Unit 3: The Chemistry of LifeCh. 2 (pg. 30), Ch. 9 (pg. 185-186), Ch. 28 (pg. 586-587)

The study of matter & the changes it undergoes

200

What is an Element?a substance made of only one type of atom

ex. = carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, sulfur

What are the 6 Most Abundant Elements in Biological Matter?

the smallest part of an elementWhat are Atoms?

What Makes Up an Atom?Subatomic

particleLocation charge symbol

proton nucleus (center of atom) positive p+

neutron nucleus (center of atom) neutral(no charge)

n0

electron orbit around nucleus (located in energy levels)

negative e-

17 p+

18 n0

16

Using the Periodic Table of the Elements to Determine Atomic Structure

# of protons (determines the element & its properties)

protons +

neutrons

also # of electrons

bigger of the 2 #s

To figure out # of neutrons…

atomic mass – atomic number = neutrons

Na

Electrons & Energy Levelselectrons in energy levels (“shells”) around

nucleus1st shell up to 2 electronsother shells up to 8 electrons (fill before go to next)

How many more electrons can the 3rd shell hold?

17 p+

18 n0

What Affects the Bonding of Atoms?the # of outer

(valence) level electronsIf outer level is:

not full, atom is unstable

will bond with electrons from other atom(s) to fill outer level

full, atom is stablewon’t bond

atoms are held together by shared electronsWhat causes a Covalent Bond?

What causes an Ionic Bond?atoms are held together when they lose or

gain electrons

Atoms & Bonding Interactive

combinations of two or more atoms bonded togetherex. = O2, H20, C6H12O6, NaCl, HCl

What are Molecules/Compounds?

inorganic moleculessimple structure/ few atomsnot carbon-based

H20, 02, NH3, CO2

an exception to the ruleinorganic even though it

contains carbon

Biological Chemistry

Biological Chemistryorganic molecules

contain:carbon

& usually hydrogen

complex structure/ many atoms

Biological Chemistry: Monomers & Polymers

monomer = small moleculepolymer = large molecule made of repeated

monomers

4 major types of organic biological macromolecules

1. carbohydrates2. lipids (fats)3. proteins4. nucleic acids

amino acid polypeptide (protein)

nucleotide nucleic acid (DNA & RNA)

monosaccharide polysaccharide

fatty acids & glycerol Lipid

Examples of Carbohydrates

cellulose

sugar

starch

Functions of CarbohydratesMain energy source, energy storage,

support (plant cell walls)

cellulose

Examples of Lipidsfat

oil

Functions of Lipids long-term energy storage, cell membrane,

hormones, insulation, nerve transmission

Examples of Proteins

•Meat/ fish/ eggs/ nuts/ beans

hormone

muscle

Functions of Proteinsstructure, enzymes, transport materials in &

out of cells, hormones, muscle

hormone

muscle

Nucleic Acid(entire structure)

Examples of Nucleic

Acids

Functions of Nucleic AcidsDNA

genetic “blueprint”RNA

helps to build (synthesize) proteins

Organic Biological

Macromolecule

Elements Contained

Monomer

(building blocks)

Polymer Function

Carbohydrates(sugars, starches,

cellulose)

C, H, O monosaccharide

(simple sugars such as glucose)

polysaccharide (such as starch

& cellulose)

Energy source, energy storage, plant cell walls

Lipids

(fats, oils, & waxes)

C, H, O Fatty acids &

Glycerol

(2 types of simple molecules… NOT

monomers.)

Not applicable Long-term energy storage, cell membrane,

hormones, insulation, nerve transmission

Protein

(muscle, enzymes, hormones,

meats/fish/eggs/ nuts/beans)

C, H, O, N, S

Amino acids

(20 different A.A.)

Polypeptides Structure, enzymes, transport materials in & out of cells, hormones,

muscle

Nucleic Acids

(DNA & RNA)

C, H, O, N, P

Nucleotides

(sugar-phosphate backbone & nitrogenous

bases)

Polynucleotide (Nucleic Acids)

Carries genetic code (“blueprint for

organism”) & directs protein synthesis

Organic Biological Macromolecules