the renaissance and exploration 1300 - 1600 c.e
TRANSCRIPT
The Renaissance and The Renaissance and ExplorationExploration
1300 - 1600 C.E.1300 - 1600 C.E.
The Renaissance The Renaissance
Began in Northern Italy around 1300 while Began in Northern Italy around 1300 while England and France were in the Hundred England and France were in the Hundred Years WarYears War
Why Italy?Why Italy? Urban region, trading cities such as Genoa, Urban region, trading cities such as Genoa,
Venice and FlorenceVenice and Florence Lots of powerful merchants who focused on Lots of powerful merchants who focused on
trade – took pride in their achievementstrade – took pride in their achievements Focus on merit of the individualFocus on merit of the individual Patrons sponsored artPatrons sponsored art
Famous men who led the wayFamous men who led the way Giotto – developed fresco painting, painting Giotto – developed fresco painting, painting
on wet plasteron wet plaster Human figures looked lifelike and 3 Human figures looked lifelike and 3
dimensional, interacting with one another dimensional, interacting with one another and showing emotionand showing emotion
Dante – wrote the Divine Comedy, poem in Dante – wrote the Divine Comedy, poem in which real people and dead friends guide which real people and dead friends guide him through hell and heaven him through hell and heaven Combined religious ideas of Middle Ages with Combined religious ideas of Middle Ages with
secular concerns of Renaissance – dealt with secular concerns of Renaissance – dealt with individuals and personalitiesindividuals and personalities
Petrarch – poetry and lettersPetrarch – poetry and letters Inspired by a female muse, Laura (who died Inspired by a female muse, Laura (who died
of the plague)of the plague) Strove to revive classical ideas of beautyStrove to revive classical ideas of beauty
New Values Shape the New Values Shape the RenaissanceRenaissance
Celebration of the individual – people Celebration of the individual – people wanted recognition and credit for their wanted recognition and credit for their work, not doing it all for the glory of Godwork, not doing it all for the glory of God Portraits and autobiographies are writtenPortraits and autobiographies are written
Love of classical learningLove of classical learning Looked down on Medieval times as the “Dark Looked down on Medieval times as the “Dark
Ages”Ages” Humanists – studied classical texts, history and Humanists – studied classical texts, history and
language arts – thought all people should study language arts – thought all people should study thisthis
Enjoyment of worldly pleasures is ok-Enjoyment of worldly pleasures is ok-Humanists say no more poverty vows!Humanists say no more poverty vows!
The Renaissance ManThe Renaissance Man
Strove to master almost every Strove to master almost every artart
The Courtier – told people how The Courtier – told people how to become worthy of to become worthy of admirationadmiration Well educated in the classicsWell educated in the classics Charming, polite, wittyCharming, polite, witty Dance, sing, play music and Dance, sing, play music and
write poetrywrite poetry Physically graceful and strong, Physically graceful and strong,
skilled rider, wrestler, and skilled rider, wrestler, and swordsmanswordsman
The Renaissance WomanThe Renaissance Woman
Upper class women are as Upper class women are as well educated as menwell educated as men Charming, know the classics, Charming, know the classics,
write well, make music, paint, write well, make music, paint, and dance (but don’t seek and dance (but don’t seek attention for it!)attention for it!)
Expected to inspire poetry Expected to inspire poetry rather than create itrather than create it Women are better educated Women are better educated
than in the Middle Ages, but than in the Middle Ages, but are actually less influential in are actually less influential in politics, economics and social politics, economics and social affairsaffairs
Florence Led the WayFlorence Led the Way
In the 1400’s the Medici were a In the 1400’s the Medici were a wealthy banking and trading family wealthy banking and trading family who dominated politics who dominated politics Cosimo de Medici made sure all city Cosimo de Medici made sure all city
counsel members were loyal to himcounsel members were loyal to himSpent money on beautifying the city with Spent money on beautifying the city with
art – created first free public library, his art – created first free public library, his son and grandson continued this tradition son and grandson continued this tradition while maintaining political control of while maintaining political control of FlorenceFlorence
Artists Beautify FlorenceArtists Beautify Florence
Lorenzo Ghiberti took 50 years to create Lorenzo Ghiberti took 50 years to create door for the Baptistry of the local door for the Baptistry of the local cathedral – likened to the gates of cathedral – likened to the gates of paradiseparadise
Ninja Turtle or Artist?Ninja Turtle or Artist?
Donatello – Donatello – sculptor, wanted to sculptor, wanted to show the human show the human form in perfection, form in perfection, like the Greekslike the Greeks
On Right, The On Right, The DavidDavid
Masaccio Masaccio
Developed perspective in painting to Developed perspective in painting to give objects the appearance of give objects the appearance of distance from the framedistance from the frame
““Father of modern painting”Father of modern painting”
Machiavelli wrote about Machiavelli wrote about politicspolitics
When Piero Medici surrendered When Piero Medici surrendered without a fight to invading French without a fight to invading French armies, Florentines were outraged armies, Florentines were outraged and drove the Medici into exileand drove the Medici into exile
Florence’s golden age ended Florence’s golden age ended
During political upheaval, During political upheaval, Machiavelli wrote “The Prince”Machiavelli wrote “The Prince” Why does one ruler succeed while Why does one ruler succeed while
another fails?another fails? Not concerned with what is morally Not concerned with what is morally
right, but what is politically right, but what is politically effective – the end justifies the effective – the end justifies the meansmeans
Rulers may have to deceive Rulers may have to deceive enemies and their own people enemies and their own people to be good leaders in a wicked to be good leaders in a wicked worldworld
Today Machiavelli’s name is Today Machiavelli’s name is associated with trickeryassociated with trickery
The High RenaissanceThe High Renaissance
While Florence’s golden age had While Florence’s golden age had ended, Rome was bringing the ended, Rome was bringing the Renaissance to a new heightRenaissance to a new height
The Popes became Patrons – The Popes became Patrons – Renaissance PopesRenaissance Popes
MichelangeloMichelangelo
Lived with the Medici Lived with the Medici during his apprenticeshipduring his apprenticeship
Peita and the Sistine Peita and the Sistine Chapel are two of his Chapel are two of his most famous works, and most famous works, and were both commissioned were both commissioned by the Papacy in Romeby the Papacy in Rome
Also made many other Also made many other famous sculptures, famous sculptures, paintings and paintings and architectural works, such architectural works, such as “The Last Judgment” as “The Last Judgment” and the dome of St. and the dome of St. Peter’s ChurchPeter’s Church
RaphaelRaphael
Artist, learned some things from Artist, learned some things from MichelangeloMichelangelo
““The School of Athens” – Plato and The School of Athens” – Plato and Aristotle in discussion with other Aristotle in discussion with other famous figures from both classical famous figures from both classical Greece and from the Renaissance, Greece and from the Renaissance, (including himself and Michelangelo)(including himself and Michelangelo)
Did a lot of work for the Church Did a lot of work for the Church
LeonardoLeonardo
Both a scientist and Both a scientist and artist – a genius artist – a genius
Invented many Invented many machines for many machines for many purposes, from purposes, from making metal making metal screws to making screws to making man flyman fly
Painted “The Last Painted “The Last Supper” and “The Supper” and “The Mona Lisa”Mona Lisa”
Northern Europe’s Northern Europe’s RenaissanceRenaissance
Michelangelo, Raphael, and Leonardo all Michelangelo, Raphael, and Leonardo all showed interest in classics, curiosity about showed interest in classics, curiosity about the world and an interest in human the world and an interest in human potential – Renaissance spiritpotential – Renaissance spirit
Germans such as Durer created woodcuts Germans such as Durer created woodcuts and engravings, and Holbein who painted and engravings, and Holbein who painted with extreme realism sold their work all with extreme realism sold their work all over England and Germanyover England and Germany
French kings recruited Italian artistsFrench kings recruited Italian artists Flanders became the Renaissance capital Flanders became the Renaissance capital
of Europeof Europe
The end of the RenaissanceThe end of the Renaissance
New styles became popular in the New styles became popular in the 1600’s 1600’s
Ideals of Renaissance thought Ideals of Renaissance thought continue to influence Western ideas continue to influence Western ideas today about the importance of the today about the importance of the individual individual Gives rise to more democratic ideasGives rise to more democratic ideas
Age of ExplorationAge of Exploration
Explorers Discover New LandsExplorers Discover New Lands
New Spirit of the RenaissanceNew Spirit of the Renaissance
How did the new ideas and values of How did the new ideas and values of the Renaissance lead to the Age of the Renaissance lead to the Age of Exploration?Exploration?
During Leonardo’s time, Portuguese During Leonardo’s time, Portuguese sailors charted the coast of Africa and sailors charted the coast of Africa and others discovered new continentsothers discovered new continents
The IndividualThe Individual
Explorers wanted to obtain individual Explorers wanted to obtain individual glory, they were curious, ambitious, glory, they were curious, ambitious, and confident just like Renaissance and confident just like Renaissance artistsartists
Factors that encouraged Factors that encouraged explorationexploration
Search for spices and profits Search for spices and profits Crusades led to demand for more goods Crusades led to demand for more goods
from Asiafrom Asia
Italian merchants controlled Eastern Italian merchants controlled Eastern Mediterranean, had a monopoly on the Mediterranean, had a monopoly on the spice trade, could make them $$spice trade, could make them $$
Wanted a route free of Turks – religious Wanted a route free of Turks – religious hostilities were highhostilities were high
More Factors in ExploringMore Factors in Exploring
Wanted to spread ChristianityWanted to spread Christianity
New Technology helps!New Technology helps! Caravel – ship with triangular sails for tacking Caravel – ship with triangular sails for tacking
into the wind, square ones for running before into the wind, square ones for running before the windthe wind
Astrolabe – used stars to decipher where on Astrolabe – used stars to decipher where on the earth one was in relation to the equatorthe earth one was in relation to the equator
Compass – indicates your direction Compass – indicates your direction
Portuguese explorationPortuguese exploration
1420 – Prince Henry create a school for 1420 – Prince Henry create a school for navigation – He was a patron of navigation – He was a patron of explorationexploration
First successful expeditions brought gold First successful expeditions brought gold and slaves from Africa, later ivory as welland slaves from Africa, later ivory as well Gold Coast at GhanaGold Coast at Ghana
This encouraged further exploration – want This encouraged further exploration – want to reach the Indiesto reach the Indies
Explorations around AfricaExplorations around Africa
Bartholomeu Dias – reached Cape of Bartholomeu Dias – reached Cape of Good Hope, southern most tip of Good Hope, southern most tip of AfricaAfrica
Vasco da Gama – 1497, he took 4 Vasco da Gama – 1497, he took 4 ships to India, first to round the Cape ships to India, first to round the Cape of Good Hopeof Good HopeLed to Portuguese domination of trade Led to Portuguese domination of trade
on Indian Ocean, gave them a direct sea on Indian Ocean, gave them a direct sea route to India, China and Spice Islandsroute to India, China and Spice Islands
““In 1492 Columbus sailed the In 1492 Columbus sailed the ocean blue.”ocean blue.”
Columbus convinced Queen Isabella and Columbus convinced Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand of Spain to sponsor his King Ferdinand of Spain to sponsor his quest across the Atlantic to reach Indiaquest across the Atlantic to reach India he estimated this would only be 2,000 mileshe estimated this would only be 2,000 milesThought the world was round, wanted to Thought the world was round, wanted to
reach Japan tooreach Japan tooNina, Pinta and Sana MariaNina, Pinta and Sana Maria
• Landed in the Bahamas, didn’t find the spices, Landed in the Bahamas, didn’t find the spices, but found natives and exotic birds and fruitbut found natives and exotic birds and fruit
So why do we give him So why do we give him such credit?such credit?
Viking voyages had landed in the Viking voyages had landed in the Americas first!Americas first!
Columbus’s exploration led to lasting Columbus’s exploration led to lasting and permanent settlements…and permanent settlements…
What else did it lead to?What else did it lead to?
Amerigo VespucciAmerigo Vespucci
Proclaimed this a new continent after Proclaimed this a new continent after exploring coastline of Brazil, its not Asia!exploring coastline of Brazil, its not Asia!
Leads to more explorations in a frenzyLeads to more explorations in a frenzy
Vasco Nunez de Balboa – slashed through Vasco Nunez de Balboa – slashed through Panama and discovered the Pacific OceanPanama and discovered the Pacific Ocean
Pope divides new lands between Spain and Pope divides new lands between Spain and Portugal, (because they didn’t already Portugal, (because they didn’t already belong to someone else?), at the Line of belong to someone else?), at the Line of DemarcationDemarcation
Ferdinand MagellanFerdinand Magellan
Portuguese sailor sailed round the world, Portuguese sailor sailed round the world, funded by Spain with 5 ships and crewsfunded by Spain with 5 ships and crews
The trip took 3 years and cost most their The trip took 3 years and cost most their lives, not an easy trip!lives, not an easy trip!
Proved the Americas were separate Proved the Americas were separate continents. continents.
Proved the world was much larger than Proved the world was much larger than anyone had thought. anyone had thought.