unit ii chapter 4-consciousness and its variations chapter 6-memory
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Unit II Chapter 4-Consciousness and its variations Chapter 6-Memory. Circadian Rhythm. Any rhythmic change that continues at close to a 24-hour cycle in the absence of 24-hour cues body temperature cortisol secretion sleep and wakefulness - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Unit IIChapter 4-Consciousness and its variations
Chapter 6-Memory
Any rhythmic change that continues at close to a 24-hour cycle in the absence of 24-hour cues◦ body temperature◦ cortisol secretion◦ sleep and wakefulness
In the absence of time cues, the cycle period will become somewhat longer than 24 hours.◦ Where could there be an absence of cues?
Circadian Rhythm
Electroencephalogram (EEG)
Electrodes placed on the scalp provide a gross record of the electrical activity of the brain
EEG recordings are a rough index of psychological states
Sleep stage 1: brief transition stage when first falling asleep
Stages 2 through 4 (slow-wave sleep): successively deeper stages of sleep
Characterized by an increasing percentage of slow, irregular, high-amplitude delta waves
Stages of Sleep
Delta waves
Sleep stage 11 second
Sleep stage 4
Sleep stage 2
Spindlers (bursts of activity)
Upon reaching stage 4 and after about 80 to 100 minutes of total sleep time, sleep lightens, returns through stages 3 and 2
REM sleep emerges, characterized by EEG patterns that resemble beta waves of alert wakefulness◦ muscles most relaxed◦ rapid eye movements occur◦ dreams occur
Four or five sleep cycles occur in a typical night’s sleep; less time is spent in slow-wave, more is spent in REM
Stages of Sleep
Some individuals need more and some less than the typical 8 hours per night
Nonsomniacs—sleep far less than most, but do not feel tired during the day
Insomniacs—have a normal desire for sleep, but are unable to and feel tired during the day
Individual Differences in Sleep Drive
Insomnia—inability to fall asleep or stay asleep REM sleep disorder—sleeper acts out his or her
dreams Night terrors—sudden arousal from sleep and
intense fear accompanied by physiological reactions (e.g., rapid heart rate, perspiration)
Narcolepsy—overpowering urge to fall asleep that may occur while talking or standing up.◦ Narcoleptic Dog
Sleep apnea—failure to breathe when asleep
Sleep Disorders
Dreams and REM Sleep• True dream—vivid, detailed dreams consisting of sensory and motor sensations experienced during REM
• Sleep thought—lacks vivid sensory and motor sensations, is more similar to daytime thinking
• Lucid dreaming-Anyone know what this is?
•Sleepwalking dog
State of awareness Highly focused attention Increased responsiveness to suggestion
Vivid imagery Willingness to accept distortions of logic
Alteration of sensation and perception
Hypnosis
Sustained concentration that focuses attention and heightens awareness
Lowered physiological arousal◦ decreased heart rate◦ decreased BP
Predominance of alpha brain waves
Meditation
Depressants—inhibit brain activity
Opiates—pain relief and euphoria Stimulants—increase brain activity
Psychedelics—distort sensory perceptions
Psychoactive Drugs
Physical dependenceToleranceWithdrawal symptomsDrug rebound effect
Common Properties
Alcohol—CNS depressantBarbiturates—induce sleepTranquilizers—relieve anxiety
Depressants
Chemically similar to morphine and have strong pain-relieving properties
Mimic the brain’s endorphins Heroin, methadone Percodan, Demerol
Opiates
CaffeineNicotineAmphetaminesCocaine
Stimulants
Create perceptual distortionsMescalineLSDMarijuanaFlashback reactions and psychotic episodes
Psychedelics
Chapter 6-MemoryPBS-Video-start at 39:30min
Stage Model of Memory
Three Stages of Memory
Three memory stores that differ in function, capacity and duration
Long-term memory
Working orShort-term
Memory
Sensory
Input
Sensory Memory
AttentionEncoding
Retrieval
Maintenance Rehearsal
Sensory Memory
Function—holds information long enough to be processed for basic physical characteristics
Capacity—large◦ can hold many items at
once Duration—very brief
retention of images◦ .3 sec for visual info◦ 2 sec for auditory info
Sensory
InputSensoryMemory
Short Term or Working Memory
Working orShort-term
Memory
Sensory
Input
Sensory Memory
Attention
Short-Term Memory
Function—conscious processing of information◦ where information is actively worked on
Capacity—limited (holds 7+/-2 items) Duration—brief storage (about 30 seconds)
Working orShort-term
Memory
Sensory
Input
Sensory Memory
Attention
Maintenance Rehearsal
Mental or verbal repetition of information allows information to remain in working memory longer than the usual 30 seconds
Working orShort-term
Memory
Sensory
Input
Sensory Memory
Attention
Maintenance Rehearsal
Grouping small bits of information into larger units of information◦ expands working memory load
Which is easier to remember?◦ 4 8 3 7 9 2 5 1 6◦ 483 792 516
Chunking
Long-Term Memory
Once information passes from sensory to working memory, it can be encoded into long-term memory
Long-term memory
Working orShort-term
Memory
Sensory
Input
Sensory Memory
AttentionEncoding
Retrieval
Maintenance Rehearsal
Long-Term Memory Encoding—process that controls movement
from working to long-term memory store Retrieval—process that controls flow of
information from long-term to working memory store
Long-term memory
Working orShort-term
Memory
Sensory
Input
Sensory Memory
AttentionEncoding
Retrieval
Maintenance Rehearsal
Explicit memory—memory with awareness; information can be consciously recollected; also called declarative memory
Implicit memory—memory without awareness; memory that affects behavior but cannot consciously be recalled; also called non-declarative memory
Types of Long Term Memory
Explicit MemoryDeclarative or conscious memory
Memory consciously recalled or declared
Can use explicit memory to directly respond to a question
Two subtypes of explicit memory
Memory tied to your own personal experiences
Examples:◦ What month is your birthday?◦ Do you like to eat caramel apples?
Q: Why are these explicit memories? A: Because you can actively declare your
answers to these questions
Episodic Memory
Memory not tied to personal events
General facts and definitions about
the worldExamples:
◦How many tires on a car?◦What is a cloud?◦What color is a banana?
Semantic Memory
Q: Why are these explicit memories?
A: Because you can actively declare your answers
Important note: Though you may have personal experience with these items, your ability to answer does NOT depend on tying the item to your past◦ i.e., Do not have to recall the time last week when you
ate a banana to say that bananas are yellow
Semantic Memory
TOT—involves the sensation of knowing that specific information is stored in long-term memory but being unable to retrieve it
Can’t retrieve info that you absolutely know is stored in your LTM
Tip of the tongue phenomenon
Recall—test of LTM that involves retrieving memories without cues, also termed free recall
Cued recall—test of LTM that involves remembering an item of information in response to a retrieval cue
Recognition—test of LTM that involves identifying correct information from a series of possible choices.
Serial position effect—tendency to remember items at the beginning and end of a list better than items in the middle.
Measures of Retrieval
Scripts—type of schema◦Mental organization of events in time
◦Example of a classroom script: Come into class, sit down, talk to friends, bell rings, instructor begins to speak, take notes, bell rings again, leave class, etc.
Eyewitness Testimony
Recall not an exact replica of original events Recall a construction built and rebuilt from
various sources Often fit memories into existing beliefs or
schemas Schema—mental representation of an object,
scene or event◦ Example: schema of a countryside may include
green grass, hills, farms, a barn, cows, etc.
Eyewitness Testimony
Which is the real penny?
Answer
Even though you’ve seen thousands of pennies, you’ve probably never looked at one
closely to encode specific features
Encoding Failures
Retroactive Interference
When a NEW memory interferes with remembering OLD information
Example: When new phone number interferes with ability to remember old phone number
Decay Theories Memories fade
away or decay gradually if unused
Time plays critical role
Ability to retrieve info declines with time after original encoding
Average percentage of
information retained
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
20mins
1hr
8hrs
24hrs
2days
6days
31days
Interval between original learning of nonsense syllables and memory test
100%
Amnesia—severe memory loss Retrograde amnesia—inability to remember
past episodic information; common after head injury; need for consolidation
Anterograde amnesia—inability to form new memories; related to hippocampus damage
Memory test
Biological Basis of Memory
Memory TestYou have 60 seconds!
SOUR NICE CANDYHONEY SUGAR SODABITTER COCOA GOODCAKE TASTE HEARTTOOTH TART PIE
How many put the word SWEET down from your
list?
2nd Chance Memory TestYou have 60 seconds!
MAD WRATH FEARHAPPY HATE FIGHTRAGE HATRED TEMPERMEAN FURY CALMIRE EMOTION RAGE
How many put the word ANGER or
ANGRY down from the list?
MEMORY TEST CONCLUSION
How many of you on the first list put down the word “SWEET”, if so stand up, good job.Now on the 2nd list, how many of you put down the word “ANGER” or “ANGRY”, if so stand up, good job.
ALL OF YOU STANDING ARE 100%, POSITIVELY
?
SOUR NICE CANDY
HONEY
SUGAR SODA
BITTER
COCOA GOOD
CAKE TASTE HEART
TOOTH
TART PIE
MAD WRATH FEAR
HAPPY HATE FIGHT
RAGE HATRED TEMPER
MEAN FURY CALM
IRE EMOTION
RAGE