" ?or)%-I,) $% #o $%, '("
?or)%!
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THE FREE OM OF NATIONS 78.
V ,#o=$' Gr": o$#" ''r 9='"% '(" (o)"
'r 0 # #o=r," of r"#"$' "v"$', 'o '(" 9r" #(
of '(" 1=9) # ) of E=ro1" ("$ A=,'r
'or" =1 '(" Tr" ': of B"r) $ 9: $$"K $0
Bo,$ $% H"r "0ov $ $ 78 ! U$-
%o=9'"%): '( ' , )",'o$" $ ( ,'or:2
9=' '(" or 0 $ ) o##=1 ' o$ of '("," ' o
S) v 1rov $#", of T=r;": 9: A=,'r $ 7 2
=$%"r '( ' v"r: B"r) $ Tr" ':2 , 1"r( /1,
$" r"r 'o '(" ,o=r#"! I' " $' 'o '(" S) v
$% $o' #" '( ' '(" +r=,, $ G"r $ ,'oo%
9"( $% '(" A=,'r $ G"r $ $ ( , %v $#"
ov"r '(" #o=$'r: for ( #( '(" S) v ( %
fo=0(' '( '(" T=r;2 for '(" ? r of 7 2 '
=,' 9" r" " 9"r"%2 ( #( )"% =1 'o '("
Co$0r",, of B"r) $2 9"0 $ '( r , $0 of '("
S) v, of Bo,$ $% H"r "0ov $ 0 $,'
T=r;":2 $% 9"# " E=ro1" $ 9"# =," of '("
,: 1 '(: of '(" $" 0(9o=r $0 S) v, of S"r9
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$% Mo$'"$"0ro2 ( #( 1"))"% '(" ),o
'o f 0(' 0 $,' '(" T=r;! Af'"r 7 '("r"
fo))o "% f" :" r, of R=,, $ (", ' $#:
( )" G"r $: , 9"0 $$ $0 'o 9= )% =1 ("r
$ -1o "r! T("$2 $ 7 8.2 # " '(" A)) $#"
9"' ""$ '(" C r%o $% '(" Fr"$#( R"-
1=9) #! Fr $#" $""%"% $ A)): 9"# =," of
'(" ,' )) o1"$ A), ' $ o=$% $ ("r , %" @
R=,, $""%"% $ A)): 9"# =," of '(" G"r $
9=)): 9: ("r , %"! R=,, $% Fr $#" "r"
78 EMOCRATIC I EALS AN REALITY
$o' "% '" $" 0(9o=r,2 ,o '( ' '(" $-
#o 1 ' 9 ) ': of " o#r #: $% A='o#r #:
, $o' =$%"r '(" # r#= ,' $#", $ 1"% -
"$' ,=ff # "$' 'o for9 % '(" rr 0"! B='
' , $o$" '(" )",, ,o " " ,=r" of '(" $""%
$ ( #( R=,, ,'oo%!
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I$ 78 .2 ("$ R=,, , " ; f'"r '("
5 1 $"," ? r $% ("r f r,' r"vo)=' o$2 G"r-
$: 1o,"% =1o$ ("r 1=$ ,( $0 T r ff!
I$ 78 R=,, "$' ,o f r2 $ #o$," ="$#"2
, 'o ##"1' $ =$%"r,' $% $0 "v"$ '(
Br ' $2 ("r r v ) of ' o 0"$"r ' o$, $% '("
)): of ("r ) '" "$" :2 5 1 $! A0 $ "
( v" "v %"$#" of '(" ,'r",, '( ' , o$ ("r2
",1"# )): f " r" " 9"r '(" G"r $ $f)=-
"$#", $ ("r Co=r' $% B=r" =#r #:!
?("$2 '("r"for"2 $ 78 2 A=,'r 'oo; '( '
f=r'("r #' o$ $ r"0 r% 'o Bo,$ $% H"r "-
0ov $ 'o ( #( V ,#o=$' Gr": '' #("% ,=#(
1or' $#"2 ,(" %" )' 9)o ("r" '("r" "r"
)r" %: 9r= ,",! T(" ) '')" $" 0(9o=r S"r9
1ro'",'"%2 $% '(" 9 0 , ,'"r R=,, ,=1-
1or'"% ("r2 for ' " $' '(" %"f $ '" #)o, $0
of '(" %oor 'o '(" ( ,'or # ,1 r ' o$, of
S"r9 $ $ ' o$ ) ':2 1ro=%): (")% "v"r , $#"
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'(" 0r" ' %"f" ' of 6o,,ovo $ '(" fo=r'""$'(
#"$'=r:! B=' '(" 6 ,"r of B"r) $ 1=' o$
( , D ,( $ $0 r o=r D ' V "$$ 2 $% ,(oo;
( , * )"% f ,' D $ '(" f #" of '(" C r '
THE FREE OM OF NATIONS 78
+"'ro0r %! A f" or" =$#o for' 9)" :" r,2
$% '("$2 $ 78732 # " '(" F r,' B ); $ ? r2
("$ '(" =$ '"% B ); $ S) v, ov"r'(r" '("
G"r $-'r $"% T=r; ,( Ar :! I$ 7874 '("
B=)0 r $ S) v,2 $,'" % of ,=9 '' $0 '("
% ,1='" $ r"0 r% 'o '(" % v , o$ of '(" '"rr -
'or: ' ;"$ fro T=r;": 'o '(" r9 'r ' o$ of
'(" C r2 , ( % 9""$ 1rov %"% 9: '(" Tr" ':
of '(" B ); $ A)) $#"2 "r" 1"r,= %"% 9:
G"r $ $'r 0=" 'o '' #; '(" S"r9 $ S) v,!
T(" S"#o$% B ); $ ? r "$,="%2 $ ( #( '("
B=)0 r $, "r" %"f" '"% o $0 'o '(" $'"r-
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v"$' o$ of '(" R= $ $,2 $% '(" Tr" ':
of B=#( r",' r"0 ,'"r"% ,"v"r" #("#; 'o
G"r $ 9 ' o$2 $% 0 v" $" (o1" 'o '("
,=9 "#' S) v, of A=,'r !
T(" v"r: r" r; 9)" r"1or' ,"$' fro
B"r) $ 'o + r ,2 '(r"" o$'(, f'"r '(" Tr" ':
of B=#( r",'2 9: M! 5=)", C 9o$2 '(" Fr"$#(
A 9 ,, %or2 ;", ' #)" r '( ' G"r $:
( % '("$ %"# %"% 'o o9' $ 9: ("r o $ , or%2
("$"v"r $ o11or'=$ ': #o=)% 9" %"2 '("
1o, ' o$ ( #( ,(" ( % f )"% 'o $ v # r o=,):!
A##= =) ' $0 "v %"$#" 0o", 'o ,(o '( '
'( $ ""; of '(" =r%"r of '(" Ar#(%=;"
Fr $ F"r% $ $%2 G"r $: ( % %"# %"% 'o
," " '( ' 1r"'"K' ( or%"r 'o for#" '(" ,,="!
A=,'r ,o=0(' 'o 1o," ,=#( '"r , of 1=$ ,(-
"$' o$ S"r9 for ("r ,,= "% #o 1) # ':
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78 EMOCRATIC I EALS AN REALITY
$ '(" =r%"r , $o fr"" $ ' o$ #o=)% ##"1'2
$% ("$ S"r9 ( % 0o$" 'o '(" =' o,' ) '
of #o$#",, o$2 $% "v"$ A=,'r (", ' '"%2
G"r $: ( ,'"$"% 'o f ,'"$ ("r = rr") o$
R=,, 2 '(" =)' '" r","rv" of )) S) v%o !
H % R=,, ,=9 ''"%2 , $ 78 2 ,(" o=)%
( v" 0o$" $'o '(" =",' o$ of '(" r"$" ) of
'(" T r ff Tr" ': '( G"r $: $ 787 '(
$o o1' o$ 9=' ,=rr"$%"r $'o "#o$o #
,) v"r:! A)) '( , , f ) r ,'or:2 9=' '
, $"#",, r: 'o ;""1 ' #)" r): $ $%2 f "
r" 'o 11r"# '" '(" f #' '( ' '(" ;": 'o '("
r","'')" "$' , $ '(" E ,'2 '(o=0( '(" %"# , v"
f 0(' $0 ( , 9""$ $ '(" ?",'!
Ho # " ' '( ' G"r $: %" '("
%o=9)" ,' ;" of $v % $0 Fr $#" $% of
$v % $0 ("r '(ro=0( B")0 = G"r $:
;$" '(" " ;$",, of R=,, @ '("r" , $o
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))=, o$ of '(" D ,'" ro))"r D for ("r! H"r
#(o #" of '(" or" % ff #=)' off"$, v" =,'
( v" 9""$ o$ '(" ,,= 1' o$ '( ' '(" Br ' ,(
%" o#r #: 1ro9 9):2 $% '(" A "r # $ %"-
o#r #: #"r' $):2 "r"2 f ("r 1o $' of
v " 2 ,)""1! S(" " $' '(" G"r $ ,=1"r-
$ 'o r=)" '(" or)%2 $% ,(" '(o=0(' ,("
, ,(or' #=' 'o ("r "$%2 $ '(" 1) #" of
'(" )o$0"r 1 '( '(ro=0( '(" H" r') $%2 '("
#o $% of ( #( o=)% f )) 'o ("r $-
"v ' 9):2 #o=)% ,(" 9=' %"1r v" '(" I,) $%"r,
THE FREE OM OF NATIONS 788
of '(" r D 9r %0"-(" % D ( Fr $#"! B=' '("r"
, $o'("r $% "v"$ ,'ro$0"r r" ,o$ for
( ' ,(" % % @ ,(" , $ '(" 0r 1 of "#o$o #
f '"! S(" , o=' 0 $,' '(" S) v, for
r;"',2 for r '"r ),2 $% for %"r
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f ")%, 'o ' )) @ )) o$ 1"o1)" "r" 9" $0
%%"% $$= )): 'o ("r ,' :- '-(o "2 ;"1'- '-
(o " f ):! B=' 'o %"v")o1 '( ' 0(':
Go $0 Co$#"r$ of ("r $-1o "r2 ,o ,'ro$0
for #o$ =",' f ,(" #o=)% ;""1 ' 0o $02 9='
,o $, ' 9): (=$0r:2 ,(" ( % 9= )' =1 H -
9=r02 $% )) '( ' H 9=r0 ,'oo% for $ '("
: of ov"r," , %v"$'=r" $% (o " $%=,-
'r ",! H 9=r0 ( % ("r o $ o "$'= 2 $%
' , $o' " ,' r%! T(=, G"r $ ,'r '"0:
, 9 ,"% 9: 1o) ' # ) $"#",, ':!
^+(" r",=)' , '( ' B"r) $ #o ''"% 2
f=$% "$' ) ,' ;" @ ,(" fo=0(' o$ ' o
fro$', '(o=' f=)): ; $0 =1("r $% o$
( #( fro$' ,(" " $' 'o $ Yo= :
,'r ;" ' '(" ' o f) $;, of :o=r "$" :2 '("
r 0(' $% '(" )"f'2 9=' =$)",, :o=r for#" ,
5/>^ ! ,=ff # "$' 'o $$ ( ) '" :o= =,' %"# %" 9"for"-
$% ( #( ,'ro;" , 'o 9" '(" f" $' $%
( #( '(" r" ) '' #;! B"r) $ ( % $o' %"# %"%
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v 2 9"' ""$ ("r 1o) ' # ) o9 "#' v", H 9=r0
** $% ov"r," , %o $ o$ or B 0(% % $% '("
!H" r') $% $% '("r"for" ("r ,'r '"0 # )
),o , =$#"r' $!
3 EMOCRATIC I EALS AN REALITY
T(" G"r $ 9)=$%"r2 =$%"r #o 1")) $0
%",' $:2 ( v $0 0 v"$ =, V #'or:2 ' , ",,"$-
' ) '( ' " ,(o=)% fo#=, o=r '(o=0(' o$ '("
,' 9)" r","'')" "$' of '(" ff r, of E ,'
E=ro1" $% '(" H" r') $%! If " ##"1'
$:'( $0 )",, '( $ #o 1)"'" ,o)=' o$ of '("
E ,'"r$ =",' o$ $ ', ) r0",' ,"$," " ,( ))
"r"): ( v" 0 $"% r",1 '"2 $% o=r %"-
,#"$% $', )) f $% '(" ,")v", =$%"r '("
$"#",, ': of r,( )) $0 '(" r 1o "r fr",(
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for '(" , "0" of '(" H" r') $%! T(" ",,"$#"
of '(" r","'')" "$' =,' 9" '"rr 'or )2 for $
E ,' E=ro1"2 $% $ ,' )) 0r" '"r " ,=r" $
'(" r" $%"r of '(" H" r') $%2 " ( v" 'o
%" ) '( r"0 o$, (o," "#o$o # %"v")o1-
"$' ( , o$): #o "$#"%! U$)",, :o= )oo;
for r%2 '(" 0ro '( of '(" 1"o1)", )) 9:
$% 9: =$9 ) $#" :o=r ,"'')" "$'!
No %o=9' ' : 9" =r0"% '( ' G"r $
"$' ) ': )) 9" )'"r"% 9: '(" G"r $
%"f" '! H" o=)% 9" , $0= $" $2 (o -
"v"r2 (o o=)% 'r=,' '(" f='=r" 1" #" of '("
or)% 'o #( $0" $ '(" "$' ) ': of $:
$ ' o$! Loo; 9 #; 'o o)% Fro ,, r% or 'o
S( ;",1" r"2 $% :o= )) f $% :o=r E$0) ,(-
$2 S#o', $2 ?"),( $2 $% Fr"$#(-
$ '( )) '(" r ",,"$' ) #( r #'"r ,' #,
)r" %: f K"%! T(" +r=,, $ , %"f $ '"
':1" of (= $ ': '( ( , 0oo% $% ( , 9 %
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THE FREE OM OF NATIONS 3 7
1o $',2 $% " ,( )) 9" ," f " #' o$ '("
,,= 1' o$ '( ' ( , ; $% )) 9r""% 'r=" 'o
', ':1"! Ho "v"r 0r" ' '(" %"f" ' ( #( $
'(" "$% " : ( v" $f) #'"% o$ o=r #( "f
"$" :2 " ,(o=)% o$): 9" #(" 1"$ $0 o=r
o $ #( "v" "$' f " % % $o' r"#o0$ ," $
'(" Nor'( G"r $ o$" of '(" '(r"" or fo=r
o,' v )" r #", of $; $%!
Ev"$ '( r"vo)=' o$ $ G"r $: )"' =,
$o' 9" 'o" ,=r" $ r"0 r% 'o ', =)' '" "ff"#'!
T(" G"r $ r"vo)=' o$, of 7 "r" ) o,'
#o # $ '(" r f=' ) ':! S $#" B , r#; '("r"
( , o$): 9""$ o$" G"r $ C( $#"))or '(
1o) ' # ) $, 0('2 $% (" Vo$ B ))o ( ,
%"#) r"% ( $ , 9oo; o$ I 1"r ) G"r $:
'( ' D'(" G" $ ( , ) :, ##o 1) ,("%
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( , 0r" '",' or;, =$%"r ,'ro$02 ,'" %:2 $%
f r 0= % $#"! T(" "$% of '(" 1r","$' % ,-
or%"r : o$) 9" $" r='()",, or0 $ , -
' o$2 $% r='()",, or0 $ ,"r, %o $o' ,'o1
("$ '(": ( v '' $"% '(" o9 "#', ( #(
'(": ' f r,' ,"' "for" '(" !
I' )) 9" r"1) "%2 of #o=r,"2 '( ' '(o=0(
+r=,, $ "$' ) ': r" $ =$#( $0"%2 $%
'(o=0( r" )): ,' 9)" +r=,, $ " o#r #:
9" ,)o $ ', %"v")o1 "$'2 :"' '( ' G"r $:
))2 $ $: # ,"2 ) " ,o 1ov"r ,("% '( ' ,("
# $$o' %o ( r for '(" 9"''"r 1 r' of #"$-
'=r: 'o #o "! I, 'o"r" $o'2 (o "v"r2 $ '( '
3 3 EMOCRATIC I EALS AN REALITY
%" ,r" % $0 of '(" r" ) $ '=r" of
r #(", $% 1ov"r': =$%"r o%"r$ #o$% ' o$,
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I, ' $o' 1ro%=#' v" 1o "r ( #( $o #o=$',
r '("r '( $ %" % " )'( S( )) " $o' ))
of =, $% $o $ ,o " %"0r"" "v"$ '("
A "r # $, ),o ( v" ,1"$' o=r %" % # 1 ' )2
$% ,( )) " $o' )) of =,2 '(" G"r $, $-
#)=%"%2 9" ,' r' $0 0 $ $ '(" 1ro%=#' v" r #"
1r #' # )): fro ,#r '#( T(" or)% ,
,'o$ ,("% ' '(" r 1 % ': '( ( #( Fr $#"
r"#ov"r"% fro ("r % , ,'"r of 7 2 9=' '("
1o "r of $%=,'r ) 1ro%=#' o$ , , $o'( $0
'("$ 'o ( ' ' , $o ! So9"r # )#=) ' o$ $
r"0 r% 'o Br ' $ )" %, 'o '(" #o$#)=, o$ '( '
("r $#r" ,"% 1ro%=#' v" 1o "r o $0 'o r"-
or0 $ , ' o$ $% $" "'(o%, #o 1"))"% 9:
'(" ? r2 ,(o=)% f r "K#""% '(" $'"r",' $%
, $; $0 f=$% "v"$ of ("r v ,' ? r %"9',! No
%o=9' :o= ( v" '(" + r , E",o)=' o$,2 $%
# $ %"$: 'o r"fr #'or: G"r $: '(" r
'"r ), ("r" '( 'o #o$1"'" '( :o=!
If :o= r",or' 'o '( ' "'(#%2 (o "v"r2 :o=
1o,'1o$" :o=r L" 0=" of N ' o$,2 $% :o=
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r" $ L" 0=" of A)) ",! Ar" :o= #"r' $2
or"ov"r2 '( ' :o= o=)% $ $ $ "#o$o-
# r Yo= 0(' =$%o=9'"%): ( $% # 1
G"r $:2 9=' ( $% # 1 : o$): )" % 'o
0r" '"r "ffor'! % $o' H 1o)"o$ ) ' '("
+r=,, $ Ar : f'"r 5" 'o 32 "$
THE FREE OM OF NATIONS 3 4
'( '(" #o)o=r,2 $% , $o' '(" +r=,, $
"ffor' 'o # r#= v"$' ( , 1ro( 9 ' o$ '(" or 0 $
of '(" (o)" o%"r$ ,:,'" of ,(or'-,"rv #"
$ ' o$ ) r ", E#o$o # r2 '( G"r-
$: "K1)o ' $0 '(" S) v,2 $% 1r","$'): '("
H" r') $%2 o=)% $ '(" )o$0 r=$ "r"):
,"rv" 'o " 1( , ," '(" % ,' $#' o$ 9"' ""$ '("
Co$' $"$' $% '(" I,) $%,2 $% 9"' ""$ ) $%-
1o "r $% ," -1o "r2 $% $o o$" (o #o$-
'" 1) '", '(" =$ ': of '(" Gr" ' Co$' $"$'
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=$%"r o%"r$ r ) : #o$% ' o$, # $ v "
=$#o$#"r$"%): " '("r '(" 1r"1 r ' o$ for '("
?or)%- ? r ( #( o=)% 9" $"v ' 9)"2 or '("
=)' '" r",=)' of '( ' ? r!
?"2 '(" ?",'"r$ $ ' o$,2 ( v" $#=rr"%
,=#( 'r" "$%o=, , #r f #", $ '( , #o$f) #' '( '
" # $$o' ffor% 'o 'r=,' 'o $:'( $0 '( '
: ( 11"$ ' B"r) $ @ " =,' 9" ,"#=r" (
$: # ,"! I$ o'("r or%,2 " =,' ,"'')"
'( , =",' o$ 9"' ""$ '(" G"r $, $% S) v,2
$% " =,' ,"" 'o ' '( ' E ,' E=ro1"2 ) ;"
?",' E=ro1"2 , % v %"% $'o ,")f-#o$' $"%
$ ' o$,! If " %o '( '2 " ,( )) $o' o$):
r"%=#" '(" G"r $ 1"o1)" 'o ', 1ro1"r
1o, ' o$ $ '(" or)%2 0r" ' "$o=0( 1o, ' o$
for $: , $0)" 1"o1)"2 9=' " ,( )) ),o ( v"
#r" '"% '(" #o$% ' o$, 1r"#"%"$' 'o L" 0="
of N ' o$,!
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3 EMOCRATIC I EALS AN REALITY
" ,( )) )" v" ,=#( 9 ''"r f"") $0, '( ' $o
or; 9)" L" 0=" of N ' o$, # $ "$,="! Yo=
( v" $ $%2 of #o=r,"2 '(" r",=)', of '("
$$"K ' o$ of A), #" $ 7 7! B=' '(" )",,o$,
of H ,'or: r" $o' 'o 9" )" r$"% fro , $0)"
$,' $#"! T(" 0r" ' A "r # $ C v ) ? r ,
fo=0(' 'o f $ ,(2 $% 'o-% : '(" So='("r$"r,
r" , )o: ) 'o '(" U$ o$ , r" '(" Nor'(-
"r$"r, @ '(" ' o =",' o$, of N"0ro ,) v"r:
$% of '(" r 0(' of 1 r' #=) r S' '", 'o ,"#"%"
fro '(" F"%"r ' o$ "r" f $ )): %"# %"%2 $%
#" ,"% 'o 9" '(" # =,", of = rr")! T(" Bo"r
? r , fo=0(' 'o f $ ,(2 $% 'o-% : G"$"r )
S =', , $ (o$o=r"% " 9"r of '(" Br ' ,(
C 9 $"'! T(" ? r of 7 2 9"' ""$ +r=,,
$% A=,'r 2 , fo=0(' 'o f $ ,(2 $%
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'( $ %o "$ :" r, A=,'r ( % for "% '("
= ) A)) $#" '( +r=,, ! If :o= %o $o'
$o ,"#=r" '(" f=)) r",=)', of :o=r v #'or:
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of 1ro=% 1"o1)"!
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T(" #o$% ' o$ of ,' 9 ) ': $ '(" '"rr 'or )
r" rr $0" "$' of E ,' E=ro1" , '( ' '("
% v , o$ ,(o=)% 9" $'o '(r"" $% $o' $'o
THE FREE OM OF NATIONS 3 .
' o S' '"-,:,'" ,! I' , v ' ) $"#",, ':
'( ' '("r" ,(o=)% 9" ' "r of $%"1"$%"$'
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S' '", 9"' ""$ G"r $: $% R=,, ! 7 T("
R=,, $, r"2 $% for o$"2 f $o' ' o2 0"$"r -
' o$, =,' r" $2 (o1")",,): $# 1 9)" of
r", ,' $0 G"r $ 1"$"'r ' o$ o$ $: 9 , ,
9=' '( ' of ) ' r: ='o#r #:2 =$)",, '(": 9"
,( ")%"% fro % r"#' '' #;! T(" R=,, $
1" , $'r: # $$o' r" % @ '(": ( v" o9' $"%
'(" o$): r" r% '(": )oo;"% for ("$ '(":
, %"% '( '(" r"vo)=' o$ r ", of '(" 'o $,2
$% $o , , )) 1ro1r "'or, '(": ( r%): ;$o
(o 'o $ 0" '(" r o $ #o=$'r:-, %",! T("
%%)" #) ,, ( v" ,o ,=ff"r"% '( ' '(": "r"
r" %: 'o ##"1' or%"r "v"$ fro '(" ( '"%
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o$): , )) $or ': of '(" R=,, $ 1o1=) -
' o$2 9=' 9"# =," of '(" r r") ' v" "%=# ' o$
$% of '(" r #o $% of '(" #"$'r", of #o -
=$ # ' o$ '(" r=)"r, 'o-% : of '(" #o=$'r:2
6=)'=r ;$o , ")) (o 'o D $f)="$#" D '(" !
7 T(" %"' ), of '(" % ,#=,, o$ of '(" '"rr 'or ) r","'')" "$'
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( #( ("r" fo))o ))2 of #o=r,"2 9"#o " $ ) r0" " ,=r"
o9,o)"'" '( '(" $$o=$#" "$' of '(" %"# , o$, of '(" +" #"
Co$0r",,! M: o9 "#' , $o'2 (o "v"r2 ,o =#( 'o %"9 '"
#"r' $ ,o)=' o$, of '(" 1ro9)" , "% '"): #o$fro$' $0 =,2
, 'o 0 v" #o$#r"'" ,1"#' 'o '(" 0"$"r ) %" ( #( I
"$%" vo=r $0 'o 9= )% =1! M: 1=r1o," )) ,' )) 9" ,"rv"% f '
, 9or$" $ $% '( ' ( ' I ( v" r ''"$ o$ '("," 1 r' #=) r,
r"1r","$'* '(" o=')oo; ' C(r ,' , 7874!
I$ '(" o1 $ o$ of '(o," (o ;$o R=,, 9",'2
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9)" f ,(" , 'o %"1"$% o$ ("r o $ ,'r"$0'(
'o #o1" '( '(" G"r $,!
T(" S) v $% ; $%r"% $ ' o$, ( #( $( 9 '
'(" 9or%"r) $% 9"' ""$ '(" G"r $, $% '("
R=,, $, r"2 (o "v"r2 of v"r: % ff"r"$'
# ) 9r"! Co$, %"r '(" C "#(, P ( v" '(":
$o' ,'oo% 1roof 0 $,' Bo),("v , $%
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,,"r'"% '(" r # 1 # ': of $ ' o$(oo% =$%"r
$0 #o$% ' o$, $ R=,, H v" '(":
$o' ,(o $ '(" o,' "K'r or% $ r: 1o) ' # )
# 1 # ': $ #r" ' $0 $" $% $' $ $0
S) v Bo(" 2 '(o=0( 9","' o$ '(r"" , %",
9: G"r $: $% o$ '(" fo=r'( , %" 9: H=$-
0 r: H v" '(": $o' ),o %" Bo("
( v" of o%"r$ $%=,'r: $% ," ' of
o%"r$ )" r$ $0 T(":2 ' $: r '"2 ))
$o' ) #; '(" )) 'o or%"r $% 'o $%"1"$%"$#"!
B"' ""$ '(" B )' # $% '(" M"% '"rr $" $
:o= ( v" '("," ,"v"$ $o$-G"r $ 1"o1)",2
" #( o$ '(" ,# )" of E=ro1" $ S' '" of '("
,"#o$% r $; '(" +o)",2 '(" Bo(" $,
C "#(, $% S)ov ;,W2 '(" H=$0 r $, M 0-
: r,W2 '(" So='( S) v, S"r9 $,2 Cro ' $,2
$% S)ov"$",W2 '(" R= $ $,2 '(" B=)0 r-
$,2 $% '(" Gr"";,! Of '(","2 ' o r"
o$0 o=r 1r","$' "$" ", '(" M 0: r,
$% '(" B=)0 r $,! B=' '(" M 0: r, $%
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JD v- +"'$o0r %
* >!!*-
* *2!
o - *J
F ! 47! T(" M %%)" T "r of S' '", 9"' ""$ G"r $: $% R=,, !
M $: 9o=$% r: =",' o$, ( v" ,' )) 'o 9" %"'"r $"%!
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3 EMOCRATIC I EALS AN REALITY
B=)0 r $, r" "$0 r' 9: '(" o'("r f v" 1"o1)",2
$% $" '("r of '(" )) 9" 1o "rf=) for ( r
'(o=' +r=,, $ ,=11or'!
L"' =, #o=$' ov"r '("," ,"v"$ 1"o1)",!
F r,' " ( v" '(" +o)",2 ,o " 3 )) o$
of '(" 2 '( '(" r v"r V ,'=) for '(" r
r'"r ) '"r- :2 $% '(" ( ,'or # # ' ", of
Cr #o $% ? r, ! T(" +o)", r" or"
0"$"r )): # v ) ,"% 1"o1)" '( $ '(" R=,, $,2
"v"$ $ '( ' 1 r' of +o) $% ( #( ( , 9""$
' "% 'o R=,, @ $ '(" +r=,, $ 1rov $#" of
+o,"$ '(": ( v" "$ o:"% '(" %v $' 0", of
6=)'=r2 '(o=' ,o " of '(" %"9 ," "$' ( #(
6=)'=r 9ro=0(' 'o '(" ,'"r G"r $! U$-
%o=9'"%): '("r" r" ,'ro$0 #=rr"$', of 1 r':
o$0 '(" +o)",2 9=' $o '( ' '(" +o) ,( r ,-
'o#r #: of G ) # , $o )o$0"r 9r 9"% 'o '("
,=11or' of '(" H 1,9=r0 '(ro$" 9: )" v" 'o
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o11r",, '(" R='("$ $, of E ,' G ) # 2 '
)" ,' o$" o' v" of 1 r':2 o$" v",'"% $'"r",'2
,(o=)% ( v" % , 11" r"%!
B: ,o " " $, '(" $" +o) $% =,' 9"
0 v"$ ##",, 'o '(" B )' # S" 2 $o' o$): 9"-
# =," '( ' , ",,"$' ) 'o ("r "#o$o # $%"-
1"$%"$#"2 9=' ),o 9"# =," ' , %", r 9)" 'o
( v" +o) ,( ,( 1, o$ '(" B )' #2 ( #( ,'r -
'"0 # )): , #)o,"% ," of '(" H" r') $%2
$%2 f=r'("r2 '("r" =,' 9" #o 1)"'" '"rr -
'or ) 9=ff"r 9"' ""$ G"r $: $% R=,, !
THE FREE OM OF NATIONS 3 8
U$for'=$ '"): '(" 1rov $#" of E ,' +r=,, 2
$): G"r $ 9: ,1""#( $% 5=$;"r 9:
,"$' "$'2 o=)% 9" %"' #("% fro G"r $:
9: $: ,'r 1 of +o) $% 0o $0 %o $ 'o '(" ," !
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?(: ,(o=)% " $o' #o$'" 1) '" $ "K#( $0"
of 1"o1)", , 9"' ""$ +r=,, " ,' of '("
V ,'=) 2 $% +o) ,( +o,"$ ) =r $0 '( ,
? r " ( v" =$%"r' ;"$ =#( v ,'"r
'( $0,2 9o'( $ '(" : of "r" 'r $,1or'
$% ),o of or0 $ , ' o$! I$ '(" 1 ,'2 $
or%"r 'o %" ) '( ,=#( % ff #=)' ",2 % 1)o-
' ,', ( v" r",or'"% 'o )) $$"r of D ,"rv -
'=%", D , '(" ) $% ) :"r, o=)% , :! B='
r 0(',-of- : ov"r o'("r 1"o1)"D, 1ro1"r':
=,= )): 9"#o " $#o$v"$ "$' $% )" % 'o % ,-
1='",! ?o=)% ' $o' 1 : H= $ ': 'o 9" r
'(" #o,' of r % # ) r" "%: $ '( , # ,"2
r" "%: %" =,' $% "v"$ 0"$"ro=, 'o r%,
$% v %= ), $ "v"r: r",1"#' E #( 1ro-
1r "'or ,(o=)% 9" 0 v"$ '(" o1' o$ of "K#( $0-
$0 ( , 1ro1"r': $% r"' $ $0 ( , $ ' o$ ) ':
or of r"' $ $0 ( , 1ro1"r': $% #( $0 $0 ( ,
$ ' o$ ) ':! B=' f (" ,")"#', '(" ) ''"r
7 S $#" I ro'" '( , 1 r 0r 1(2 M! V"$ ")o,2 $ $ $'"rv "
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'( T ", #orr",1o$%"$'2 % '"% + r ,2 5 $= r: 7 2 78782
( , =,"% '("," or%, P D T( , o=)% ,' )) )" v" ,o " (=$%r"%, of
'(o=, $%, of Gr"";, =$%"r T=r; ,( r=)" $ '(" #"$'r" of A,
M $or! For '( , '("r" , o$): o$" #=r"2 $% '( ' , 'o "$#o=r 0"
(o)", )" $% ='= ) 'r $,f"r of 1o1=) ' o$!D
O
37 EMOCRATIC I EALS AN REALITY
)'"r$ ' v" '("r" =,' 9" $o r","rv ' o$ of
,1"# ) r 0(', $ r",1"#' of ,#(oo), $% o'("r
,o# ) 1r v )"0",! T(" U$ '"% S' '", $ ("r
,#(oo), ,'"r$): 1o,", '(" E$0) ,( ) $0= 0"
o$ )) ("r 0r $',! B"# =," '(" #o$ ="r-
or, of o)% ' " % % '(" r or; r='()",,):2
#o=$'r ", ) ;" Fr $#" $% E$0) $% r" 'o-% :
(o o0"$"o=, $% fr"" fro '( ' K'=r" of
r #", ( #( ( , %" '(" N" r E ,' 1) 0="
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'o (= $ ':! ?(: ,(o=)% " $o' =," o=r
o%"r$ 1o "r, of 'r $,1or' $% or0 $ , ' o$
'o #( "v" '(" , " ( 11: #o$% ' o$ of ff r,
=,'): $% 0"$"ro=,):! T(" r" ,o$, for
%o $0 ,o $ '( , 1 r' #=) r $,' $#" r" f r
r" #( $0 @ +o) ,( +o,"$ o=)% 9 '" v"r:
'(r" '"$ $0 9 : $'o '(" E ,'"r$ fro$' "r of
G"r $:2 $% G"r $ E ,' +r=,, o=)%
9" ,'"11 $0-,'o$" for G"r $ 1"$"'r ' o$
$'o R=,, ! 7
N"K' o$0 o=r D Bor%"r D 1"o1)", r" '("
C "#(, $% S)ov ;,2 =$' ) r"#"$'): ,"v"r"% 9:
'(" ) $" % v % $0 A=,'r fro H=$0 r:2 , '("
+o)", "r" ,"v"r"% 9: '(" fro$' "r, 9"' ""$
R=,, 2 +r=,, 2 $% A=,'r ! T(" C "#(,
$% S)ov ;, 'o0"'("r $= 9"r 1"r( 1, $ $"
)) o$, @ '(": )) ;" o$" of '(" o,'
7 To ""' '(" o9v o=, r0= "$'= % (o $" 2 )"' " , :
'( ' I ,"" $o r" )): #o 1 r 9)" ,'r '"0 # ) $"#",, ' ", $ '("
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# ," of Ir") $% I
THE FREE OM OF NATIONS 377
v r )" ) '')" 1"o1)", $ E=ro1"2 $% '(": r"
" = 11"% '( r" r; 9)" #o=$'r:2 off"r $0
#o )2 "' ),2 ' 9"r2 '"r-1o "r2 #or$2 $%
$"2 $% #"$'r"% o$ '(" $ ) $" of r ) :
fro '(" B )' # $% ? r, 'o V "$$ $%
'(" A%r ' #!
T("$ " #o " 'o '(" So='( S) v, 5=0o
" $, So='( $ '(" r '(r"" 'r 9", of S)ov"$",2
Cro ' $,2 $% S"r9,! T(": $= 9"r 9o='
' ")v" )) o$,! T(": ),o ( v" 9""$ ,=$-
%"r"% 9: '(" ) $" 9"' ""$ A=,'r $%
H=$0 r: @ or"ov"r2 '(": r" of '(" r v )
L ' $ $% Gr""; C(=r#(",! For $: o$" (o
;$o , '(" B ); $,2 ' , ")o ="$' '",' o$:
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$%""% 'o '(" "ff"#' of A=,'ro-H=$0 r $
':r $$: '( ' '(" Ro $ C '(o) # S)ov"$", $%
Cro ' $, ,(o=)% ( v" %" '(" 1 #' of Corf=
'( '(" Gr""; Or'(o%oK S"r9,! T(" So='(
S) v, )) ( v" ##",, 'o ) ' $ 1or',
o$ '(" A%r ' #2 $% o$" of '(" 'r=$; r ) :,
of '(" or)% )) r=$ %o $ '(" S v" V ))":
'o B")0r %"2 $% '("$ '(ro=0( '(" Mor v
$% M r ' D Corr %or D 'o Co$,' $' $o1)"!
R= $ , '(" $"K' S' '" of '( , %%)"
" ,' of E=ro1"! T(" $ '=r ) fo#=, of R=-
$ , '(" 0r" ' Tr $,:)v $ $ 9 ,' o$ of
'(" C r1 '( $,2 '( fr= 'f=) v ))":,2 "' )-
) f"ro=, o=$' $,2 o ) ")),2 $% ,1)"$% %
for",',! T(" Tr $,:)v $ $ 1" , $'r: ,
373 EMOCRATIC I EALS AN REALITY
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R= $ $2 9=' * 1r v )"0"% D $or ': of
M 0: r, $% D S Ko$, D ( v" 9""$ '(" r=)"r,!
H"r" 0 $ ' ,(o=)% 9" $o = '" 1o,, 9)"
f" ' of ,' '", $,( 1 'o rr $0" for $ " = '-
9)" "K#( $0" of (o ",2 or f=)) ##"1' $#"
of R= $ $ N ' o$ ) ':2 '(o=0( ' =,' 9"
% ''"% '( ' '(" (o,' ) ': 9"' ""$ S Ko$
$% R= $ , $o' ,o #='" , '( ' 9"' ""$
+r=,, $ $% +o)"!
T(" r",' of R= $ 2 '(" 1r","$' ; $0%o 2
, '(" 0) # ,2 " ,' r% $% ,o='( r%2 of
Tr $,:)v $ 2 '"r"% 9: '(" Tr $,:)v $ $
r v"r,! T( , f"r' )" 0) # , , o$" of '(" #( "f
,o=r#", $ E=ro1" of o )2 (" '2 $% " @ '("
' ")v" )) o$ R= $ $, )) 9" r #( 1"o1)"!
A' G ) ' 2 Br ) 2 $% Co$,' $ '(": ( v"
1or', o$ '(" B) #; S" 2 $% ' )) 9" 1r "
$'"r",' of )) fr"" 1"o1)", '( ' '("r" ,(o=)%
9" R= $ $ ,( 1, o$ '( ' ," 2 for ' ,
$ '=r )): #)o,"% '"r of '(" H" r') $%!
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T(" ' " )) $"v"r #o " ("$ '(" L" 0=" of
N ' o$, )) 9" 9)" 'o r"0 r% '(" B )' # $%
B) #; S" , '(o=' #o$#"r$2 for '(" H" r'-
) $% off"r, '(" 9 , , of $ ))-1o "rf=)
) ' r , ! C v ) , ' o$ #o$, ,', $ '(" #o$-
'ro) of $ '=r" $% of o=r,")v",2 $% '(" L" 0="
of N ' o$,2 , '(" ,=1r" " or0 $ of =$ '"%
(= $ ':2 =,' #)o,"): '#( '(" H" r'-
) $% $% ', 1o,, 9)" or0 $ ,"r,2 for '(" , "
THE FREE OM OF NATIONS 374
r" ,o$ '( ' '(" #o$'ro) of '(" 1o) #" $ Lo$%o$
$% + r , , r"0 r%"% , $ ' o$ ) $% $o'
"r"): =$ # 1 ) #o$#"r$!
T(" Gr"";, "r" '(" f r,' of o=r ,"v"$
1"o1)", of '(" M %%)" T "r 'o #( "v" '(" r
" $# 1 ' o$ fro G"r $ #o$'ro) $ '( ,
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? r for '(" , 1)" r" ,o$ '( ' '(": r" o='-
, %" '(" H" r') $% $% '("r"for" ##",, 9)" 'o
," -1o "r! B=' $ '("," % :, of ,=9 r $",
$% "ro1) $",2 '(" 1o,,",, o$ of Gr""#" 9:
0r" ' H" r') $% 1o "r o=)% 1ro9 9):
# rr: '( ' '(" #o$'ro) of '(" ?or)%-I,) $% @
'(" M #"%o$ $ ( ,'or: o=)% 9" r"-"$ #'"%!
No , 'o '(" M 0: r, $% B=)0 r $,!
T(" 'r='( , '( ' 9o'( of '(" "r" "K1)o '"%
9:2 )'(o=0( $o' ,=9 "#' 'o2 '(" +r=,, $,!
Ev"r: o$" (o ;$o , B=% 1",' , r" of
'(" %""1): ) "$ f"") $0 of '(" M 0: r, 'o-
r%, '(" G"r $, @ '(" r"#"$' )) $#" ,
,'r #'): o$" of #o$v"$ "$#" $% $o' of (" r',!
T(" r=) $0 M 0: r # ,'" of 9o=' )) o$
1"o1)" ( , 9""$ o11r",, v" of '(" o'("r $ $"
)) o$, of ', o $ r #" $o )",, '( $ of '("
,=9 "#' r #",! T(" )) $#" '( +r=,,
for ' ( , $ r" ) ': 9""$ $ )) $#" '(
+r=,, r '("r '( $ '( A=,'r ( , 9""$
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,'r #'): $ r"'=r$ for ,=11or' of '(" M 0: r
o) 0 r#(:! No %o=9' '(" M 0: r, ( v"
9"0o''"$ %""1 f"") $0, of (o,' ) ': o$0 '("
37 EMOCRATIC I EALS AN REALITY
S) v, $% R= $ $,2 9=' f '("r" 9" $o
or" 1rof ' 'o 9" %" fro f r $0 S) v, $
'(" G"r $ 9"( )f2 %" o#r ' # H=$0 r:
)) ,oo$"r or ) '"r % 1' ("r,")f 'o '(" $"
"$v ro$ "$'! T(" B=)0 r $, fo=0('2 )"' =,
r" " 9"r2 , )) ", of '(" S"r9, 0 $,' '("
T=r;,2 $% '(" % ff"r"$#" 9"' ""$ S"r9 $%
B=)0 r2 '(o=0( 9 ''"r for '(" ' " 9" $02 ,
f ): % ff"r"$#"! I' , % ff"r"$#" of
r"#"$' 0ro '(2 $% 9 ,"% ) r0"): o$ r v )
"##)", ,' # ) or0 $ , ' o$, of r"#"$' fo=$% -
' o$! T(" B=)0 r $, =,' $o' 9" ))o "%
'o "K1)o ' '(" r 'r" #("r: $ '(" S"#o$%
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B ); $ ? r2 9=' f $ " = ' 9)" ,"'')" "$'
9" % #' '"% 9: '(" A)) ",2 9o'( $ ' o$,2 '("
B=)0 r $, $% '(" S"r9,2 %""1): r- " r:2
)) 1ro9 9): ##"1' ' o:f=)):! For ' "$':
:" r, o$): o$" ))2 '( ' of '(" G"r $ C r
F"r% $ $%2 ( , #o=$'"% $ B=)0 r !
T(" o,' 1or' $' 1o $' of ,'r '"0 # )
, 0$ f # $#" $ r"0 r% 'o '("," M %%)" S' '",
of E ,' E=ro1" , '( ' '(" o,' # v ) ,"%
of '(" 2 +o) $% $% Bo(" 2 ) " $ '("
Nor'(2 $ '(" 1o, ' o$ o,' "K1o,"% 'o
+r=,, $ 00r",, o$! S"#=r"): $%"1"$%"$'
'(" +o) ,( $% Bo(" $ $ ' o$, # $$o' 9"
=$)",, , '(" 1"K of 9ro % "%0" of $%"-
1"$%"$#"2 "K'"$% $0 fro '(" A%r ' # $%
B) #; S" , 'o '(" B )' # @ 9=' ,"v"$ $%"-
THE FREE OM OF NATIONS 37.
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1"$%"$' S' '",2 '( 'o' ) of or" '( $
, K': )) o$ 1"o1)"2 'r v"r,"% 9: r ) :,
) $; $0 '(" ,"#=r"): '( o$" $o'("r2
$% ( v $0 ##",, '(ro=0( '(" A%r ' #2
B) #;2 $% B )' # S" , '( '(" O#" $2 ))
'o0"'("r "ff"#' v"): 9 ) $#" '(" G"r $, of
+r=,, $% A=,'r 2 $% $o'( $0 )",, ))
,=ff #" for '( ' 1=r1o,"! No$" '(" )",, '("
L" 0=" of N ' o$, ,(o=)% ( v" '(" r 0('
=$%"r I$'"r$ ' o$ ) L of ,"$% $0 ? r
f)""', $'o '(" B) #; $% B )' # S" ,!
T( , 0r" ' %""% of I$'"r$ ' o$ ) S' '", $-
,( 1 ##o 1) ,("%2 $% '("r" o=)% 11" r
'o 9" $o 1o,, 9 ) ': of r" ) , $0 '(" %" o-
#r ' # %" )2 '(" L" 0=" of N ' o$,2 (o,"
r 0" ( , ( =$'"% o=r ?",'"r$ 1"o1)", fro
f r ov"r '(" %","r' of ? r! ?( ' r" '("
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",,"$' ) #o$% ' o$, ( #( =,' 9" f=)f ))"%
f :o= r" 'o ( v" r" ) $% 1o'"$' L" 0="
of N ' o$, V ,#o=$' Gr":2 $ ( , r"#"$'
1 1()"'2 ) % %o $ ' o ,=#( #o$% ' o$,!
T(" f r,' , '( ' * '(" I%" =,' 9" %o1'"%
'( " r$",'$",, $% #o$v #' o$ 9: '(" EK"#=-
' v" H" %, of S' '",!D T(" ,"#o$% , '( '
D '(" Gov"r$ "$', $% +"o1)", of '(" S' '",
)) $0 'o fo=$% ' =$%"r,' $% #)" r): '( ' '
)) 1o," ,o " ) ' ' o$ =1o$ '(" $ ' o$ )
37 EMOCRATIC I EALS AN REALITY
#' o$ of " #(2 $% : "$' ) ,o " $#o$-
v"$ "$' o9) 0 ' o$! T(" ,'ro$0"r $ ' o$,
=,' for0o '(" r 0(' 'o ;" '(" r $'"r",',
1r"v ) 0 $,' '(" " ;"r 9: for#"!D
T("," r" "K#"))"$' $% v"r: $"#",, r:
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'(",",2 9=' %o '(": # rr: =, f r "$o=0(
B"for" :o= =$%"r' ;" $: 0"$"r ) o9) 0 ' o$2
, ' $o' ")) 'o #o$, %"r ( ' ' , ) ;"): 'o
" $ $ #o$#r"'" '"r , Yo=r L" 0=" ))
( v" 'o r"#;o$ '( #"r' $ r" ) ' ",! T("r"
, 9"for" '(" ? r $ $# 1 "$' L" 0=" of
N ' o$, @ ', " 9"r, "r" '(" S' '", 1 r':
'o '(" ,:,'" of I$'"r$ ' o$ ) L ! @H v"
" $o' ( % 'o f 0(' '(" ? r =,' 9"# =," ' o
of '(" 0r" '"r S' '", 9ro;" '(" I$'"r$ ' o$ )
L 2 f r,' $ r"0 r% 'o o$" $% '("$ $o'("r
of '(" , ))"r S' '",2 $% ( v" $o' '(o," ' o
0r" '"r S' '", v"r: $" r): ,=##""%"% $ %"-
f" ' $0 v"r: 1o "rf=) L" 0=" of N ' o$,
( #( $'"rv"$"% ( 9"( )f of '(" L I$
'(" f #" of ,=#( f #'2 , ' = '" %" = '"
'o , : '( ' ,'ro$0"r $ ' o$, =,' D for0o D
'(" r 0(' 'o ;" '(" r $'"r",', 1r"v ) 9:
for#" 0 $,' '(" " ;"r I$ or%2 %o $o'
o=r %" ), $vo)v" =, $ # r#)" =$)",, "
r"#;o$ '( r" ) ' ",
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I, ' $o' 1) $ '( ' f :o=r L" 0=" , 'o
) ,' '("r" =,' 9" $o $ ' o$ ,'ro$0 "$o=0(
'o ( v" $: #( $#" 0 $,' '(" 0"$"r )
THE FREE OM OF NATIONS 37
)) of H= $ ': Or2 'o 1=' '(" ''"r
$ $o'("r : @ '("r" =,' 9" $o 1r"-
%o $ $' 1 r'$"r or "v"$ 0ro=1 of 1 r'$"r,
$ :o=r L" 0="! I, '("r" $: # ," of ,=#-
#",,f=) f"%"r ' o$ '( 1r"%o $ $' 1 r'$"r
I$ '(" U$ '"% S' '", :o= ( v" '(" 0r" '
S' '", of N" Yor;2 +"$$,:)v $ 2 $% I)) $o ,2
9=' $o o$" of '(" #o=$', for or" '( $
, )) fr #' o$ of '(" (o)" U$ o$! I$ C $ %
:o= ( v" ="9"# $% O$' r o 9 ) $# $0 o$"
$o'("r2 ,o '( ' '(" , ))"r 1rov $#", of '("
o $ o$ r" $"v"r ) ;"): 'o 9" 9=)) "% 9:
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" '("r! I$ '(" Co o$ " )'( of A=,'r )
:o= ( v" '(" 11roK '"): " = ) S' '", of
N" So='( ? )", $% V #'or ! I$ S ' "r-
) $% $o' "v"$ '(" ) r0" C $'o$ of B"r$" ,
$:'( $0 ) ;" 1r"%o $ $'! H , $o' G"r $
F"%"r ' o$ 9""$ 1r"'"$#" 9"# =," of '("
%o $ $#" of +r=,, I, $o' '(" #( "f
% ff #=)': $ '(" : of %"vo)=' o$ '( ( '("
Br ' ,( I,)",2 "v"$ f Ir ,( "$ o=)% 0r""
o$0 '(" ,")v",2 '(" 1r"%o $ $#" of E$0-
) $% % $o' '( , ? r or 0 $ '" fro '("
f #' '( ' :o= ))o "% $ ) o,' %o $ $'
G"r $: 'o r ," $ E=ro1" H v" $o' '("
0r" ' ? r, of '(" 1 ,' $ E=ro1" #o " fro
'(" f #' '( ' o$" S' '" $ '(" E=ro1" $
S:,'" 2 =$%"r N 1o)"o$2 Lo= , K v!2 or
+( ) 1 $!2 ( % 9"#o " 'oo 1o "rf=) I, '
37 EMOCRATIC I EALS AN REALITY
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$o' $"#",, r:2 f :o=r L" 0=" of N ' o$, ,
'o ( v" $: #( $#" of ,=##",,2 'o f #" '( ,
#= =) ' v" "v %"$#" $% $o' 'o 0)o,, ' ov"r
I, '("r" $o' ),o $o'("r R" ) ': '( ( #(
:o= =,' r"#;o$ @ '(" R" ) ': of '(" Go $0
Co$#"r$ If '(" $ ' o$, of :o=r L" 0=" r"
'o ,"'')" %o $ 'o = "' ) f"2 '("r" r" ' o
% ff"r"$' :,2 ' ,"" , 'o "2 $ ( #( :o=
)) ( v" 'o f #" '(" R" ) ': of '(" Go $0
Co$#"r$ @ $ r",1"#' of '(" +r","$' $% of
'(" F='=r"! ?( ' , " $' 9: '( , R" ) ':
$ '(" +r","$' )) 9",' 9" #o$v":"% 9:
#o$#r"'" #o$, %"r ' o$ of '(" S' '", v ) 9)"
, '(" =$ ', 'o 9" )" 0="% 'o0"'("r!
T(" Br ' ,( E 1 r" , Go $0 Co$#"r$!
Yo= )) $o' 1"r,= %" or ': of Br 'o$,
'o r ,; '(" #o("r"$#" of '(" E 1 r"2 ( #(
( , ,o 'r = 1( $'): ,'oo% '(" '",' of '( ,
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? r2 for $: 1 1"r ,#(" " of U$ v"r, )
L" 0="! I' fo))o ,2 '("r"for"2 '( ' '("
0ov"r$ $0 =$ ', of '(" Br ' ,( E 1 r" # $
o$): 0ro 9: 0r %= ) 1ro#",, $'o '(" r 1) #"
, =$ ', of :o=r L" 0="! Y"' '(" r") ' o$,
of , K of '(" r" )r" %:2 $ f #'2 '(" r") -
' o$, of " = ) ': $%2 =$%"r '(" r Br ' ,(
L" 0="2 of $%"1"$%"$#:! O$): ) ,' :" r
, '(" ) ,' or% , % $ '( ' ''"r! T("
+r " M $ ,'"r, of '(" o $ o$, r" ("$#"-
for'( 'o #o =$ # '" % r"#'): '( '(" +r "
THE FREE OM OF NATIONS 378
M $ ,'"r of '(" U$ '"% 6 $0%o 2 $% $o
)o$0"r '(ro=0( '(" ,=9or% $ '" Co)o$ ) S"#r"-
' r: @ '(" + r) "$' ' ?",' $,'"r , $o
)o$0"r 'o 9" # ))"% '(" I 1"r ) + r) "$'
9=' o$): '(" + r) "$' of '(" U$ '"% 6 $0-
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%o ! I' o$): r" $, '( ' '(" 6 $0 ,(o=)% $o
)o$0"r 9" # ))"% 6 $0 of '(" U$ '"% 6 $0%o
$% of '(" o $ o$, 9":o$% '(" S" ,2 9='
'( ' '(" " = ) ': of )) '(" o $ o$, ,(o=)%
9" r"#o0$ ,"% 9: ,o " ,=#( ' ')" , 6 $0 of
)) '(" Br ' $,! Ev"$ $ r",1"#' of r" ) ' ",
'(o=0( $ ,=#( ''"r, $ ", 9"#o "
r" ) ' ", ( v" " $o' $o '(" #"r' $': '( '
'(" U$ '"% 6 $0%o 2 C $ % 2 $% A=,'r )
)) " #( ( v" ', o $ f)""' $% r :2 'o 9"
1=' =$%"r , $0)" ,'r '"0 # ) #o $% o$):
o$ '(" o='9r" ; of ? r A, r"0 r%, 1o1=-
) ' o$2 'oo2 , ' $o' $o =",' o$ of o$):
f" :" r, 9"for" C $ % $% A=,'r ) ))
" = ) '(" Mo'("r) $% $ 1o "r ?" ,( ))
'("$ ( v" '(" '(r"" $or o $ o$, N"
" ) $%2 So='( Afr # 2 $% N" fo=$%) $%
#o=$' $0 '(" or" 9"# =," of '(" 9 ) $#"
9"' ""$ '(" '(r"" or o $ o$,!
Fr $#" $% I' ): r" Go $0 Co$#"r$,! Ar"
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'(": 0o $0 'o "$'"r L" 0=" $ ( #( '("
Br ' ,( E 1 r" , =$ ' For'=$ '"): "
( v" #( "v"% '(" , $0)" ,'r '"0 # ) #o $%
$ '(" ) '"r ,' 0", of '(" ? r2 ,o '( ' '("
33 EMOCRATIC I EALS AN REALITY
$ " V"r, ))", ( , $o $ %%"% ( ,'or #
" $ $0! No )o$0"r "r"): '(ro=0( '(" r
A 9 ,, %or,2 9=' ( '(" 1"r,o$, of '(" r
+r " M $ ,'"r,2 '(" U$ '"% 6 $0%o 2 Fr $#"2
$% I' ): ( v" # = r"% '(" ( 9 ' of ' ; $0
#o=$,") 'o0"'("r! T("," '(r"" #o=$'r ", of
?",' E=ro1" r" $o' =$f ''"% 9: $: %"# , v"
$" = ) ': of , " 'o 9" f"))o " 9"r, of
L" 0="! I, ' $o' 1ro9 9)" '( ' o## , o$,
)) o##=r ("$ '(" +r " M $ ,'"r, of
C $ % $% A=,'r ) : 9" # ))"% $'o #o$-
f"r"$#" '( '(" +r " M $ ,'"r, of '(" U$ '"%
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6 $0%o 2 Fr $#"2 $% I' ): T(": )) 9"
o## , o$, of )) '(" or" v )=" f :o= r"#o0-
$ ," '(" Go $0 Co$#"r$, of 'o-% : r % %o
$o' ''" 1' 'o ;" "r"): 1 1"r 1ro0r",,!
R" " 9"r '( ' ' r" = r"% '(" 1"r ) of '("
G"r $ off"$, v" of 787 'o ,"#=r" '(" =$ ':
of ,'r '"0 # ) #o $%! 7
T("$ ( ' of '(" U$ '"% S' '", T("r" ,
$o 0oo% $ 1r"'"$% $0 '( ' '(" ,"1 r '"
A "r # $ S' '", # $ 9" =$ ', $ :o=r L" 0=" @
'(" R"1=9) # fo=0(' '(" 0r" '",' ? r $
H ,'or:2 9"for" '( , ? r2 $ or%"r 'o ")%
'(" 'o0"'("r! Y"' '(" U$ '"% S' '", for
,o "'( $0 v"r: ) ;" 1r"%o $ $' 1 r'$"r
, 0 $,' '(" ,"1 r '" )) "% #o=$'r ", of
7 S $#" '( , , r ''"$ '(" + r , Co$f"r"$#" ( , 'r" '"% '("
Br ' ,( E 1 r" , (:9r % =$ ' for ,o " 1=r1o,",!
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'(" o9v o=, ) ' ' o$, of ," -1o "r @ '("r"
r" ),o $ '=r ) 9o=$% r ", ( #( %"f $" '("
,1r" % of $: o$" $,=) r2 or "v"$ 1"$ $,=) r2
9 ," of 1o "r! T(" '",' of '(" L" 0=" ))
9" $ '(" H" r') $% of '(" Co$' $"$'! N '=r"
'("r" off"r, )) '(" 1r"r" = , '", of =)' '"
%o $ $#" $ '(" or)% @ ' =,' 9" for $
9: ( , for", 0(' $% 9: '(" ' ; $0 of ,o) %
0= r $'"", 'o 1r"v"$' ', '' $ "$'! No'-
'(,' $% $0 '(" r r"vo)=' o$, '(" G"r $ $%
R=,, $ 1"o1)", r" Go $0 Co$#"r$,2 " #( '(
1o "rf=) ( ,'or # ) o "$'= !
33 EMOCRATIC I EALS AN REALITY
T("r"for" )"' '(" %" ) ,', (o2 $o '( '
'(" $ ' o$, r" )o#;"% $'o , $0)" or)%
,:,'" 2 r 0('): ,"" $ '(" L" 0=" of N ' o$,
'(" o$): )'"r$ ' v" 'o H")) o$ E r'(2 #o$-
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#"$'r '" '(" r ''"$' o$ o$ '(" %" = '" ,=9-
% v , o$ of E ,' E=ro1"! ? '( M %%)" T "r of
r" )): $%"1"$%"$' S' '", 9"' ""$ G"r $:
$% R=,, '(": )) #( "v" '(" r "$%2 $%
'(o=' ' '(": )) $o'! A$: "r" 'r"$#(-
) $" 9"' ""$ '(" G"r $ +o "r, $% R=,, 2
,=#( , , #o$'" 1) '"% 9: N = $$ $ ( ,
C"$'r ) E=ro1"2 o=)% ( v" )"f' G"r $ $%
S) v ,' )) $ %= ) r v )r:2 $% $o ) ,' $0
,' 9 ) 'v #o=)% ( v" "$,="%! B=' '(" DM %%)"
r
T "r2D ,=11or'"% 9: '(" o='"r $ ' o$, of '("
?or)% L" 0="2 )) ##o 1) ,( '(" "$% of
9r" ; $0-=1 E ,' E=ro1" $'o or" '( $ ' o
S' '"-,:,'" ,! Mor"ov"r2 '(" S' '", of '( '
T "r2 of 11roK '" " = ) ': of 1o "r2 ))
'(" ,")v", 9" v"r: ##"1' 9)" 0ro=1 for
'(" r"#r= ' "$' of '(" L" 0="!
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O$#" '(=, r" ov" '(" '" 1' ' o$ $% o1"$-
$0 'o ?or)%-E 1 r"2 $% (o # $ , : ( '
)) o##=r o$0 '(" G"r $ $% R=,, $
1"o1)", '(" ,")v", T("r" r" )r" %: $-
% # ' o$, '( ' +r=,, 2 ( #(2 =$) ;" E$0) $%
or Fr $#"2 , 1=r"): r' f # ) ,'r=#'=r"2 ))
9" 9ro;"$ $'o ,"v"r ) F"%"r ) S' '",! I$
o$" r"0 o$ '(" +r=,, $, 9")o$0 9: ( ,'or: 'o
E ,' E=ro1" $% $ $o'("r 'o ?",' E=ro1"!
I, ' $o' 1ro9 9)" '( ' '(" R=,, $, ))
f )) $'o $= 9"r of S' '", $ ,o " ,or' of
)oo," f"%"r ' o$ G"r $: $% R=,, ( v"
0ro $ $'o 0r" ' E 1 r", o=' of o11o, -
' o$ 'o o$" $o'("r @ 9=' '(" 1"o1)", of '("
M %%)" T "r +o)",2 Bo(" $,2 H=$0 r $,2
R= $ $,2 S"r9,2 B=)0 r $,2 $% Gr"";,
r" =#( 'oo =$) ;" 'o f"%"r '" for $:
1=r1o," "K#"1' %"f"$#"2 :"' '(": r" )) ,o
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% ff"r"$' 9o'( fro G"r $, $% R=,, $,
'( ' '(": : 9" 'r=,'"% 'o r", ,' $: $"
or0 $ , ' o$ of " '("r 0r" ' $" 0(9o=r ; $0
'o r%, '(" E 1 r" of E ,' E=ro1"!
T("r" r" #"r' $ ,'r '"0 # ) 1o, ' o$, $
'(" H" r') $% $% Ar 9 ( #( =,' 9"
'r" '"% , of or)% 1or' $#"2 for '(" r
1o,,",, o$ : f # ) ' '" or 1r"v"$' or)%
%o $ ' o$! I' %o", $o'2 (o "v"r2 fo))o
'( ' ' o=)% 9" ," 'o #o ' '(" for'(-
'( 'o $ =$'r "% $'"r$ ' o$ ) % $ ,'r -
' o$ @ ("r"2 'oo2 ' , v"r: $"#",, r: 'o 9" r
$ $% '(" 'r='( of '(" Go $0 Co$#"r$!
Co$%o $ = ( , $o'2 , r=)"2 9""$
,=##",,2 for '(" r" ,o$ '( ' '(" 0"$', of '("
o $' 1ro'"#' $0 +o "r, ) o,' $"v ' 9):
' ;" , %", '( '(" )o# ) $ ' o$ ) ' ", or
1 r' ",! T(" o,' "ff"#' v" "'(o% of $'"r-
$ ' o$ ) #o$'ro) o=)% ,"" 'o 9" '( ' of
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r"0=) r , ' o$ of "K ,' $0 f #',! T(" '",' of
'(" 1r $# 1)"2 , of o,' o'("r ?or)% 1r $-
# 1)",2 , $ #o$$"#' o$ '( '(" H" r') $%
$% Ar 9 ! T(" I,) $%"r, of '(" or)%
# $$o' 9" $% ff"r"$' 'o '(" f '" " '("r of
Co1"$( 0"$ or of Co$,' $' $o1)"2 or :"' of
'(" 6 ") C $ )2 for 0r" ' +o "r $ '("
H" r') $% $% E ,' E=ro1" #o=)% 1r"1 r"2
'( $ '(" B )' # $% B) #; S" ,2 for ? r o$
'(" O#" $! =r $0 '(" 1r","$' ? r ' ( ,
' ;"$ '(" (o)" $ v ) ,'r"$0'( of '(" A)) ",
'o (o)% '(" Nor'( S" $% '(" E ,'"r$ M"% -
THE FREE OM OF NATIONS 33.
'"rr $" $! A$ %" = '" ,=9 r $" # *
1 0$2 9 ,"% o$ '(" B) #; S" fro '(" 9"0 $-
$ $0 of '(" ? r2 o=)% 1ro9 9): ( v" 0 v"$
,"#=r ': 'o $ r : o1"r ' $0 ov"r) $%
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0 $,' '(" S=" C $ )! I' fo))o ,2 '("r"for"2
'( ' + )",' $"2 S:r 2 $% M",o1o' 2 '("
Bo,1or=, $% '(" r% $"))",2 $% '(" o=')"',
fro '(" B )' # =,' 9" $'"r$ ' o$ ) ,"% $
,o " $$"r! I$ '(" # ," of + )",' $"2 S:r 2
$% M",o1o' 2 ' ( , 9""$ =$%"r,'oo%
'( ' Br ' $ $% Fr $#" o=)% =$%"r' ;"
$'"r$ ' o$ ) 'r=,',! ?(: ,(o=)% " $o' ,o)v"
'(" 1ro9)" of Co$,' $' $o1)" 9: ; $0 '( '
( ,'or # # ': '(" ? ,( $0'o$ of '(" L" 0="
of N ' o$, ?("$ '(" $"' or; of r ) :,
( , #ov"r"% '(" ?or)%-I,) $%2 Co$,' $' $o1)"
)) 9" o$" of '(" o,' ##",, 9)" 1) #", o$
'(" G)o9" 9: R ) :2 S'" "r2 $% A"ro-
1) $"! Fro Co$,' $' $o1)" '(" )" % $0
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(= $ ': ' ) r0" @ fro Co$,' $' $o1)" "
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$% 1"r $"$'): 1"$"'r '" '(" H" r') $%
'( o#" $ # fr""%o !
T(" 5" ,( N ' o$ ) ," ' $ + )",' $" ))
9" o$" of '(" o,' 1or' $' o='#o ", of
1
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$o ffor% 'o ,1" ; '(" 'r='(! T(" 5" 2 for
$: #"$'=r ", ,(=' =1 $ '(" G("''o2 $%
,(=' o=' of o,' (o$o=r 9)" 1o, ' o$, $
So# "':2 %"v")o1"% $ $ =$9 ) $#"% $$"r
$% 9"# " ( '"f=) 'o '(" v"r 0" C(r ,' $
9: r" ,o$ of ( , "K#"))"$'2 $o )",, '( $ ( ,
%"f # "$'2 = ) ' ",! G"r $ 1"$"'r ' o$ ( ,
9""$ #o$%=#'"% $ '(" 0r" ' #o "r# )
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So='(-E ,'"r$ E=ro1" , #( "v"% '(ro=0(
M 0: r $% T=r;2 '( 5" ,( ,, ,' $#"!
5" , r" o$0 '(" #( "f of '(" Bo),("v ;,
of R=,, ! T(" (o ")",,2 9r $f=) 5" )"$'
( ,")f 'o ,=#( $'"r$ ' o$ ) ,' or;2 $%
C(r ,'"$%o ( , $o 0r" ' r 0(' 'o 9" ,=r-
1r ,"% 9: '(" f #'! B=' :o= )) ( v" $o
roo for '("," #' v ' ", $ :o=r L" 0=" of
$%"1"$%"$'2 fr "$%): $ ' o$,! T("r"for"
N ' o$ ) Ho "2 ' '(" 1(:, # ) $% ( ,'or # )
#"$'r" of '(" or)%2 ,(o=)% ;" '(" 5"
D r $0" D ( ,")f! S' $% r%, of =%0 "$'2
9ro=0(' 'o 9" r o$ 5" , 9: 5" ,2 ,(o=)%
r",=)'2 "v"$ o$0 '(o," ) r0" 5" ,( #o -
=$ ' ", ( #( )) r" $ , Go $0 Co$#"r$,
o=', %" + )",' $"! T( ,2 (o "v"r2 )) 1):
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THE FREE OM OF NATIONS 33
T("r" r" '(o," (o 'r: 'o % ,' $0= ,( 9"-
' ""$ '(" 5" ,( r") 0 o$ $% '(" H"9r"
r #"2 9=' ,=r"): '(" 1o1=) r v " of '(" r
9ro % %"$' ': , $o' f r ro$0!
I$ '(" v ,' $% 1o1=)o=, r"0 o$, of A,
$% Afr # ( #( ) " 9":o$% '(" 0 r%)" of '("
0r" ' %","r', $% 1) '" =K '("r" r" Go $0
Co$#"r$,2 ,=#( , '(" Br ' ,( R $ I$% 2
( #( ' o=)% 9" fo)): $%""% 'o ,( ;" %o $
$ :o=r (=rr: 'o r" ) ," or)%-,: "'r: for
:o=r L" 0=" of N ' o$,! B=' ' , ",,"$' )
'( ' $" '("r 6 =#( = $or E ,' Afr # ,(o=)%
0o 9 #; 'o '(" +o "r ( #( 'oo; '(" '(
;""$ ,'r '"0 # ) ":" 'o '(" % : ("$ r ",
r#( $0 ov"r) $% ,(o=)% f $% $ " #( of '("
# ' %") )r" %: 1r"1 r"% @ ( #( 'oo; '(" 2
or"ov"r2 '( '(" #)" r $'"$' o$ '( ' '("
C( $"," $% '(" N"0ro", ,(o=)% 9" =' ) ,"% ,
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,=9, % r: $-1o "r 'o (")1 $ '(" #o$ =",'
of '(" ?or)%-I,) $%! ?( ' 1 r' : =)' -
'"): 9" 1) :"% 9: '( ' ( )f of '(" H= $
R #" ( #( ) v", $ * T(" I$% ", D $o $ # $
:"' for",""2 9=' ' , '(" 1) $ %=': of '("
I$,=) r 1"o1)", 'o 1ro'"#' '(" I$% $, $%
C( $"," fro H" r') $% #o$ =",'!
G"r $ So='(-?",' Afr # $% '(" G"r $
A=,'r ) , $ Co)o$ ", =,' $o' 9" r"'=r$"%@
'(" 1r $# 1)" of $%"1"$%"$#" '( $ '("
L" 0=" 1) ", '( '2 ,=9 "#' 'o $ I$'"r-
33 EMOCRATIC I EALS AN REALITY
$ ' o$ ) Tr=,' $ '(" # ," of f" #r ' # )):
1or' $' 1o, ' o$,2 " #( N ' o$ =,' 9"
,'r",, $ ("r o $ (o=,"2 $% '( ' 1r $# 1)"
(o)%, $ r"0 r% 'o So='( Afr # $% A=,'r ) !
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A$: o'("r 1r $# 1)" o=)% )" v" '(" ,""%, of
f='=r" = rr"), $% o=)% 1"%" % , r -
"$'!
So =#( $ r",1"#' of '(" ,' r' $0 of '("
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+r","$'! I' r" $, for =, 'o ,1" ; of '("
Go $0 Co$#"r$ $ '(" F='=r"! V ,#o=$' Gr":
( , %",#r 9"% '(" ,' '" of $% ( #( )) 9"
r" = r"% ("$ " 11ro #( '( , 0r" ' I$'"r-
$ ' o$ ) "$'"r1r ," P , '("r" $o' ,o "'( $0
or" 1r"# ," 'o 9" , % $ '( ' ''"r ),o
I ( v" "K1r",,"% : 9") "f '( ' 9o'( Fr""
Tr %" of '(" L ,," -f r" ':1" $% +r"% 'or:
+ro'"#' o$ of '(" G"r $ ':1" r" 1r $# 1)",
of E 1 r"2 $% '( ' 9o'( ;" for ? r!
For'=$ '"): '(" :o=$0"r Br ' $, r"f=,"% 'o
##"1' '(" Fr"" Tr %" of M $#(",'"r @ '(":
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=,"% '(" f ,# ) $%"1"$%"$#" 0r $'"% 'o '("
9: '(" Mo'("r) $% 'o 1=r,=" '( ' "#o$o #
%" ) ( #( , for",( %o "% 9: '(" 0r" '
A "r # $ ,' '", $2 A)"K $%"r H )'o$
'(" %" ) of '(" 'r=): $%"1"$%"$' $ ' o$2
9 ) $#"% $ )) ', %"v")o1 "$'! T( , %o",
THE FREE OM OF NATIONS 338
$o' $ '(" )" ,' 1): '( ' 0r" ' $'"r-
$ ' o$ ) 'r %" ,(o=)% $o' 9" %o$"2 9=' '
,(o=)% 9" 'r %" ,o #o$'ro))"% '( ' '(" "ff"#'
of ' , ) :, '"$% $0 'o r%, '(" 9 ) $#"
"% '2 $% , $o' ##= =) ' $02 9":o$%
(o1" of r"#ov"r:2 "#o$o # o$"-, %"%$",,!
No ,' 9)" L" 0=" of N ' o$, 11" r, 'o "
1o,, 9)" f $: $ ' o$ , ))o "% 'o 1r #' ,"
#o "r# ) D1"$"'r ' o$2D for '(" o9 "#' of
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'( ' 1"$"'r ' o$ , 'o %"1r v" o'("r $ ' o$, of
'("$* f r ,( r" of '(" or" ,; ))"% for , of
" 1)o: "$'2 $% ' , $"v ' 9)" '( ' 0"$"r )
,or"$",, ,(o=)% "$,=" $ ,o f r , ' ,=##""%,!
Nor2 'o ,1" ; = '" 1) $):2 , '("r" $: 0r" '
% ff"r"$#" $ r",=)' f ,o " $ ' o$, f"") '( '
'(": r" r"%=#"% 'o '(" 1o, ' o$ of (" "r, $%
%r "r, o $0 'o '(" $%=,'r ) ,1"# ) , ' o$
of $o'("r #o=$'r: =$%"r '(" r"0 " of =$-
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, ,o %"v")o1"% $ o$" #o=$'r: '( ' ' # $ 9"
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of o'("r #o=$'r ", '"$%, 'o 9" =1,"'! No
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7 T(" % ,' $#' o$ 9"' ""$ '("," ' o '"r , , $o' ) :,
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34 EMOCRATIC I EALS AN REALITY
:o= ( v" "K( =,'"% '("," ' o # '"0or ",2 :o=
)) f $% '( ' :o= 0(' =,' , ")) ( v"
%o1'"% '(" ''r #' v" 1o, ' v" %" ) of
0"$"r ) "#o$o # $%"1"$%"$#" $,'" % of
9" $0 %r v"$ fro o$" "K1"% "$' 'o $o'("r
$ "r" %"f"$, v"$",,! If :o= ''" 1' 'o
$' $ $"0 ' v" Co9%"$ , '( "K#"1-
' o$,2 :o= ))2 =$%"r '(" #o$% ' o$, of '("
or)% '( ' r" o1"$ $0 9"for" =,2 v"r: ,oo$
9= )% =1 ) r0" $% #)= ,: 9o%: of "r"):
% (o# #( $"r ",! A 0"$"r ) ,:,'" of )o
%=' ", $% 9o=$' ", o=)% "$ 9)" :o= 'o %" )
= #;): $% ) 0('): '( " #( % ff #=)': , '
%"v")o1,2 9"# =," :o= o=)% ( v" '(" 11ro-
1r '" #( $"r: of #o$'ro) ' :o=r ( $%!
B=' I $o' ("r" 0o $0 $'o '(" %"' ) of
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'("," =",' o$, of #( $"r: @ I %" ) $0
v '( '(" =",' o$ of %" ) $% ! T(" Co9-
"$ '" 9") "v", '( ' $'"r$ ' o$ ) 'r %" ,
0oo% $ ',")f2 $% '( ' ,1"# ) , ' o$ ,
9"' ""$ #o=$'r: $% #o=$'r:2 1rov %"% '( '
$%=,'r ",! T(=,2 for $,' $#"2 $ ) $" %:"-,'=ff, 'o '(" v )=" of
' o )) o$ 1o=$%, :" r "r" =' ) ,"% $ Gr" ' Br ' $ 9"for"
'(" ? r $ '"K' )" $% 1 1"r $=f #'=r", of '(" $$= ) or'(
of 3 )) o$,! T(" 1ro1or' o$ , ,o "'( $0 ) ;" '( ' of
;": 'o '(" %oor ( #( ' =$)o#;,! E,,"$' ) $%=,'r ", '("r"
r" ( #( ( v" $o' '( , #( r #'"r of , )) ;":@ ,=#(2 for
$,' $#"2 $ '( , ' "$' "'( #"$'=r: , '(" ,'"") $%=,'r:! I'
, ")) 'o 1r","rv" '(" % ,' $#' o$2 9"# =," % ff"r"$' %"f"$, v"
" ,=r", : 1"r( 1, 9" $""%"% $ '(" ' o # ,",!
THE FREE OM OF NATIONS 347
' r ,", 9) $%): =$%"r '(" 0= % $#" of
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$ '=r ) # =,",2 ,(o=)% $o' 9" '( r'"%! T("
B"r) $"r2 o$ '(" o'("r ( $%2 ( , ),o "$-
#o=r 0"% "#o$o # ,1"# ) , ' o$ o$0 '("
$ ' o$,2 9=' (" o1"r '", ,# "$' f # )):2 ##= =-
) ' $0 $ ( , o $ #o=$'r: '(o," $%=,'r ",
( #( 0 v" o,'2 $% o,' ( 0():-,; ))"%2
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# ," @ Go $0 Co$#"r$ of I$%=,'r: 0r 1, '("
$ ' o$ $% %"1r v", '2 , ")) , o'("r
$ ' o$,2 of 'r=" $%"1"$%"$#"! T(" r",=)' $0
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$% #o)) , o$!
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f ' ) , ! T( , '' '=%" 1ro%=#", #o$% ' o$
#o 1 r 9)" '( '( ' of % ," ," 9ro=0(' o$
9: ,")f -$"0)"#' @ '(" (= $ 9o%: , 0o $0
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f=$#' o$,2 , or0 $ # )): ff"#'"%2 ,o '( ' $
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'(" "$% $o %o#'orD, %v #" or "v"$ ,=r0"o$D,
,# )1") # $ v )2 , $#" 'o ,'o1 '(" % ," ,"
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$% 'o 'r=,' $ +rov %"$#"! For'=$ '"):
% ," ," ( % $o' 1ro0r",,"% 'o f ' ) ,' 0"
343 EMOCRATIC I EALS AN REALITY
("$ " # " 'o '(" ,=r0"o$D, ' 9)" $
A=0=,' 787 ! B=' )) o$ "$ of ) ' r:
0" #) ,, f "% , =$f ' for ) ' r: ,"rv #"
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T(" ,"#o$% '' '=%" of $% $ r") ' o$ 'o
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( , 9""$ '(" '' '=%" of +r=,, 2 '(o=0( '
, ( %%"$ 9: '(" f) ''"r $0 1( )o,o1(: of
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of #o 1"' ' o$ $% $ '=r ) ,")"#' o$2 , f $ )):
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=,' #o " 'o $-" ' $0 $ or%"r 'o ,=rv v"2
'(":2 ' $: r '"2 o=)% 9" '(" # $$ 9 ),
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$% "ff # "$#: of '(" 1r "-f 0('"r! B=' '("
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(=$0r "r2 $% ' ) ,' '(": ( % 'o )"' ' f""%!
H )f '(" #r=") $% ,")f ,( '( $0, ( #( r"
%o$" $ '( , or)% r" %o$" for r" ,o$, of
+ $ #!
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$% '(" Bo),("v ; '(": o=)% % ,' $0= ,(
$o %o=9' 9"' ""$ '(" ,")v",2 9=' ("'("r
THE FREE OM OF NATIONS 344
:o= 9r" ; '(" Go $0 Co$#"r$ or ' ;" ' 'o
1 "#", ;", ) '')" 1r #' # ) % ff"r"$#"! T( ,
'' '=%" " $, ,o# ) ,= # %"! I' , v ' )
'( ' % ,# 1) $" ,(o=)% 9" $' $"% $
'(" ?",'"r$ " o#r # ", %=r $0 '(" 1"r o%
of R"#o$,'r=#' o$2 ( '"v"r Bo),("v , :
( 11"$ $ C"$'r ) , ")) , E ,' E=ro1"!
T(" ?",'"r$"r, r" '(" V #'or,2 $% '(":
)o$" r" 9)" 'o 1r"v"$' '(" (o)" or)%
fro ( v $0 'o 1 ,, '(ro=0( '(" #:#)" ,o
of'"$ r"1" '"% $ '(" # ," of $% v %= )
$ ' o$, I%" ) , 2 ,or%"r2 F $"2 T:r $$:!
+rov %"% '( ' " %o $o' ( ,'"$ 'o % , $')"
r=$$ $0 ,o# ) #( $"r:2 9=' ##o 1) ,( o=r
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%" ), 9: ,=##",, v" #', of ,o# ) % ,# 1) $"2
" ,( )) $' $ '(" ,'" %: o='1=' of 1ro%=#-
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34 EMOCRATIC I EALS AN REALITY
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" =,' $o' f )) $'o 1 $ # 9"# =," '( '
r",=)', $ #r "2 $or :"' ,=ff"r r"vo)' 9"# =,"
'( ' "$%, $ ,= # %"2 ( ' #o=r," r" $,
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$ %" o#r #: " $, ,")f-#o$'ro)! If '( ,
? r ( , 1rov"% $:'( $02 ' ( , 1rov"% '( '
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"$0 0"% 9: '(" , 1)" %"v #" of =, $0 '("
$ ' o$ ) #r"% ', 'o # rr: '(" roo', of $% -
v %= ) #r"% ' ( #( "r" 1=))"% o=' of '("
"$" : ,o )!
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of 9 ) $#"% "#o$o # %"v")o1 "$'! R
'"r ), r" =$" = )): % ,'r 9='"% ov"r '("
or)%2 9=' '(" 1r r: 1=r,= ', of "$2 o'("r
'( $ '(" 0ro $0 of '(" ,' 1)", of foo% 1ro1"r
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r") ' v"): , )) 1 r' of '(" 'o' ) of I$%=,'r:!
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# ) 1ro%=#" # $ o$): 9" 0ro $ '( $ '("
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THE FREE OM OF NATIONS 34.
%=#" r" $o " ,: of 'r $,1or'2 $% '("
( 0("r $%=,'r ", :2 '("r"for"2 9" )o# '"%
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$ , 1r $'"% '( '(" #( r #'"r ,' #, of
( , # )) $0! So , ' '( '(" $ ' o$,2 $%
$o ,")f-r",1"#' $0 $ ' o$ ("$#"for'( )) ))o
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1or'=$ ': for $ ' o$ ) %"v")o1 "$'!
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THE FREE OM OF MEN
FROM '(" #o$, %"r ' o$ of '(" R" ) ' ", 1r"-
,"$'"% 9: '(" 0"o0r 1(: of o=r G)o9" "
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%o of N ' o$, , 'o 9" ,"#=r"2 ' =,' r",'
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) r0"r N ' o$,! ?" ( v" ),o ,""$ '( '2 0 v"$
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B=' ( ' ( v" '("," 1r $# 1)", 'o %o '(
'(" Fr""%o of M"$ $% ?o "$ ? )) fr""
N ' o$, $ L" 0=" 9" 9)" 'o 0 v" or"
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fr""%o 'o '(" r # ' "$, C"r' $): '(" "$
(o ( v" 9""$ f 0(' $02 '(" "$ (o ( v"
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H
THE FREE OM OF MEN 34
of 0r" '"r ( 11 $",, $ '(" r o $ ) v", or $
'(" ) v", of '(o," %" r 'o '(" !
L"' =, $ ):," fro '( , 1o $' of v " '("
,=##",, v" ,' 0", of %" o#r ' # %" ) , ( #(
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9oo;! T(" A "r # $ "#) r ' o$ of I$%"-
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#o$'ro)! Fr '"r$ ': , of '(" ",,"$#" of ,=#-
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34 EMOCRATIC I EALS AN REALITY
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THE FREE OM OF MEN 348
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3 3 EMOCRATIC I EALS AN REALITY
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3 EMOCRATIC I EALS AN REALITY
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THE FREE OM OF MEN 3 8
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3.3 EMOCRATIC I EALS AN REALITY
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fro E% $9=r0( 'o Lo$%o$2 9"# =," )) '("
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THE FREE OM OF MEN 3..
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A++EN ICES 3 8
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CHA+TEE AN +AGE REFERENCES
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3 EMOCRATIC I EALS AN REALITY
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3 3 EMOCRATIC 5 EALS AN REALITY
LIST OF MA+S AN IAGRAMS
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UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY2 LOS ANGELES
COLLEGE LIBRARY
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