unit 36 - esec.edu.pe

PREMIUM ENGLISH PROGRAM 63

ADVANCED

UNIT 36

• READING COMPREHENSION: The strength of women in APEC

- Matching Expressions

- Discussion

• SPEAK UP

- Listening

- Debate

• ADDITIONAL INFORMATION: Gerunds an Infinitives, Participial Phrases.

• GRAMMAR DEVELOPMENT


Unit 36Unit 36

The strength of women in APECThe strength of women in APECThe strength of women in APEC

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b. Some of the entertainment staff go on excursions. _____

c. She doesn’t have any time for administration work. _____

2. Cecilia Romero is with Christian Campbell on board the Pacific Rim Voyager. They’re discussing about Cecilia’s daily routines. Describe Cecilia’s job.

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Discussion:

1. You will now listen a conversation. Write true or false. If false explain why.

LISTENING

a. The passengers meet in the ship’s bar. _____

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READING COMPREHENSION:

d. The excursions normally leave thirty minutes later. _____

3. Listen and complete the missing words.

SPEAK UPSPEAK UPSPEAK UP

UNIT 36

PREMIUM ENGLISH PROGRAM66

The participation of women in business, on equal terms as men, has become a must for the

_____________ of a country. In the Asia- Pacific Region, women´s participation is

___________________. It was in 1998 when the first APEC Leaders gave room for the

recommendations of the First Women Ministerial Meeting, held in the Philippines, and as a result

in 1999, the Ad-Hoc Advisory Group on Gender Integration (Aggie) was introduced, with the

purpose of leading in the implementation of the “Framework for the Integration of Women into

APEC.” Thanks to his Forum, APEC women living in the Asia-Pacific Region have two main

tools at their reach so as to participate and benefit from technology and exchange of information:

training and business _________________.

thArequipa hosted the 13 Meeting of the Network of Women Leaders of APEC, which

showed that the natural leadership of women entrepreneurs in the Asia-Pacific Region

must be packed by training and technology in order to achieve better business possibilities.

Around a thousand female ____________________, exporters and Leaders of APEC

___________ from 9-18 May in Arequipa, in order to analyze the progress and

_________________ in the field of women´s participation in trade and in _________________

____________. The following has been set by the Forum:

• Promoting the presence of business women in the export markets of APEC.

• ______________________ the exporting skills of women from the Asia-Pacific.

• Sharing experiences and best practices of women in the export business.

As conclusion, after two weeks of meetings, they ______________ the commitment of the

Network of Women Leaders for enhancing ________________ _____________ of women in the

digital economy though the mechanisms of high technology and the internet, as well as training

young women in electronic commerce.

Another important agreement was to hear the voice of the ______________ of rural areas in the

Asia-Pacific region, to whom new technologies must be brought to, so as to improve their

standard of living, especially when we consider that nearly 50% of APEC Member Economies

there are still rural areas where it is necessary to improve technology for trade to grow and for

communications to become more fluid.

UNIT 36


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4. Answer the following questions.

b. Why is gender equality important to economic development?

DEBATE

The phrase women in business covers the participation of women in leadership roles in

commerce. Women are underrepresented and underestimated in corporate leadership,

making up only 4.8% of CEOs in S&P 500 companies, despite making up 44.7% of total

employees. What do you think about this information?

One of APEC´s goals is to promote business _____________. In that regard, during the meetings

of the Women´s Forum, Peruvian entrepreneurs and other member economies such as Chile,

managed to achieve _______________ ______________ for up to one and a half million dollars

in three days, during the business round held in the Convention Center Cerro Juli. This meeting of

Women _____________ and APEC Leaders was a chance not only to learn and get closer to new

technologies, but also to engage in successful business relationships that contribute with the

professional and human development of women of the Asia-Pacific.

a. Why is women´s empowerment important for development?

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c. How does it affect women´s participation in trade?

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5. Express your opinions and discuss about them.

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UNIT 36


1. Empowerment a. A way of people to use resources without the

resources running out meets the needs of the

present without compromising the ability of

future generations to meet their own needs.

b. Gender equality is essential for our society to ensure the sustainable development of the

country.

MATCHING EXPRESSIONS

6. Underestimating abilities f. A belief that both men and women should receive

equal treatment.

a. They tend to be paid less and to be employed in low-productivity jobs.

c. Women make enormous contributions to economies.

7. Match the expressions on the left column with the sentences on the right one.

7. Women´s safety g. Process of becoming stronger and more

confident, especially in controlling one´s life and

claiming one’s right.

5. Inclusive economic growth e. To think that someone has less power or skills

than what they really have.

6. When it comes to gender matters What are the pros and cons of the women´s

participation in trade?

4. Become Entrepreneurs d. It involves strategies, practices and policies

which aim to reduce gender-based violence,

including women´s fear of crime.

2. Sustainable development b. It means having access to essential services in

health and education by the poor. It includes

providing equality of opportunity, empowering

people through education and skill development.

3. Gender equality c. One who organizes, manages, and assumes the

risks of a business or an enterprise .

UNIT 36


GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES

GERUNDS

2. Many verbs in English take gerunds as objects. Some common examples include: appreciate, avoid, consider, enjoy, finish, keep, mention, mind.

Gerunds are often used with the verb go in expressions that describe recreational activities: Go skiing, go camping, go hiking.

The authorities considered reinstituting controlled burns.

Many tourists go camping in the woods in the summer.

3. Gerunds are often used as objects of p r e p o s i t i o n s . C o m m o n p r e p o s i t i o n combinations followed by gerunds include:

• Verb + preposition; common combinations include: believe in, complain about/of, have a reason for, insist on, object to, talk about/ of, take advantage of , take care of, think about /of.

Many foresters complain about not letting fires burn.

• Verb + noun /pronoun + preposition; common combinations: blame … for, discourage … from, forgive …for, k e e p … f r o m , p r e v e n t … f r o m , prohibit…from, protect…from, stop… from, thank…for.

You can´t stop people from building their homes near forested areas.

Gerunds perform the same functions as nouns. They can be used as: • Subjects. • Objects. • Complements (phrases that explain or

describe the subject or object of the sentence)

1. A gerund is a form of a verb used as a noun. It is formed by adding -ing to the base form of the verb.

To form a negative statement, add not before a gerund.

Note: Be careful not to confuse gerunds with other forms of verbs with -ing:

• A present participle used as a part of the present continuous tense.

• A present participle used as an adjective.

Building houses close to a forested area is risky. (subject)Many people enjoy living close to nature. (object)

The tourists’ favorite activity is walking in t h e w o o d s a n d fi s h i n g . ( s u b j e c t complement)

The residents are leaving their homes. (present progressive)

The firefighters had trouble putting out the fire. (Object complement)

Many foresters complain about not letting fires burn.

People used to think all fires had damaging effects. (adjective)

ADDITIONAL INFORMATIONADDITIONAL INFORMATIONADDITIONAL INFORMATION

UNIT 36


Instead of letting fires burn, foresters used to suppress all fires because they weren’t aware of the beneficial effects of forest fires.

Authorities often object to allowing prescribed burns. (preposition)

Some people are opposed to building homes near forested areas.

Fires encourage seeds to grow. ( part of an infinitive)

Foresters can improve the condition of the forests by letting the fires burn.

4. A possessive pronoun (e.g., my, our) or noun (e.g., Tom’s) can be used to modify a gerund. This is common in formal English.

In informal English, a noun or an object pronoun (e.g., him, us) is used.

I don’t like the commissioner objecting to prescribed burns.

Their objecting to prescribed burns is foolish.

The commiss ioner ’s ob jec t ing to prescribed burns is foolish.

I don’t like them objecting to prescribed burns.

5. Gerunds can occur in simple or past form. A simple gerund can be used to make generalizations.

A past gerund (having + past participle) can be used to show an action that took place before the action of the main verb in the sentence. The past gerund is used to stress the time difference between two actions. The simple gerund is also correct n many situations.

Building houses close to a forested area is risky.

Letting the fire burn was the bet thing we have done to this forest.

Having let the fire burn was the best thing we have done to this forest.

6. Gerunds can be used in passive form. They are formed by:

• Being + past participle (in the present tense). • Having been + past participle (in the past

tense).

• Adjective + preposition; common combinations include: capable of, excited

about, good at, happy about, interested in, opposed to, responsible for, tired of, worried about.

• Expressions; common combinations include: feel like, in addition to, instead of, look forward to, used to.

Note: The word to can be a preposition or part of an infinitive.

• By + a gerund can be used to express how something is done.

Residents hate being evacuated, but there’s nothing they can do.

Residents hated having been evacuated, but there had been nothing they could do.

UNIT 36


Incorrect: The authorities ordered to evacuate.

We expect the residents to come home as soon as possible. (=We think the residents will come home as soon as possible).

Many people choose to live near forests despite the danger of fires.

The authorities ordered the residents to evacuate.

We expect to come home as soon as possible. (=we think we’ll come home as soon as possible).

3. Some adjectives can be followed by infinitives. In general , these activities describe a person (or persons), not a thing. Many of these adjectives express feelings or attitudes about the action that is described by the infinitives.

The Kotlers were fortunate to have their home spared by the fire.

Somme common adjectives followed by infinitives include: afraid, amazed, careful, certain, determined, difficult, excited, fortunate, glad, happy, important, likely, lucky, proud, relieved, reluctant, sorry, surprised, upset, willing.

Note: An infinitive used as a subject is formal. It is more common to use It + an infinitive phrase.You can also add for + a noun / pronoun to express who or what does the action.

• They can be used as subjects.

• Infinitives can be used as complements.

• To form a negative statement, add not before to.

1. An infinitive is the word to + the base form of a verb. Infinitives often perform the same functions as nouns.

• Infinitives can be used as objects.

It’s advisable to let fires burn.

The media urged the authorities not to ignore the risk of fires.

It was foolish for them to stay home while the forests burned.

To let fires burn is advisable. (subject)

A firefighter’s responsibility is to keep the fire away from people´s homes. (complement)

Many people choose to live near forests despite the danger of fires. (object)

It’s beneficial for the health of the forests to let the fires burn.

On the other hand , there are verbs that can be followed by an optional noun /pronoun + an infinitive, depending on the meaning. Some of these verbs include: ask, except, need, want, would like.

2. Some verbs are followed by infinitives.

Other verbs are commonly followed by a noun / pronoun + an infinitive. Some of these verbs include: allow, cause convince, encourage, force, instruct, order, permit, persuade, remind, require, teach, tell, urge, warn.

INFINITIVES

Low-temperature fires are a good way to prevent high-temperature fires.

Prescribed burns are the thing to do.

4. An infinitive can follow a noun . In such instances, the infinitive gives information about the noun.

Advisability or necessity is often expressed by a noun + infinitive.

UNIT 36


5. The words too and enough can be used before infinitives:

• Enough + noun + infinitive.

• Too + adjectives/adverb + infinitive (often implies a negative result).

The word for can be used with a noun /pronoun to show who performs the action (the subject) expressed by the infinitive.

• Adjective/ adverb + enough + infinitive.

The fire was small enough to contain.

The fire was small enough for the firefighters to contain.

The fire was too large to contain.

The fire department didn’t have enough people to fight the fire.

6. Infinitives can occur in simple or past forms. A simple infinitive can be used to express an action in the same time frame as the action in the main verb.

A past infinitive (+have + past participle) can be used to show an action that occurred before the action of the main verb in the sentence.

The authorities ordered the residents to evacuate.

The residents seem to have forgotten how devastating forest fires can be.

• To + have been + past participle (in the past)

7. Infinitives can be used in passive form. They are formed by:

• To + be /get + past participle ( in the present) The residents were supposed to have been evacuated before now.

The residents are supposed to be evacuated by the end of the day.

8. To and in order to can be used to express purpose. It answers the question “Why?” In order is often omitted.

Many people build their homes close to forested areas (in order) to enjoy the peace and solitude that nature can provide.

• Some common verbs followed only by gerunds: admit, appreciate, avoid, can’t help, complete, consider, discuss, dislike, enjoy, finish, keep, miss, practice, quit, recommend, risk suggest, understand.

9. Some verbs can be followed only by infinitives, others only by gerunds, and other by either infinitives or gerunds. There are four patterns:

• Some common verbs followed only by infinitives: afford , appear, ask, care, decide, expect, fail, hope, learn, manage, mean, need, offer, plan , prepare, promise, refuse, seem, threaten, wait, want, wish.

• Some common verbs can be followed by infinitives or gerunds, with no change in meaning: begin, can’t stand, continue, hate , like, love, prefer, start.

• Some common verbs can be followed by infinitives or gerunds, with change in meaning: forget, go on, quit, regret, remember, stop, try.

Some families refused to evacuate even when the fires where threatening their homes.

Firefighters tried to keep the fire away from the homes.(= made an effort; worked hard to succeed.

Many residents began to evacuate / began evacuat ing even before the officia l announcement came. (no change in meaning)

Many people enjoy living close to nature.

Firefighters tried dropping water from a plane, but it didn’t slow the fire down. (= experimented with a new or different approach)

UNIT 36


SIMPLE PRESENT

VERB TENSE

SIMPLE PAST

Lab reports that are not handed in by Friday will not be accepted.

RELATIVE CLAUSE

The prisoner, who was surrounded by guards, w a l k e d c a l m l y t o h i s execution.

SENTENCE WITH SENTENCE WITHPARTICIPIAL PHRASE

Lab reports not handed in by Friday will not be accepted.

The prisoner, surrounded by guards, walked calmly to his execution.

Surrounded by guards, the prisoner walked calmly to his execution.

The general form participle in the passive voice is the past participle or third form of a verb:

opened, spoken, sold. This form is made from both present and past tense verbs.

PARTICIPIAL PHRASES:

1. GENERAL FORM PARTICIPLE – PASSIVE VOICE.

Example:

The past participle is used to form the passive voice as well as the passive forms of infinitives,

gerunds, simple present and perfect participles. When used in this way, it is sometimes called the

passive participle.

PASSIVE PRESENT PARTICIPLE Authorities refused to reveal any information about the case being investigated.

PASSIVE PERFECT PARTICIPLE Having been nominated three times for an Oscar, he is one of today´s most acclaimed film directors.

PRESENT PERFECT PASSIVE I have the feeling I´ve been misunderstood.

PASSIVE SIMPLE INFINITIVE Josh always needs to be told what to do.

PAST SIMPLE PASSIVE Penicillin was discovered by Alexander Fleming in 1928.

PASSIVE SIMPLE GERUND I hate being lied to.

UNIT 36


VERB TENSE

PRESENT

CONTINUOUS

PAST CONTINUOUS

FUTURE

The signs that were being posted around campus support abortion rights.

RELATIVE CLAUSESENTENCE WITH

A law that is currently being debated concerns abortion rights.

A movie that will be shown tomorrow was made by an anti-abortion group.

The signs being posted around campus support abortion rights.

A law currently being debated concerns abortion rights.

A movie being shown tomorrow was made by an anti-abortion group.

SENTENCE WITHPARTICIPIAL PHRASE

3. PERFECT FORM PARTICIPLES

ACTIVE: having discovered

PASSIVE: having been discovered

Participles in perfect forms emphasize the completion of an action that takes place before the

action of the main verb. There are both active forms and passive forms. Both present perfect

or past perfect verbs can be changed into perfect form participles.

Note:

• There was a handwritten note on the table.

• Damaged badly by the flood, the school had to be rebuilt.

The past participle can itself have a passive meaning:

2. CONTINUOUS FORM PARTICIPLES.

Using the continuous form participle emphasizes that the action is happening now (or less

frequently, in the future). Make the continuous form with being + a past participle: being

shown, being held.

UNIT 36


4. PARTICIPLES AND PARTICIPIAL PHRASES

You can use participial phrases to improve your writing style. When your essays contain to

many relative clauses change some of them to participial phrases.

Occasionally using participial phrases at the beginning of sentences is considered especially

mature style.

An incorrect participle form was used:

A participial phrase at the beginning of a sentence doesn´t modify the following noun:

Confused

Confusing by the question, I answered incorrectly.

Having worked around cars all my life, my auto mechanics class was quite easy. (Can an auto mechanics class work?)

Corrected: Having worked around cars all my life, I found my auto mechanics class to be quite easy.

(ACTIVE)

(PASSIVE)

VERB TENSE

PAST PERFECT

PRESENT PERFECT

SENTENCE WITHRELATIVE CLAUSE

The secrets of the universe, which have fascinated people for centuries, are slowly being revealed.

The film, which had been shown too often in movie theaters, did not attract a large television audience.

The film, having been shown too often in the movie theaters, did not attract a large television audience.

SENTENCE WITHPARTICIPIAL PHRASE

The secrets of the universe, having fascinated people for centuries, are slowly being revealed.

UNIT 36

PREMIUM ENGLISH PROGRAM

a. ____________________________________________________________________

4. The state, which was once connected to Asia by a land bridge, is now separated from it by only a few miles of water.

a. ____________________________________________________________________

Write each sentence twice: once with the participial phrase after the noun it modifies and once with the participial phrase at the beginning of the sentence.

1. Alaska which was purchased from Russia in 1867, became the 49th state of the United States in 1959.

b. ____________________________________________________________________

3. The people of the United States, who did not understand the value of the purchase, called it “Steward´s Folly.”

2. The purchased of Alaska, which was negotiated by Secretary of State Seward, became a good investment.

Rewrite the following sentences. Modify the relative clauses to participial phrases. Use the appropriate participle form, and use the same punctuation as in the original sentences.

b. ____________________________________________________________________

a. ____________________________________________________________________

a. ____________________________________________________________________

b. ____________________________________________________________________

a. ____________________________________________________________________

b. ____________________________________________________________________

5. The ancient inhabitants of Alaska, who had migrated across this land bridge from Asia, can be considered distant cousins of modern Asians.

a. ____________________________________________________________________

b. ____________________________________________________________________

6. The Eskimos, who have lived in Alaska for millions of years, have adapted well to their harsh environment.

b. ____________________________________________________________________

Participial Phrases – Mixed FormsReinforcement 1

76

GRAMMAR DEVELOPMENTGRAMMAR DEVELOPMENTGRAMMAR DEVELOPMENT

UNIT 36


Writing - Relative ClausesReinforcement 2

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Improve the following essay. Combine some of the sentences, using relative clauses.

My two best friends from high school were complete opposites. Their names were Rafael

and Cecilia. Rafael was an introverted, studious, dependable friend. Rafael lived in a

small house down the street from us. His two sisters were younger than he. His mother

was divorced. Cecilia, on the other hand, was extroverted, not at all studious, and totally

undependable. She lived next door to us.

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Mrs. García, Cecilia´s mother, never seemed to mind fixing snacks for fifteen or twenty

kids. She loved to cook. Mrs. Menendez, Rafael´s mother, was always too busy to fix us

snacks, but she didn´t mind if we made our own. She owned a small bookstore. She

worked there every day. She often did her book-keeping at night. She came home at

night.

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The house next door was very noisy. Cecilia lived in the house with five siblings. Music

blaring from at least two radios fought constantly with noise blasting from the TV. The

TV was always turned on. The six Garcia children often invited me over the play. Each

of them had lots of friends. As a result, there was always a group of children at the

Garcías. I went over to Cecilia´s house sometimes. I was bored and lonely sometimes.

Rafael´s house was in total contrast to Cecilia´s. It was calm and peaceful in his house. I

used to go there on evenings. I needed to study on those evenings. Rafael and his friends

spent most evenings doing homework together or surfing the net. His friends were quite

types.

Cecilia, Rafael and I were good friends during all of our high school years. I still don´t

understand how people could be friends. The people are so different from each other.

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UNIT 36


Correct the following text. It has 5 errors in participles and participial phrases. You should make 5 changes.

A short Autobiography

Born on November 12, 1980, in a medium-sized town in the mountains of Peru, I learned

responsibility at an early age. My family, consisted of my father, my mother, and seven

younger brothers and sisters, is quite large. Being the oldest daughter, my responsibilities

were many. I helped my mother at home with the cooking and cleaning, and I was almost

like a second mother to my younger siblings. By the time I was ten years old, I had

learned how to soothe a crying baby, how to bandage an injuring knee or elbow, and

especially how to get a boring schoolchild to finish his or her homework. Having been

helped my brothers and sisters with their homework for so many years, I have developed

a love of teaching. I hope to get a college degree in elementary education and teach

either math or science in my hometown in Peru.

Writing - Relative ClausesReinforcement 3

Participles and Participial PhrasesReinforcement 4

Write your own autobiography using participial phrases.

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unit 36 - esec.edu.pe

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