Unit 5: Cold War

Cold War OriginsYalta Conference- Feb. 1945

‘Big Three’-Great Britain, US, Soviet UnionTemporary divide of Germany into 4 zonesStalin makes 2 promises:

Free Elections in PolandSoviet Union participation in the United Nations

United Nations

New world peacekeeping organization

Competing IdeologiesRock—Paper—Scissors

Simulation

Competing IdeologiesCapitalism

Key PointsSocialism

Key PointsCommunism

Key Points

Private Ownership of

Industry

Government ownership of

industry

Goal of a classless society

Freedom of Competition

Goal is to bring Economic Equality

No government needed

Unequal economic classes

Aims for a classless society

Potsdam ConferencePotsdam Conference, July 1945

Meeting of the Big 3Stalin took back free elections in Poland

and banned democratic partiesSoviet Army in E. Europe = West could do

little

Capitalism CommunismPrivate citizens control economic

activityState controls all property and

economic activity

Voting people elect president and Congress from competing political

parties

Communist Party established Totalitarian government with no

opposing parties

US Aims Versus Soviet Aims in EuropeThe United States wanted to… The Soviets wanted to…

Encourage Capitalism:New World order where nations had right of

self-determination

Encourage Communism:Promoting struggle between workers and

wealthy

Gain access to raw materials and markets for its industries

Rebuild its war-ravaged economy using eastern Europe’s industrial equipment and

raw materials

Rebuild European governments to ensure stability and to create new markets for

American goods

Control Eastern Europe to balance US influence in Western Europe

Reunite Germany, believing that Europe would be more secure if Germany were

productive

Keep Germany divided and weak so that it would never again threaten the Soviet Union

Satellite NationsStalin wanted a

barrier between E. Europe and W. Europe.

Satellite Nations: countries dominated by the Soviet Union.

US Policy of Containment

Feb. 1946: George F. Kennan, U.S. diplomat proposed the policy of containment:U.S. would take all measures to prevent any extension of communist rule to other countries.

Post-War Germany

The Iron Curtain: 1949

The Truman DoctrineMarch 12, 1947:

Declaration that the U.S. should support free countries trying resist communist pressure.1947 – 1950: U.S. sent $400 million in aiding Greece and Turkey

The Marshall PlanJune 1947: Sec. of

State George Marshall: The Marshall Plan

U.S. provide aid ($) to all European nations that needed it.

By 1952, 16 countries received some $13 billion in aid

Post-War Germany

The Berlin AirliftWest Berlin held

hostage by StalinU.S. and Great Britain flew in supplies for 327 days277,000 flights2.3 million tons of supplies

May 1949, Soviets lifted the blockade.

NATONATO: North Atlantic Treaty

Organization.Formation of 12 countries

unified by increased Soviet aggression

Military support if one of the NATO countries was attacked

1st time in history the U.S. was involved in a military alliance during peacetime.

Warsaw Pact

Military alliance between 8 communist states in Eastern Europe

5 Major Causes

1) Poland: “The Big Apple in the Barrel”2) Structure of governments in other E. European countries3) Future of Germany4) Economic reconstruction of Europe5) International policies toward the atomic bomb and atomic energy

Spheres of Influence

Homework Due Next Class

Bell Ringer On a notebook piece of paper, please respond to the following question.

No longer than 1 page response.

Must have 3-5 explained reasons supporting your answer

Who started the Cold War?

ROCKY 1) How is the concert scene with James Brown symbolic to

the feeling in the U.S. after World War II?

2) The death of Apollo is symbolic of what in America Post WWII? 2) How is Drago’s training a direct example of the competition in science and engineering between the U.S. and Soviet Union? What does the scene tell you about which country was winning the “technology” war?  3) The monitoring of Drago during his training by so many scientists and military officials is a representation of what type of government and lifestyle in the Soviet Union? What can you say about the symbolism of the steroids that Drago uses?  4) How is the size and age of Drago compared to that of Rocky symbolic?

Bell Ringer: On a notebook piece of paper, please answer the

following questions:

1. What characteristics make a good spy?

2. What spy tools/gadgets would every good spy need to be successful?

3. Who is the best Hollywood spy you know? Why?

4. Who is the best Hollywood Villain? Why?

Villains Every spy has a “villain” – a target that has

information that the spy needs to acquire, or a threat that they need to neutralize

James Bond villains reflect the threats and fears that the world has faced over the years, especially during the Cold War.

1953 novel turns to film series

50s-60s=Villains wanting to sabotage US missile launch, Villains snatches US and Soviet Spacecraft

1970, Live and Let Die=Villains goal was to flood the worlds drug market with free heroin

1985, A View to a Kill=Villain wanted to destroy Silicon Valley to smooth his own path into a microchip market

1997, Tomorrow Never Dies=Media baron who creates real-life catastrophes so that his TV & newspaper outlets have a jump on reporting them

2006-Casino Royale-Villain funds international terrorism who made bank after 9/11

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HRIGW0H7FbI

http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/aug/01/bond-villains-javier-bardem-fears-era

Get Smarthttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K9WNBO3szgQ

“The nuclear arms race is like two sworn enemies standing waist

deep in gasoline, one with three matches, the other with five.”

--Carl Sagan

Nuclear Arms Race

Both the US and USSR believed the more nuclear weapons you had, the more powerful you were. After the Soviets conducted their 1st nuclear test in 1949, both nations started stockpiling weapons.

H-BombBy January 1950, the US

started production of the H-bomb. The test in 1952 of the bomb that was smaller than “Little Boy”, was 2500x more powerful.

A-bomb – fission – splitting atoms

H-bomb – fusion – basically using atom bombs to fuse atoms creating a lot more energy

“Ivy Mike”

Klaus Fuchs

US expected it to take the USSR years to get the h-bomb, but it took less than a year.

Klaus Fuchs, a German Communist exile who worked on the Manhattan Project (as a British scientist), confessed to giving the bomb secrets to the Soviets in 1950, showing the NATO countries that spies were living in our midst.

Escalation1961 - Enough nukes to destroy the

world1967 - China (communist) exploded an

h-bomb**Soviets believed in quantity over

quality...so

Troops:NATO 2.6 million, Warsaw Pact 4

millionTanks:NATO 13,000, Warsaw Pact 42,500

NATO was outnumbered, but had better quality.

MAD - Mutually Assured Destruction ensured that if either side launched, nobody would win.

COLD WAR SPY CRAFT

Espionage

Spy AgenciesSpy agencies start collecting

foreign intelligence - know what the enemy had in order to be able to compete.

CIA - US agency started in1947, had very little government control in keeping America safe thru espionage.

GRU - Soviet intelligence, which gathered info on US programs like the atomic bomb.

KGB - Largest secret police in the world, more than 500,000 people to gather intel and suppress resistance in USSR.

Becoming a Spy

Recruitment-College Degree with 3.0 GPA or

higher-interest in foreign affairs-foreign languages, criminology,

political science, chemistry, geology, knowledge of another culture, science, engineering, technology skills

-well roundedWhat skills would you have that

could make a good spy??

Training-4 months in weapons and

deadly force training and tactics

-9 weeks of specialized training- background checks,

polygraphs, and drug tests

Spy Pets

http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/01/15/spy-animal-espionage_n_804454.html

Spy Gadgets – Cold War

http://www.cbsnews.com/pictures/secret-cia-spy-gadgets-go-public/26/

Your Assignment – 30 pts Left side - you as a spy:

Will include a drawn picture/cartoon of you as a spy (what would you wear? Would you be incognito?)

Must include (can list) qualities that you have that would make a good spy, as well as any “Achilles heels” – weaknesses

Draw what “gadgets” would you as a spy be able to use? These can be gadgets that have existed, or you can create a modern day spy gadget that would help you find and control your villain. Must have at least 2.

Right side - modern day villain:

Will include a drawn picture/cartoon of a modern day villain (how would they look? Think of movie villains, criminals, threats to America and/or current American culture)

Must include (can list) characteristics and reasons why they are villains.

Give them a modern day weapon

Label what modern day fear or threat they represent.

Characteristics: Speaks Spanish and can fit in to Hispanic societies, has computing skillsAchilles Heel: Not athletic…needs to run ops by computer rather than in person

Characteristics: ??Reason a villain: ?? Threat: ??

Bell Ringer: On a notebook piece of paper, please respond to the following question.

1. Why was there a need for espionage post WWII? Please explain your answer thoroughly giving 2-3 examples(evidence) to support your answer.

Truman Buckles Down

HUAC = House Committee on Un-American ActivitiesInvestigations in and outside the government

Investigated “thought to be” Communists in Hollywood

The Hollywood Ten

Resist to cooperate with HUACThought hearings were Unconstitutional

Blacklist: a list of people who were condemned for having a Communist background.

Spy Cases

McCarthyismJoseph McCarthy, Republican from Wisconsin

Unfair tactic of accusing people of disloyalty w/o providing evidence.

The Korean War:The Forgotten

War

Civil War in China

Mao Zedong – Chairman of the Communist Party

Won the support of peasants by giving them reduced rent on occupied lands

Civil War in China

Chaing Kai-Shek = head of the Nationalist Party

Supported by the U.S.

Loss of support by peasants

Koreans Go to War

38th Parallel was the artificial boundarySoviet Korea in the North

U.S.(NATO) Korea in the South

June 25, 1950 – North invades the South

38th Parallel

U.S. Fights in Korea

N. Korea pushed S. Korea south as far as Pusan

MacArthur’s miracle CounterattackLanding at InchonUp through Pusan

Big QuestionShould MacArthur cross the 38th parallel?

October 7, U.N. recommends that Mac. cross the 38th.

Warning by ChinaChina would not let U.S. come close to the Yalu River

Chinese Fight Back

Mac pushed all the way to the Yalu River

300,000 Chinese cross the riverU.S. outnumbered 10 to 1

Mac pushed 100 miles south of the 38th

Mac Recommends Attacking China

Blockade the Chinese coast and use A-Bombs

Met w/Truman for the first time at Wake Island.Rejected by TrumanSoviet Union / China = Mutual Assistance Pact

Mac v. TrumanMac went over

Truman’s headWrote letters to magazines, newspapers, Reb. Leaders

Dismissed on April 11, 1951

Stalemate38th parallel was the

border between North and South KoreaCommunist north / dem. south.

Positive: Communism contained in the north

Negative: Korea still two countries. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eJRdTVIL8To

Two Nations Live on the Edge

H-Bomb

1 Million tons of TNT67 times stronger than Little Boy

U.S. exploded the first H-Bomb on Nov. 1, 1952

Soviets: Aug. 1953

Republicans plan for ’52 Election

Truman decides not to run againApproval rate at an all time low of 23%

Spread of CommunismKorean War

Dem. Adlai Stevenson, Gov. of Ill.

General Dwight D. Eisenhower

President Eisenhower

Ike’s approach: “dynamic conservatism”

Conservative w/$Liberal w/human beings

Brinkmanship

John Foster Dulles, Sec. of StateU.S. use all forces (even atomic) against an aggressor

Brinkmanship: Willingness to go to the edge of an all-out war.

Soviets followed suit.

The Warsaw Pact

Stalin dies in ’53West Germany joins NATO in ’55.

Fearful, the Soviets formed the Warsaw PactMilitary alliance w/seven E. European nations.

The Hungarian Uprising

Hungary dominated by the Soviet UnionHungarians wanted

DemocracyNovember, 1956: Soviet tanks

invaded the country and killed 30,000 people

U.S. / NATO did nothing (failure of the Truman Doctrine)

Nikita Khrushchev

The Space Race

October 4, 1957: Soviets launched SputnikTriumph in Soviet technology

January 31, 1958: First U.S. satellite

U-2 Spy Plane IncidentCIA flew spy missions over the

Soviet Union starting in the mid. 1950’s

1960’s: Ike wanted the flights discontinued.Summit to be held on the

arms race.May 1: Francis Gary Powers

shot down over the Soviet Union.

Flights stopped, Khrushchev called off the summit

1960’s opened w/heightened pressure

Crisis Over Cuba

Fidel Castro: self declared Communist who welcomed Soviet aid

Took control of 3 oil refineries operated by the U.S. and British

Took control of U.S. sugar plantations

Bay of Pigs

Ike gave permission to the CIA to train Cuban exiles for a Cuban invasion

JFK – doubts but approved itApril 17, 1961 1400 Cuban

exiles landed at the Bay of Pigs

Bay of PigsA huge failureNo airstrike prior to the

invasionNo help from a

diversionary unit20,000 v. 1,400Huge embarrassment for

the U.S.

Cuban Missile Crisis

N.K. promised to defend Cuba w/Soviet Arms

Summer of ’62 – increased # of Soviet weapons (including nukes)

Oct. 4 – U.S. spy planes capture the activity

Soviet Union said it was not a 1st strike strategy

Cuban Missile Crisis

JFK quarantined any ships heading to Cuba

N.K. promised to remove the missiles in exchange for a promise of no invasion by the U.S.

Easing Tensions

Hot line: Direct phone line that linked the White House and the Kremlin.

Limited Test Ban Treaty: barred nuclear testing in the atmosphere.

Vasili Alexandrovich Arkhipov Executive Officer aboard a Hotel class ballistic missile

submarine B-59 during the Cuban Missile Crisis

Caught behind the quarantine line during the Cuban Missile Crisis

In the middle of one U.S. carrier and 11 battleships

U.S. dropped depth charges to force the subs to the surface

Capt. of the sub loaded a nuclear torpedo to be used against the U.S. ships

Believed the war “already” has started

Moscow had left the decision to use one of these nukes with the captain of the submarine but with a proviso.  If he felt the need to use the weapon the next two officers in terms of rank had to agree to its use as well.  The political officer on board said yes.  The Executive Officer, Arkhipov, said no.

Competing Ideologies