unit 9: dairy cattle feeding chapter 9. unit 9: dairy cattle feeding unit 9 objectives: unit 9...
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Unit 9: Dairy Cattle Unit 9: Dairy Cattle FeedingFeeding
Chapter 9Chapter 9
Unit 9: Dairy Cattle FeedingUnit 9: Dairy Cattle Feeding
Unit 9 Objectives:Unit 9 Objectives:Discuss life-cycle feeding programs for dairyDiscuss life-cycle feeding programs for dairy Identify nutrient needs and additives usedIdentify nutrient needs and additives usedUnderstand nutrition related Understand nutrition related
diseases/disordersdiseases/disorders
Unit 9: Dairy Cattle FeedingUnit 9: Dairy Cattle Feeding
Feeding for Milk ProductionFeeding for Milk ProductionGeneralGeneral
What types of systems are in use for milk What types of systems are in use for milk production in today’s industry?production in today’s industry?
What influences which system is utilized?What influences which system is utilized?Feeding is often the determining factor in Feeding is often the determining factor in
productivity of lactating dairy cowsproductivity of lactating dairy cows Represents 50% of the total cost of productionRepresents 50% of the total cost of production
Nutrient requirements for lactation are several Nutrient requirements for lactation are several times that of maintenance requirementtimes that of maintenance requirement
Unit 9: Dairy Cattle FeedingUnit 9: Dairy Cattle Feeding
Things to remember:Things to remember: There is more variation in protein content and quality and There is more variation in protein content and quality and
energy in forages & concentratesenergy in forages & concentrates Primarily concerned with NEl, CP, DP, RUP, & AA Primarily concerned with NEl, CP, DP, RUP, & AA
contents of the rationcontents of the ration Mineral content and interactions are becoming much Mineral content and interactions are becoming much
more important and manipulatedmore important and manipulated
Forage ConsumptionForage ConsumptionEstimated daily intake of forages is based on body Estimated daily intake of forages is based on body
weight and forage qualityweight and forage quality What does forage quality have to do with it?What does forage quality have to do with it?
Unit 9: Dairy Cattle FeedingUnit 9: Dairy Cattle Feeding
Forage intake must be restricted somewhat to Forage intake must be restricted somewhat to allow for sufficient grain supplementation to allow for sufficient grain supplementation to support milk productionsupport milk production
Silage can replace hay at a ratio of 3:1Silage can replace hay at a ratio of 3:1Pasture intake will usually exceed silage intakePasture intake will usually exceed silage intakeSome evidence that increased feeding times can Some evidence that increased feeding times can
increase total forage consumptionincrease total forage consumption Increasing forage variety can also help increase Increasing forage variety can also help increase
consumptionconsumption
Unit 9: Dairy Cattle FeedingUnit 9: Dairy Cattle Feeding
Concentrates for Dairy CattleConcentrates for Dairy CattleConcentrate mixtureConcentrate mixture
Grains, milled feeds, protein supplements, min/vitGrains, milled feeds, protein supplements, min/vit Mixture will vary with the forage programMixture will vary with the forage program Consider availability and cost of nutrientsConsider availability and cost of nutrients
Level of concentrate fed depends:Level of concentrate fed depends: Amount of forage consumedAmount of forage consumed Milk productionMilk production Milk fat compositionMilk fat composition NEVER feed over 60% concentrate in the diet – NEVER feed over 60% concentrate in the diet –
drastically changes VFA composition in the rumen – drastically changes VFA composition in the rumen – what health problems does it cause?what health problems does it cause?
Unit 9: Dairy Cattle FeedingUnit 9: Dairy Cattle Feeding
Intake is affected by:Intake is affected by: PalatabilityPalatability Time they have access to feedTime they have access to feed
How has feed access changes over the years?How has feed access changes over the years? How did we used to offer feeds?How did we used to offer feeds?
Concentrate feeding levels should be appropriate Concentrate feeding levels should be appropriate for each operationfor each operation
No book-value is very accurateNo book-value is very accurate Can underfeed the high producer and overfeed the low Can underfeed the high producer and overfeed the low
producerproducer
Unit 9: Dairy Cattle FeedingUnit 9: Dairy Cattle Feeding
Steps in Ration Balancing for Lactating Dairy Steps in Ration Balancing for Lactating Dairy CattleCattleEstablish needsEstablish needs
Maintenance plus milk production & reproductive needsMaintenance plus milk production & reproductive needsDetermine feeds availableDetermine feeds available
ForagesForages Kind & qualityKind & quality
Concentrate MixConcentrate Mix Kind & amountKind & amount
Establish feeding levelsEstablish feeding levels ForageForage
Appropriate for quality and productionAppropriate for quality and production
Unit 9: Dairy Cattle FeedingUnit 9: Dairy Cattle Feeding ConcentrateConcentrate
Supply additional nutritional needsSupply additional nutritional needsBalanceBalance
Make sure protein & energy needs are metMake sure protein & energy needs are met Evaluate forage : concentrate ratioEvaluate forage : concentrate ratio Check protein sources and amino acid levelsCheck protein sources and amino acid levels Ensure proper min/vit supplementationEnsure proper min/vit supplementation
Feeding GuidelinesFeeding GuidelinesGroups can be separated based on:Groups can be separated based on:
Stage of lactationStage of lactation AgeAge Dry periodDry period What groups can/should we have?What groups can/should we have?
Unit 9: Dairy Cattle FeedingUnit 9: Dairy Cattle Feeding Early Lactation or Post-fresh GroupEarly Lactation or Post-fresh Group
0 – 60 or 70 DIM0 – 60 or 70 DIM Milk production increases rapidly, peaks 6-8wks Milk production increases rapidly, peaks 6-8wks
post-calvingpost-calving Avoid excessive levels of grainAvoid excessive levels of grain Encourage forage intakeEncourage forage intake Keep it palatableKeep it palatable High dietary proteinHigh dietary protein Limit urea contentLimit urea content Increase energy density (increase fat content)Increase energy density (increase fat content)
Unit 9: Dairy Cattle FeedingUnit 9: Dairy Cattle Feeding Peak MilkPeak Milk
Highest DMI’sHighest DMI’s 60 – 140 DIM60 – 140 DIM Maximal DMI during peak milk increases total milk Maximal DMI during peak milk increases total milk
production – each 1# peak milk = 300#’s milk in production – each 1# peak milk = 300#’s milk in lactationlactation
Feed several times/dFeed several times/d Maximize ration forage content without Maximize ration forage content without
compromising energy, protein, and amino acidscompromising energy, protein, and amino acids Mid to Late LactationMid to Late Lactation
140 DIM to dry period140 DIM to dry period Milk production declines, cow is pregnantMilk production declines, cow is pregnant
Unit 9: Dairy Cattle FeedingUnit 9: Dairy Cattle Feeding Match grain intake to milk production – be careful not Match grain intake to milk production – be careful not
to waste feed and over-condition cowsto waste feed and over-condition cows Dry period (Far-Off)Dry period (Far-Off)
21 – 60d prepartum21 – 60d prepartum High forage contentHigh forage content Maintain body condition – don’t lose weight, maybe Maintain body condition – don’t lose weight, maybe
slight weight gainslight weight gain Enough grain and supplement to support CP, Enough grain and supplement to support CP,
energy, and min/vit requirementsenergy, and min/vit requirements Drop Ca supplementation levelsDrop Ca supplementation levels
Unit 9: Dairy Cattle FeedingUnit 9: Dairy Cattle Feeding Dry Period (Pre-fresh)Dry Period (Pre-fresh)
0 – 21d prepartum0 – 21d prepartum Increase ration energy & protein contentIncrease ration energy & protein content Make ration more energy denseMake ration more energy dense DMI’s reduced greatly prior to calvingDMI’s reduced greatly prior to calving Manipulate ration min/vit concentrations to help with Manipulate ration min/vit concentrations to help with
post-calving problems – what are the target post-calving problems – what are the target problemsproblems
DCADDCAD Increase feed palatabilityIncrease feed palatability Decrease stocking rateDecrease stocking rate Maintain pen cleanlinessMaintain pen cleanliness
Unit 9: Dairy Cattle FeedingUnit 9: Dairy Cattle Feeding
Things to RememberThings to RememberFeed young growing cows for growth, as well as, Feed young growing cows for growth, as well as,
milk productionmilk production What about a separate first calf heifer group?What about a separate first calf heifer group?
More cows are usually underfed on energy than More cows are usually underfed on energy than proteinprotein
Balancing for amino acid content can help minimize Balancing for amino acid content can help minimize overfeeding of proteinoverfeeding of protein
Limit finely ground feedstuffs (except for grain) to Limit finely ground feedstuffs (except for grain) to prevent drop in milk fat testprevent drop in milk fat test
Inclusion of hay is recommendedInclusion of hay is recommended
Unit 9: Dairy Cattle FeedingUnit 9: Dairy Cattle Feeding
Have water available at all timesHave water available at all times 3-5 lbs of water/lb milk/d3-5 lbs of water/lb milk/d
Adding fatAdding fat Adding fat helps in early lactation to improve energy Adding fat helps in early lactation to improve energy
densitydensity Avoid excessive fat levels due to unpalatability and feed Avoid excessive fat levels due to unpalatability and feed
freshness problemsfreshness problems
bST usebST use Begin at 9Begin at 9thth week of lactation week of lactation Increases milk production by 8-10lbs/dIncreases milk production by 8-10lbs/d Does increase DMIDoes increase DMI
Unit 9: Dairy Cattle FeedingUnit 9: Dairy Cattle Feeding
Feed for Dairy CalvesFeed for Dairy CalvesCommon Feed for CalvesCommon Feed for Calves
ColostrumColostrum Remove calf from cow immediatelyRemove calf from cow immediately Try to get 2 quarts on colostrum in within 30 min to 1 hrTry to get 2 quarts on colostrum in within 30 min to 1 hr
Milk replacerMilk replacer Various programsVarious programs
20/2020/20 Accelerated growthAccelerated growth Antibiotics usually includedAntibiotics usually included
Unit 9: Dairy Cattle FeedingUnit 9: Dairy Cattle Feeding
Calf StartersCalf Starters Usually 16-20% CPUsually 16-20% CP Must be extremely palatableMust be extremely palatable Antibiotic is recommended to help w/ respiratory and Antibiotic is recommended to help w/ respiratory and
scour problemsscour problems Encourage starter intake ASAPEncourage starter intake ASAP
Wean when they eat 3 lbs/d for 3 consecutive daysWean when they eat 3 lbs/d for 3 consecutive days Calves with growth faster and more efficiently on dry Calves with growth faster and more efficiently on dry
feedfeed Do not feed hayDo not feed hay
Unit 9: Dairy Cattle FeedingUnit 9: Dairy Cattle Feeding
Heifers 4-12 mos of AgeHeifers 4-12 mos of AgeNeed to supplement grain to help meet energy Need to supplement grain to help meet energy
needsneeds Rumen capacity isn’t sufficient to get all needs from Rumen capacity isn’t sufficient to get all needs from
forages aloneforages alone
Include an ionophore for improved rate of gain & Include an ionophore for improved rate of gain & feed efficiencyfeed efficiency
DO NOT let them get over conditionedDO NOT let them get over conditioned Decreases reproductive performanceDecreases reproductive performance Decreases milk production capabilityDecreases milk production capability
Unit 9: Dairy Cattle FeedingUnit 9: Dairy Cattle Feeding
Heifers 12 mos to calvingHeifers 12 mos to calvingForage should be able to support their nutritional Forage should be able to support their nutritional
requirementsrequirements Supplement enough grain to include min/vit and Supplement enough grain to include min/vit and
ionophoresionophores
Target breeding weight is 800 lbsTarget breeding weight is 800 lbs 550 for Jerseys550 for Jerseys Heifers must gain 1.75lbs/d to reach target wt by 15 mosHeifers must gain 1.75lbs/d to reach target wt by 15 mos Breed by weightBreed by weight Goal should be to have average first calving <24 mosGoal should be to have average first calving <24 mos Avoid over conditioningAvoid over conditioning
Some producers include straw or other high fiber Some producers include straw or other high fiber components to slow down growthcomponents to slow down growth
Unit 9: Dairy Cattle FeedingUnit 9: Dairy Cattle Feeding
Mix with dry cow 60d prior to calvingMix with dry cow 60d prior to calvingMinimum of 21d in a pre-fresh groupMinimum of 21d in a pre-fresh group
Keep DMI and energy levels upKeep DMI and energy levels up Adjust to higher grain content and better quality foragesAdjust to higher grain content and better quality forages