unit 8 - quia · pdf fileunit 8 south asia . ... –ganges –indus –brahmaputra...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: UNIT 8 - Quia · PDF fileUNIT 8 SOUTH ASIA . ... –Ganges –Indus –Brahmaputra –Alluvial plains: ... • Subsistence farming • Challenges –Arid in large parts of](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021819/5abe43887f8b9add5f8c50f3/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
UNIT 8
SOUTH ASIA
![Page 2: UNIT 8 - Quia · PDF fileUNIT 8 SOUTH ASIA . ... –Ganges –Indus –Brahmaputra –Alluvial plains: ... • Subsistence farming • Challenges –Arid in large parts of](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021819/5abe43887f8b9add5f8c50f3/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
CHAPTER 24
PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF SOUTH ASIA:
THE LAND WHRE CONTINENTS COLLIDED
![Page 3: UNIT 8 - Quia · PDF fileUNIT 8 SOUTH ASIA . ... –Ganges –Indus –Brahmaputra –Alluvial plains: ... • Subsistence farming • Challenges –Arid in large parts of](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021819/5abe43887f8b9add5f8c50f3/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
24.1 LANDFORMS AND RESOURCES
• South Asia is a
subcontinent
– Separated from the :
– “Indian subcontinent”
• Home to:
![Page 4: UNIT 8 - Quia · PDF fileUNIT 8 SOUTH ASIA . ... –Ganges –Indus –Brahmaputra –Alluvial plains: ... • Subsistence farming • Challenges –Arid in large parts of](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021819/5abe43887f8b9add5f8c50f3/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
• Mountains
– Form northern edge of the subcontinent
– Himalayas
• System of parallel ranges
• Stretch :
– Hindu Kush
• Lie at :
– Karakoram Mountains
• Northeastern part of mountain chain
![Page 5: UNIT 8 - Quia · PDF fileUNIT 8 SOUTH ASIA . ... –Ganges –Indus –Brahmaputra –Alluvial plains: ... • Subsistence farming • Challenges –Arid in large parts of](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021819/5abe43887f8b9add5f8c50f3/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Mount Everest •Nepal is home to eight of the ten
highest mountain peaks in the
world including Mount Everest
(pictured) which :
![Page 6: UNIT 8 - Quia · PDF fileUNIT 8 SOUTH ASIA . ... –Ganges –Indus –Brahmaputra –Alluvial plains: ... • Subsistence farming • Challenges –Arid in large parts of](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021819/5abe43887f8b9add5f8c50f3/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Khyber Pass
• The Khyber Pass cuts a 20 mile path across the Safed Koh Mountains (part of the larger Hindu Kush range) :
• The Khyber Pass has been a strategic:
• The British writer Rudyard Kipling called the pass "a sword cut through the mountains."
![Page 7: UNIT 8 - Quia · PDF fileUNIT 8 SOUTH ASIA . ... –Ganges –Indus –Brahmaputra –Alluvial plains: ... • Subsistence farming • Challenges –Arid in large parts of](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021819/5abe43887f8b9add5f8c50f3/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
K2
• K2 in Gilgit–
Baltistan is
the second-highest
mountain on Earth,
with a peak elevation
of 8,611 metres
(28,251 ft).
• K2 is known as the:
![Page 8: UNIT 8 - Quia · PDF fileUNIT 8 SOUTH ASIA . ... –Ganges –Indus –Brahmaputra –Alluvial plains: ... • Subsistence farming • Challenges –Arid in large parts of](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021819/5abe43887f8b9add5f8c50f3/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
• Deccan Plateau
– Covers much of:
– Bordered by Western
and Eastern Ghats
– Largely :
![Page 9: UNIT 8 - Quia · PDF fileUNIT 8 SOUTH ASIA . ... –Ganges –Indus –Brahmaputra –Alluvial plains: ... • Subsistence farming • Challenges –Arid in large parts of](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021819/5abe43887f8b9add5f8c50f3/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
• Water
• Indo-Gangetic Plain
– Formed by :
– Ganges
– Indus
– Brahmaputra
– Alluvial plains:
– High :
![Page 10: UNIT 8 - Quia · PDF fileUNIT 8 SOUTH ASIA . ... –Ganges –Indus –Brahmaputra –Alluvial plains: ... • Subsistence farming • Challenges –Arid in large parts of](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021819/5abe43887f8b9add5f8c50f3/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Sri Lanka
• Tropical :
• Mountains dominate:
• Coastal plain with
beaches circles the
island
![Page 11: UNIT 8 - Quia · PDF fileUNIT 8 SOUTH ASIA . ... –Ganges –Indus –Brahmaputra –Alluvial plains: ... • Subsistence farming • Challenges –Arid in large parts of](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021819/5abe43887f8b9add5f8c50f3/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
The Maldives
• The Maldives are an :
• 200 are inhabited
• Run 500 miles north to
south in:
• Atolls
– Tops of :
– Surrounded by coral
reefs and shallow
lagoons
![Page 12: UNIT 8 - Quia · PDF fileUNIT 8 SOUTH ASIA . ... –Ganges –Indus –Brahmaputra –Alluvial plains: ... • Subsistence farming • Challenges –Arid in large parts of](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021819/5abe43887f8b9add5f8c50f3/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
• Water and Soil
– Farming and:
– Transportation and
power
• Forests
– Hardwoods, bamboo,
sandalwood
– deforestation
![Page 13: UNIT 8 - Quia · PDF fileUNIT 8 SOUTH ASIA . ... –Ganges –Indus –Brahmaputra –Alluvial plains: ... • Subsistence farming • Challenges –Arid in large parts of](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021819/5abe43887f8b9add5f8c50f3/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
![Page 14: UNIT 8 - Quia · PDF fileUNIT 8 SOUTH ASIA . ... –Ganges –Indus –Brahmaputra –Alluvial plains: ... • Subsistence farming • Challenges –Arid in large parts of](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021819/5abe43887f8b9add5f8c50f3/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
• Minerals
– Coal
– Petroleum
– Natural gas
– Uranium
– Iron ore
– Mica (flakes
pictured)
– gemstones
![Page 15: UNIT 8 - Quia · PDF fileUNIT 8 SOUTH ASIA . ... –Ganges –Indus –Brahmaputra –Alluvial plains: ... • Subsistence farming • Challenges –Arid in large parts of](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021819/5abe43887f8b9add5f8c50f3/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
![Page 16: UNIT 8 - Quia · PDF fileUNIT 8 SOUTH ASIA . ... –Ganges –Indus –Brahmaputra –Alluvial plains: ... • Subsistence farming • Challenges –Arid in large parts of](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021819/5abe43887f8b9add5f8c50f3/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
24.2 CLIMATE AND VEGETATION
• 6 main climate zones
– Highland
– Humid subtropical
– Semiarid
– Desert
– Tropical wet
– Tropical wet and dry
![Page 17: UNIT 8 - Quia · PDF fileUNIT 8 SOUTH ASIA . ... –Ganges –Indus –Brahmaputra –Alluvial plains: ... • Subsistence farming • Challenges –Arid in large parts of](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021819/5abe43887f8b9add5f8c50f3/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
• Monsoons
– Seasonal winds
– October-February
= :
– June-September =
– Heavy rains
– Unpredictable
– damage
http://education.nationalgeographic.com/
education/encyclopedia/monsoon/?ar_a
=1
![Page 18: UNIT 8 - Quia · PDF fileUNIT 8 SOUTH ASIA . ... –Ganges –Indus –Brahmaputra –Alluvial plains: ... • Subsistence farming • Challenges –Arid in large parts of](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021819/5abe43887f8b9add5f8c50f3/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
• Cyclones
– Most :
– winds, heavy rains
– Low-lying costal
regions of
Bangladesh :
![Page 19: UNIT 8 - Quia · PDF fileUNIT 8 SOUTH ASIA . ... –Ganges –Indus –Brahmaputra –Alluvial plains: ... • Subsistence farming • Challenges –Arid in large parts of](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021819/5abe43887f8b9add5f8c50f3/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
• Tropical Wet
– Most forested part
• Highland
– Pine, fur, evergreen
forests
• Humid Subtropical
– Forest and palms
• Semiarid
– Desert shrubs and
grasses, less
vegetation
• Tropical Wet and Dry
– Grasses and trees
![Page 20: UNIT 8 - Quia · PDF fileUNIT 8 SOUTH ASIA . ... –Ganges –Indus –Brahmaputra –Alluvial plains: ... • Subsistence farming • Challenges –Arid in large parts of](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021819/5abe43887f8b9add5f8c50f3/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
24.3 HUMAN-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION
• Ganges River
– 1,500 miles
– Water for :
– Population :
– “Mother Ganges”
– Varanasi
– pollution
![Page 21: UNIT 8 - Quia · PDF fileUNIT 8 SOUTH ASIA . ... –Ganges –Indus –Brahmaputra –Alluvial plains: ... • Subsistence farming • Challenges –Arid in large parts of](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021819/5abe43887f8b9add5f8c50f3/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
• Feni River
– Flows through low
costal plain that :
– Flooding
• Monsoon season
• Cyclones lead to
storm surges
• Largest :
![Page 22: UNIT 8 - Quia · PDF fileUNIT 8 SOUTH ASIA . ... –Ganges –Indus –Brahmaputra –Alluvial plains: ... • Subsistence farming • Challenges –Arid in large parts of](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021819/5abe43887f8b9add5f8c50f3/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
25.1 INDIA
• History/Geography
• Indus Valley, 2500 B.C.
• Aryan invasion – Push Dravidians south
• Mauryan Empire unites India 321 B.C. – Asoka spreads :
• Mughal Empire – Muslims conquered Indus
valley and est. empire by 1500s
– New customs bring conflict with :
![Page 23: UNIT 8 - Quia · PDF fileUNIT 8 SOUTH ASIA . ... –Ganges –Indus –Brahmaputra –Alluvial plains: ... • Subsistence farming • Challenges –Arid in large parts of](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021819/5abe43887f8b9add5f8c50f3/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
• Colonialism
– 1500s :
– British
• East India Co.
• 1857 – raj
• Gandhi and non-
violent resistance
• 1947:
![Page 24: UNIT 8 - Quia · PDF fileUNIT 8 SOUTH ASIA . ... –Ganges –Indus –Brahmaputra –Alluvial plains: ... • Subsistence farming • Challenges –Arid in large parts of](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021819/5abe43887f8b9add5f8c50f3/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Mohandas Gandhi
• As Indian nationalism began to develop in the late 1800s, Western ideas of individual rights and self-government spread through the Indian middle class.
• Mohandas Gandhi used:
• Gandhi peacefully resisted by :
• In 1935, the British agreed to establish :
![Page 25: UNIT 8 - Quia · PDF fileUNIT 8 SOUTH ASIA . ... –Ganges –Indus –Brahmaputra –Alluvial plains: ... • Subsistence farming • Challenges –Arid in large parts of](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021819/5abe43887f8b9add5f8c50f3/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
• Government
– Jawaharlal Nehru
– Constitution 1950
– World’s :
• Federation
• parliamentary
– Diversity
• Hindus vs. Muslims
• Sikhs and Tamils
![Page 26: UNIT 8 - Quia · PDF fileUNIT 8 SOUTH ASIA . ... –Ganges –Indus –Brahmaputra –Alluvial plains: ... • Subsistence farming • Challenges –Arid in large parts of](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021819/5abe43887f8b9add5f8c50f3/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
• Economy
– 2/3 farm
• Majority :
• Cottage industries
– Obstacles to:
– Green Revolution
• Increased crop yields
– Growing Industry
• Textiles
• Iron, steel, chemicals,
etc.
– Modernization
• More people finding:
![Page 27: UNIT 8 - Quia · PDF fileUNIT 8 SOUTH ASIA . ... –Ganges –Indus –Brahmaputra –Alluvial plains: ... • Subsistence farming • Challenges –Arid in large parts of](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021819/5abe43887f8b9add5f8c50f3/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Changing Economy
![Page 28: UNIT 8 - Quia · PDF fileUNIT 8 SOUTH ASIA . ... –Ganges –Indus –Brahmaputra –Alluvial plains: ... • Subsistence farming • Challenges –Arid in large parts of](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021819/5abe43887f8b9add5f8c50f3/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Major Cities
• New Delhi is the:
• Mumbai is the
country’s :
• Bangalore has
become the country’s:
![Page 29: UNIT 8 - Quia · PDF fileUNIT 8 SOUTH ASIA . ... –Ganges –Indus –Brahmaputra –Alluvial plains: ... • Subsistence farming • Challenges –Arid in large parts of](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021819/5abe43887f8b9add5f8c50f3/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Outsourcing
• India is becoming a
leading industrial
nation.
• Advances have
been made there in:
• India has become a
favored:
![Page 30: UNIT 8 - Quia · PDF fileUNIT 8 SOUTH ASIA . ... –Ganges –Indus –Brahmaputra –Alluvial plains: ... • Subsistence farming • Challenges –Arid in large parts of](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021819/5abe43887f8b9add5f8c50f3/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
• Society/Culture
• Family
– Center of life
– Arranged:
– Patriarchal
– Joint :
![Page 31: UNIT 8 - Quia · PDF fileUNIT 8 SOUTH ASIA . ... –Ganges –Indus –Brahmaputra –Alluvial plains: ... • Subsistence farming • Challenges –Arid in large parts of](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021819/5abe43887f8b9add5f8c50f3/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Indian Food
• For religious and
economic reasons,
Indians follow a:
• Most Indians eat
some form of:
• Some eat meat, fish,
or chicken in curry
![Page 32: UNIT 8 - Quia · PDF fileUNIT 8 SOUTH ASIA . ... –Ganges –Indus –Brahmaputra –Alluvial plains: ... • Subsistence farming • Challenges –Arid in large parts of](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021819/5abe43887f8b9add5f8c50f3/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Indian Entertainment
• Sports
– Soccer:
• Movies
– Foreign films
– Bollywood
• Bride and Predjudice-
Bollywood style: Punjabi
Wedding Song
• Music
– Traditional and
modern
![Page 33: UNIT 8 - Quia · PDF fileUNIT 8 SOUTH ASIA . ... –Ganges –Indus –Brahmaputra –Alluvial plains: ... • Subsistence farming • Challenges –Arid in large parts of](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021819/5abe43887f8b9add5f8c50f3/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
• Education – Facilitating economic
change
– Literacy :
• Languages – Hindi = :
– English spoken by many:
– Many different languages and dialects spoken across India
![Page 34: UNIT 8 - Quia · PDF fileUNIT 8 SOUTH ASIA . ... –Ganges –Indus –Brahmaputra –Alluvial plains: ... • Subsistence farming • Challenges –Arid in large parts of](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021819/5abe43887f8b9add5f8c50f3/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
• Religion
– Hinduism
• 80% of:
• Polytheistic
• Reincarnation
• Caste system
– Other religions
• Muslim
• Christianity,
Jainism, Sikhism,
Buddhism
![Page 35: UNIT 8 - Quia · PDF fileUNIT 8 SOUTH ASIA . ... –Ganges –Indus –Brahmaputra –Alluvial plains: ... • Subsistence farming • Challenges –Arid in large parts of](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021819/5abe43887f8b9add5f8c50f3/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
25.2 PAKISTAN AND BANGLADESH
• History/Geography
– Indus Valley
civilization begin in
Pakistan around 2500
B.C.
– Followed history
outlined for India
– Both were :
![Page 36: UNIT 8 - Quia · PDF fileUNIT 8 SOUTH ASIA . ... –Ganges –Indus –Brahmaputra –Alluvial plains: ... • Subsistence farming • Challenges –Arid in large parts of](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021819/5abe43887f8b9add5f8c50f3/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
• Birth of Modern
Pakistan & Bangladesh
– 1947 partition
– Violence :
– East and West
Pakistan
• East Pakistan won
independence with
help of India:
• Became country:
![Page 37: UNIT 8 - Quia · PDF fileUNIT 8 SOUTH ASIA . ... –Ganges –Indus –Brahmaputra –Alluvial plains: ... • Subsistence farming • Challenges –Arid in large parts of](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021819/5abe43887f8b9add5f8c50f3/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
• Government
– Struggles for democracy
• Elected governments
alternate with periods
of:
• Corruption – http://cpi.transparency.org/
cpi2012/results/
– Kashmir
• Disputed :
• The most violent
outbreaks came in
1947-48, 1965, and
1971
![Page 38: UNIT 8 - Quia · PDF fileUNIT 8 SOUTH ASIA . ... –Ganges –Indus –Brahmaputra –Alluvial plains: ... • Subsistence farming • Challenges –Arid in large parts of](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021819/5abe43887f8b9add5f8c50f3/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
• Economy - Farming
– Predominantly agricultural
• Subsistence farming
• Challenges
– Arid in large parts of
Pakistan
– Monsoons & cyclones -
Bangladesh
– High levels of poverty
• Bangladesh ranks:
– Main crops
• Rice :
• Wheat & Cotton :
• Jute :
![Page 39: UNIT 8 - Quia · PDF fileUNIT 8 SOUTH ASIA . ... –Ganges –Indus –Brahmaputra –Alluvial plains: ... • Subsistence farming • Challenges –Arid in large parts of](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021819/5abe43887f8b9add5f8c50f3/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
• Economy – Industry
– Struggles :
• Small factories lack :
• Garment industry
– Microcredit
• Initiated in Bangladesh
• Small loans to:
• Has encouraged small business growth
• *Top image Pakistan, bottom Bangladesh
![Page 40: UNIT 8 - Quia · PDF fileUNIT 8 SOUTH ASIA . ... –Ganges –Indus –Brahmaputra –Alluvial plains: ... • Subsistence farming • Challenges –Arid in large parts of](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021819/5abe43887f8b9add5f8c50f3/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Garment Industry-Bangladesh • The garment industry employs some 4
million people in Bangladesh, 80 per cent of them women.
• It is the world's second largest garment manufacturer after China, with the bulk of its $21.5 billion annual shipments going to top Western retailers
• Concerns over labor rights and worker safety that intensified after hundreds died there in the global garment industry’s worst accident.
• In June 2013, President Obama announced the suspension of U.S. trade privileges for Bangladesh
• Bangladesh’s Foreign Ministry called the suspension “harsh” and had been taken despite its concrete actions to improve factory safety
• http://video.foxnews.com/v/2330975957001/retailers-take-cue-from-bangladesh-factory-collapse/
![Page 41: UNIT 8 - Quia · PDF fileUNIT 8 SOUTH ASIA . ... –Ganges –Indus –Brahmaputra –Alluvial plains: ... • Subsistence farming • Challenges –Arid in large parts of](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021819/5abe43887f8b9add5f8c50f3/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
• Society/Culture
• Religion
– Islam = :
– Observe Ramadan
– Islamic law
implemented :
• Purdah
![Page 42: UNIT 8 - Quia · PDF fileUNIT 8 SOUTH ASIA . ... –Ganges –Indus –Brahmaputra –Alluvial plains: ... • Subsistence farming • Challenges –Arid in large parts of](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021819/5abe43887f8b9add5f8c50f3/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Purdah • Purdah or Pardaa
(Persian: پرده, Urdu: literally meaning پرده"curtain") is the practice of :
• Purdah exists in various forms in the
Islamic world and among Hindu women in parts of India.
![Page 43: UNIT 8 - Quia · PDF fileUNIT 8 SOUTH ASIA . ... –Ganges –Indus –Brahmaputra –Alluvial plains: ... • Subsistence farming • Challenges –Arid in large parts of](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021819/5abe43887f8b9add5f8c50f3/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
• Society/Culture
• Ethnic Diversity in
Pakistan
– 6 main ethnic groups
– Urdu :
• Bangladesh
– Majority Bengalis
– Language based on:
![Page 44: UNIT 8 - Quia · PDF fileUNIT 8 SOUTH ASIA . ... –Ganges –Indus –Brahmaputra –Alluvial plains: ... • Subsistence farming • Challenges –Arid in large parts of](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021819/5abe43887f8b9add5f8c50f3/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
• Society culture
• Family
– Large in size
– Center of society
– Arranged marriages
• Entertainment:
![Page 45: UNIT 8 - Quia · PDF fileUNIT 8 SOUTH ASIA . ... –Ganges –Indus –Brahmaputra –Alluvial plains: ... • Subsistence farming • Challenges –Arid in large parts of](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021819/5abe43887f8b9add5f8c50f3/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Arranged Marriage • Arranged marriage is often a way of
ensuring that a family continues its religious traditions or caste
• Today, arranged marriages are most common in Southeast Asia and parts of the Middle East
• A lot of these marriages are really within families (cousins)
• Vast majority of marriages are arranged by a third party
• Experts estimate the rate of arranged marriages could be as high as 80% in Pakistan.
• More than 60 million girls around the world were married under the age of 18 last year, out of which 24% were from rural Pakistan and 18% from urban areas
http://www.shaadi.com/
http://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/wa
tch/player.html?pkg=rc35pakwife&s
eg=1&mod=0