Unit 3: The Chemistry of LifeCh. 2 (pg. 30), Ch. 9 (pg. 185-186), Ch. 28 (pg. 586-587)
The study of matter & the changes it undergoes
200
What is an Element?a substance made of only one type of atom
ex. = carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, sulfur
What are the 6 Most Abundant Elements in Biological Matter?
the smallest part of an elementWhat are Atoms?
What Makes Up an Atom?Subatomic
particleLocation charge symbol
proton nucleus (center of atom) positive p+
neutron nucleus (center of atom) neutral(no charge)
n0
electron orbit around nucleus (located in energy levels)
negative e-
17 p+
18 n0
16
Using the Periodic Table of the Elements to Determine Atomic Structure
# of protons (determines the element & its properties)
protons +
neutrons
also # of electrons
bigger of the 2 #s
To figure out # of neutrons…
atomic mass – atomic number = neutrons
Na
Electrons & Energy Levelselectrons in energy levels (“shells”) around
nucleus1st shell up to 2 electronsother shells up to 8 electrons (fill before go to next)
How many more electrons can the 3rd shell hold?
17 p+
18 n0
What Affects the Bonding of Atoms?the # of outer
(valence) level electronsIf outer level is:
not full, atom is unstable
will bond with electrons from other atom(s) to fill outer level
full, atom is stablewon’t bond
atoms are held together by shared electronsWhat causes a Covalent Bond?
What causes an Ionic Bond?atoms are held together when they lose or
gain electrons
Atoms & Bonding Interactive
combinations of two or more atoms bonded togetherex. = O2, H20, C6H12O6, NaCl, HCl
What are Molecules/Compounds?
inorganic moleculessimple structure/ few atomsnot carbon-based
H20, 02, NH3, CO2
an exception to the ruleinorganic even though it
contains carbon
Biological Chemistry
Biological Chemistryorganic molecules
contain:carbon
& usually hydrogen
complex structure/ many atoms
Biological Chemistry: Monomers & Polymers
monomer = small moleculepolymer = large molecule made of repeated
monomers
4 major types of organic biological macromolecules
1. carbohydrates2. lipids (fats)3. proteins4. nucleic acids
amino acid polypeptide (protein)
nucleotide nucleic acid (DNA & RNA)
monosaccharide polysaccharide
fatty acids & glycerol Lipid
Examples of Carbohydrates
cellulose
sugar
starch
Functions of CarbohydratesMain energy source, energy storage,
support (plant cell walls)
cellulose
Examples of Lipidsfat
oil
Functions of Lipids long-term energy storage, cell membrane,
hormones, insulation, nerve transmission
Examples of Proteins
•Meat/ fish/ eggs/ nuts/ beans
hormone
muscle
Functions of Proteinsstructure, enzymes, transport materials in &
out of cells, hormones, muscle
hormone
muscle
Nucleic Acid(entire structure)
Examples of Nucleic
Acids
Functions of Nucleic AcidsDNA
genetic “blueprint”RNA
helps to build (synthesize) proteins
Organic Biological
Macromolecule
Elements Contained
Monomer
(building blocks)
Polymer Function
Carbohydrates(sugars, starches,
cellulose)
C, H, O monosaccharide
(simple sugars such as glucose)
polysaccharide (such as starch
& cellulose)
Energy source, energy storage, plant cell walls
Lipids
(fats, oils, & waxes)
C, H, O Fatty acids &
Glycerol
(2 types of simple molecules… NOT
monomers.)
Not applicable Long-term energy storage, cell membrane,
hormones, insulation, nerve transmission
Protein
(muscle, enzymes, hormones,
meats/fish/eggs/ nuts/beans)
C, H, O, N, S
Amino acids
(20 different A.A.)
Polypeptides Structure, enzymes, transport materials in & out of cells, hormones,
muscle
Nucleic Acids
(DNA & RNA)
C, H, O, N, P
Nucleotides
(sugar-phosphate backbone & nitrogenous
bases)
Polynucleotide (Nucleic Acids)
Carries genetic code (“blueprint for
organism”) & directs protein synthesis
Organic Biological Macromolecules