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Unit #3 Schedule: • Previously: – Sanger Sequencing – Central Dogma Overview – Mutation – Transcription, RNA Processing, Translation • Last Class: – Central Dogma Sculpting • Today: – Regulation of Gene Expression + Trivia – StudyNotes 9 Due • Tutorial (Apr 5) • Review (Apr 9) • EXAM 3 (Apr 11) • Homework 6 Due

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Page 1: Unit #3 Schedule: Previously: – Sanger Sequencing – Central Dogma Overview – Mutation – Transcription, RNA Processing, Translation Last Class: – Central

Unit #3 Schedule:• Previously:– Sanger Sequencing– Central Dogma Overview– Mutation– Transcription, RNA Processing, Translation

• Last Class:– Central Dogma Sculpting

• Today:– Regulation of Gene Expression + Trivia– StudyNotes 9 Due

• Tutorial (Apr 5)

• Review (Apr 9)

• EXAM 3 (Apr 11) • Homework 6 Due

Page 2: Unit #3 Schedule: Previously: – Sanger Sequencing – Central Dogma Overview – Mutation – Transcription, RNA Processing, Translation Last Class: – Central

Regulation of Gene Expression

There are at least 300 different kinds of cells in the human body.

Most of them have identical DNA.

Page 3: Unit #3 Schedule: Previously: – Sanger Sequencing – Central Dogma Overview – Mutation – Transcription, RNA Processing, Translation Last Class: – Central

Regulation of Gene Expression

We examine this at a very general level.Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes

Page 4: Unit #3 Schedule: Previously: – Sanger Sequencing – Central Dogma Overview – Mutation – Transcription, RNA Processing, Translation Last Class: – Central

Definition: Operon

• A region of DNA that codes for a series of functionally related genes and is transcribed from a single promoter into mRNA.

Page 5: Unit #3 Schedule: Previously: – Sanger Sequencing – Central Dogma Overview – Mutation – Transcription, RNA Processing, Translation Last Class: – Central

Negative Control and Positive Control

• Transcription can be regulated via negative control or positive control.

• Negative control occurs when a regulatory protein binds to DNA and shuts down transcription.

• Positive control occurs when a regulatory protein binds to DNA and triggers transcription.

Page 6: Unit #3 Schedule: Previously: – Sanger Sequencing – Central Dogma Overview – Mutation – Transcription, RNA Processing, Translation Last Class: – Central

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Page 7: Unit #3 Schedule: Previously: – Sanger Sequencing – Central Dogma Overview – Mutation – Transcription, RNA Processing, Translation Last Class: – Central

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Page 8: Unit #3 Schedule: Previously: – Sanger Sequencing – Central Dogma Overview – Mutation – Transcription, RNA Processing, Translation Last Class: – Central

Negative Control

Negative control occurs when a regulatory protein binds to DNA and shuts down transcription.

Page 9: Unit #3 Schedule: Previously: – Sanger Sequencing – Central Dogma Overview – Mutation – Transcription, RNA Processing, Translation Last Class: – Central

Fig. 18-2

PROKARYOTIC REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION:

Page 10: Unit #3 Schedule: Previously: – Sanger Sequencing – Central Dogma Overview – Mutation – Transcription, RNA Processing, Translation Last Class: – Central

Campbell Fig. 18-3a

Polypeptide subunits that make upenzymes for tryptophan synthesis

(a) Tryptophan absent, repressor inactive, operon on

DNA

mRNA 5

Protein Inactiverepressor

RNApolymerase

Regulatorygene

Promoter Promoter

trp operon

Genes of operon

OperatorStop codonStart codon

mRNA

trpA

5

3

trpR trpE trpD trpC trpB

ABCDE

Page 11: Unit #3 Schedule: Previously: – Sanger Sequencing – Central Dogma Overview – Mutation – Transcription, RNA Processing, Translation Last Class: – Central

Fig. 18-3b-2

(b) Tryptophan present, repressor active, operon off

Tryptophan(corepressor)

No RNA made

Activerepressor

mRNA

Protein

DNA

Page 12: Unit #3 Schedule: Previously: – Sanger Sequencing – Central Dogma Overview – Mutation – Transcription, RNA Processing, Translation Last Class: – Central
Page 13: Unit #3 Schedule: Previously: – Sanger Sequencing – Central Dogma Overview – Mutation – Transcription, RNA Processing, Translation Last Class: – Central

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Page 14: Unit #3 Schedule: Previously: – Sanger Sequencing – Central Dogma Overview – Mutation – Transcription, RNA Processing, Translation Last Class: – Central

Fig. 18-4b

(b) Lactose present, repressor inactive, operon on

mRNA

Protein

DNA

mRNA 5

Inactiverepressor

Allolactose(inducer)

5

3

RNApolymerase

Permease Transacetylase

lac operon

-Galactosidase

lacYlacZ lacAlacI

Page 15: Unit #3 Schedule: Previously: – Sanger Sequencing – Central Dogma Overview – Mutation – Transcription, RNA Processing, Translation Last Class: – Central

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Page 16: Unit #3 Schedule: Previously: – Sanger Sequencing – Central Dogma Overview – Mutation – Transcription, RNA Processing, Translation Last Class: – Central

Negative Control

Transcription of Trp Operon in the absence of Tryptophan.Tryptophan activates the repressor.

Transcription of the Lac Operon in the presence of Lactose.Lactose deactivates the repressor.

Page 17: Unit #3 Schedule: Previously: – Sanger Sequencing – Central Dogma Overview – Mutation – Transcription, RNA Processing, Translation Last Class: – Central

Positive Control

Positive control occurs when a regulatory protein binds to DNA and triggers transcription.

Page 18: Unit #3 Schedule: Previously: – Sanger Sequencing – Central Dogma Overview – Mutation – Transcription, RNA Processing, Translation Last Class: – Central

Fig. 18-5

CAP: catabolite activator protein

Page 19: Unit #3 Schedule: Previously: – Sanger Sequencing – Central Dogma Overview – Mutation – Transcription, RNA Processing, Translation Last Class: – Central

What is cAMP?

Page 20: Unit #3 Schedule: Previously: – Sanger Sequencing – Central Dogma Overview – Mutation – Transcription, RNA Processing, Translation Last Class: – Central

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Page 21: Unit #3 Schedule: Previously: – Sanger Sequencing – Central Dogma Overview – Mutation – Transcription, RNA Processing, Translation Last Class: – Central

mc1r Gene Sequence5’TGCCCACCCAGGGGCCTCAGAAGAGGCTTCTGGGTTCTCTCAACTCCACCTCCACAGCCACCCCTCACCTTGGACTGGCCACAAACCAGACAGGGCCTTGGTGCCTGCAGGTGTCTGTCCCGGATGGCCTCTTCCTCAGCCTGGGGCTGGTGAGTCTGGTGGAGAATGTGCTGGTCGTGATAGCCATCACCAAAAACCGCAACCTGCACTCGCCCATGTATTCCTTCATCTGCTGTCTGGCCCTGTCTGACCTGATGGTGAGTATAAGCTTGGTGCTGGAGACGGCTATCATCCTGCTGCTGGAGGCAGGGGCCCTGGTGACCCGGGCCGCTTTGGTGCAACAGCTGGACAATGTCATTGACGTGCTCATCTGTGGCTCCATGGTGTCCAGTCTTTGCTTCCTTGGTGTCATTGCCATAGACCGCTACATCTCCATCTTCTATGCATTACGTTATCACAGCATTGTGACGCTGCCCCGGGCACGACGGGCCATCGTGGGCATCTGGGTGGCCAGCATCTTCTTCAGCACCCTCTTTATCACCTACTACAACCACACAGCCGTCCTAATCTGCCTTGTCACTTTCTTTCTAGCCATGCTGGCCCTCATGGCAATTCTGTATGTCCACATGCTCACCCGAGCATACCAGCATGCTCAGGGGATTGCCCAGCTCCAGAAGAGGCAGGGCTCCACCCGCCAAGGCTTCTGCCTTAAGGGTGCTGCCACCCTTACTATCATTCTGGGAATTTTCTTCCTGTGCTGGGGCCCCTTCTTCCTGCATCTCACACTCATCGTCCTCTGCCCTCAGCACCCCACCTGCAGCTGCATCTTTAAGAACTTCAACCTCTACCTCGTTCTCATCATCTTCAGCTCCATCGTCGACCCCCTCATCTATGCTTTTCGGAGCCAGGAGCTCCGCATGACACTCAGGGAGGTGCTGCTGTGCTCCTGGTGA 3’

Page 22: Unit #3 Schedule: Previously: – Sanger Sequencing – Central Dogma Overview – Mutation – Transcription, RNA Processing, Translation Last Class: – Central

mc1r Gene Sequence5’TGCCCACCCAGGGGCCTCAGAAGAGGCTTCTGGGTTCTCTCAACTCCACCTCCACAGCCACCCCTCACCTTGGACTGGCCACAAACCAGACAGGGCCTTGGTGCCTGCAGGTGTCTGTCCCGGATGGCCTCTTCCTCAGCCTGGGGCTGGTGAGTCTGGTGGAGAATGTGCTGGTCGTGATAGCCATCACCAAAAACTGCAACCTGCACTCGCCCATGTATTCCTTCATCTGCTGTCTGGCCCTGTCTGACCTGATGGTGAGTATAAGCTTGGTGCTGGAGACGGCTATCATCCTGCTGCTGGAGGCAGGGGCCCTGGTGACCCGGGCCGCTTTGGTGCAACAGCTGGACAATGTCATTGACGTGCTCATCTGTGGCTCCATGGTGTCCAGTCTTTGCTTCCTTGGTGTCATTGCCATAGACCGCTACATCTCCATCTTCTATGCATTACGTTATCACAGCATTGTGACGCTGCCCCGGGCACGACGGGCCATCGTGGGCATCTGGGTGGCCAGCATCTTCTTCAGCACCCTCTTTATCACCTACTACAACCACACAGCCGTCCTAATCTGCCTTGTCACTTTCTTTCTAGCCATGCTGGCCCTCATGGCAATTCTGTATGTCCACATGCTCACCCGAGCATACCAGCATGCTCAGGGGATTGCCCAGCTCCAGAAGAGGCAGGGCTCCACCCGCCAAGGCTTCTGCCTTAAGGGTGCTGCCACCCTTACTATCATTCTGGGAATTTTCTTCCTGTGCTGGGGCCCCTTCTTCCTGCATCTCACACTCATCGTCCTCTGCCCTCAGCACCCCACCTGCAGCTGCATCTTTAAGAACTTCAACCTCTACCTCGTTCTCATCATCTTCAGCTCCATCGTCGACCCCCTCATCTATGCTTTTCGGAGCCAGGAGCTCCGCATGACACTCAGGGAGGTGCTGCTGTGCTCCTGGTGA 3’

Page 23: Unit #3 Schedule: Previously: – Sanger Sequencing – Central Dogma Overview – Mutation – Transcription, RNA Processing, Translation Last Class: – Central

Consequence of Mutation• A single nucleotide mutation from a Cytosine to a

Thymine leads to…• An amino acid change from an Arginine to a Cysteine

Amino Acid Sequence Dark Fur:MPTQGPQKRLLGSLNSTSTATPHLGLATNQTGPWCLQVSIPDGLFLSLGLVSLVENVLVVIAITKNRNLHSPMYSFICCLALSDLMVSISLVLETAIILLLEAGALVTRAALVQQLDNVIDVLICGSMVSSLCFLGVIAIDRYISIFYALRYHSIVTLPRARRAIXGIWVASIFFSTLFITYYNHTAVLICLVTFFLAMLALMAXLYVHMLTRAYQHAQGIAQLQKRQGSTXQGFCLKGAXTLTIILGIFFLCWGPFFLHLTLIVLCPQHPTCSCIFKNFNLYLVLIIFSSIVDPLIYAFRSQELRMTLREVLLCSW

Amino Acid Sequence Light Fur:MPTQGPQKRLLGSLNSTSTATPHLGLATNQTGPWCLQVSVPDGLFLSLGLVSLVENVLVVIAITKNCNLHSPMYSFICCLALSDLMVSISLVLETAIILLLEAGALVTRAALVQQLDNVIDVLICGSMVSSLCFLGVIAIDRYISIFYALRYHSIVTLPRARRAIVGIWVASIFFSTLFITYYNHTAVLICLVTFFLAMLALMAILYVHMLTRAYQHAQGIAQLQKRQGSTRQGFCLKGAATLTIILGIFFLCWGPFFLHLTLIVLCPQHPTCSCIFKNFNLYLVLIIFSSIVDPLIYAFRSQELRMTLREVLLCSW

Page 24: Unit #3 Schedule: Previously: – Sanger Sequencing – Central Dogma Overview – Mutation – Transcription, RNA Processing, Translation Last Class: – Central

Changing 1 amino acid:

• Arginine:– Strongest +charge– Very hydrophilic

• Cysteine:– Not hydrophilic– Forms disulfide bonds

Page 25: Unit #3 Schedule: Previously: – Sanger Sequencing – Central Dogma Overview – Mutation – Transcription, RNA Processing, Translation Last Class: – Central

Beach Mice

- Missense substitution mutation of one nucleotide CT

- Changes one amino acid: Arginine Cysteine

- Changes the function of the MC1R protein

Page 26: Unit #3 Schedule: Previously: – Sanger Sequencing – Central Dogma Overview – Mutation – Transcription, RNA Processing, Translation Last Class: – Central

• When the MC1R protein is stimulated, cAMP is produced

• Lots of cAMP within a melanocyte cell will facilitate the expression of at least four genes: c(tyr), Tyrp1, Tyrp2, p

How is eumelanin produced?

Page 27: Unit #3 Schedule: Previously: – Sanger Sequencing – Central Dogma Overview – Mutation – Transcription, RNA Processing, Translation Last Class: – Central

• When cAMP is plentiful, c(tyr), Tyrp1, Tyrp2 and p are all expressed and their enzymes facilitate the biosynthetic pathway that leads to eumelanin production.

How is eumelanin produced?

Page 28: Unit #3 Schedule: Previously: – Sanger Sequencing – Central Dogma Overview – Mutation – Transcription, RNA Processing, Translation Last Class: – Central

• When cAMP is scarce, c(tyr), Tyrp1, Tyrp2 and p are not as readily expressed.

• If only small amounts of cAMP are present, c(tyr) may still be expressed and its enzyme may facilitate the biosynthetic pathway leading pheomelanin production.

How is eumelanin produced?

Page 29: Unit #3 Schedule: Previously: – Sanger Sequencing – Central Dogma Overview – Mutation – Transcription, RNA Processing, Translation Last Class: – Central

• If c(tyr) is not adequately expressed it is possible that neither biosynthetic pigment production pathway may occur. This would result in no pigment production.

How is eumelanin produced?

Page 30: Unit #3 Schedule: Previously: – Sanger Sequencing – Central Dogma Overview – Mutation – Transcription, RNA Processing, Translation Last Class: – Central

The Melanocortin-1-ReceptorEffectively

stimulated by hormone

MC1RR67

Results in lots of cAMP production

c(tyr), ptyrp1, tyrp2

<<activated>>

LOTS of EUMELANIN produced

Ineffectively stimulated by

hormone

MC1RC67

Results in little cAMP production

c(tyr) <<activated>>

EUMELANIN not produced

p, tyrp1, tyrp2 <not activated>

Page 31: Unit #3 Schedule: Previously: – Sanger Sequencing – Central Dogma Overview – Mutation – Transcription, RNA Processing, Translation Last Class: – Central

Fig. 18-5

CAP: catabolite activator protein

Page 32: Unit #3 Schedule: Previously: – Sanger Sequencing – Central Dogma Overview – Mutation – Transcription, RNA Processing, Translation Last Class: – Central

EUKARYOTIC REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSIONActivators and Enhancers of Transcription

Campbell 8e, Fig. 18.8

Page 33: Unit #3 Schedule: Previously: – Sanger Sequencing – Central Dogma Overview – Mutation – Transcription, RNA Processing, Translation Last Class: – Central
Page 34: Unit #3 Schedule: Previously: – Sanger Sequencing – Central Dogma Overview – Mutation – Transcription, RNA Processing, Translation Last Class: – Central

Fig. 17-8A eukaryotic promoterincludes a TATA box

3

1

2

3

Promoter

TATA box Start point

Template

TemplateDNA strand

535

Transcriptionfactors

Several transcription factors mustbind to the DNA before RNApolymerase II can do so.

5533

Additional transcription factors bind tothe DNA along with RNA polymerase II,forming the transcription initiation complex.

RNA polymerase IITranscription factors

55 53

3

RNA transcript

Transcription initiation complex

Page 35: Unit #3 Schedule: Previously: – Sanger Sequencing – Central Dogma Overview – Mutation – Transcription, RNA Processing, Translation Last Class: – Central

Campbell 8e, Fig. 18.9

Page 36: Unit #3 Schedule: Previously: – Sanger Sequencing – Central Dogma Overview – Mutation – Transcription, RNA Processing, Translation Last Class: – Central
Page 37: Unit #3 Schedule: Previously: – Sanger Sequencing – Central Dogma Overview – Mutation – Transcription, RNA Processing, Translation Last Class: – Central

Campbell 8e, Fig. 18.10

Controlling Gene Expression: Enhancers and Activators

Provide a way to turn on specific genes in specific cells

Different genes have different enhancers

Different cells have different activators

Page 38: Unit #3 Schedule: Previously: – Sanger Sequencing – Central Dogma Overview – Mutation – Transcription, RNA Processing, Translation Last Class: – Central

Campbell 8e, Fig. 18.10

Controlling Gene Expression: Enhancers and Activators

Tissue- and cell-type specific gene expression

Liver cells make albumin, but not crystallin

Lens cells make crystallin, but not albumin

Page 39: Unit #3 Schedule: Previously: – Sanger Sequencing – Central Dogma Overview – Mutation – Transcription, RNA Processing, Translation Last Class: – Central

Coming Up:Friday:• Tutorial (3-5pm in C-3)

Tuesday:• Interactive Review (White-

Boards + Clickers)

Thursday:• Midterm Exam 3

Page 40: Unit #3 Schedule: Previously: – Sanger Sequencing – Central Dogma Overview – Mutation – Transcription, RNA Processing, Translation Last Class: – Central

Review Part 1

Clicker Review

Page 41: Unit #3 Schedule: Previously: – Sanger Sequencing – Central Dogma Overview – Mutation – Transcription, RNA Processing, Translation Last Class: – Central

With respect to nucleotide bonds:

(A)A-T is stronger than C-G (B) C-G is stronger than A-T(C) A-T and C-G have approximately equal

strength

Page 42: Unit #3 Schedule: Previously: – Sanger Sequencing – Central Dogma Overview – Mutation – Transcription, RNA Processing, Translation Last Class: – Central

Which mode of information transfer usually does not occur?

(A)DNA to DNA(B) DNA to RNA(C) DNA to protein(D)RNA to protein(E) All occur in a working cell

Page 43: Unit #3 Schedule: Previously: – Sanger Sequencing – Central Dogma Overview – Mutation – Transcription, RNA Processing, Translation Last Class: – Central

In replication of DNA, the helix is opened and untwisted by

(A)DNA polymerase(B) ligase(C) helicase(D) telomerase(E) topoisomerase

Page 44: Unit #3 Schedule: Previously: – Sanger Sequencing – Central Dogma Overview – Mutation – Transcription, RNA Processing, Translation Last Class: – Central

_______________ joins DNA fragments to the lagging strand.

(A) Telomere (B) DNA Polymerase I (C) Helicase (D) DNA Polymerase III(E) Ligase

Page 45: Unit #3 Schedule: Previously: – Sanger Sequencing – Central Dogma Overview – Mutation – Transcription, RNA Processing, Translation Last Class: – Central

In a nucleic acid, the phosphate group, nitrogenous base and free hydroxyl group are attached to the _______________ carbons of

ribose (respectively).

(A) 1', 3', 5' (B) 5', 3', 1' (C) 3', 5', 1' (D) 5', 1', 3' (E) 3', 1', 5'

Page 46: Unit #3 Schedule: Previously: – Sanger Sequencing – Central Dogma Overview – Mutation – Transcription, RNA Processing, Translation Last Class: – Central

DNA polymerase III is thought to add nucleotides

(A) to the 5' end of the RNA primer (B) to the 3' end of the RNA primer (C) in the place of the primer RNA after it is removed (D) on single stranded templates without need for an RNA primer (E) in the 3' to 5' direction

Page 47: Unit #3 Schedule: Previously: – Sanger Sequencing – Central Dogma Overview – Mutation – Transcription, RNA Processing, Translation Last Class: – Central

Considering the structure of double stranded DNA, what kinds of bonds hold one complementary strand to the other?

(A)peptide(B) covalent (C) hydrogen (D) phosphodiester(E) ionic

Page 48: Unit #3 Schedule: Previously: – Sanger Sequencing – Central Dogma Overview – Mutation – Transcription, RNA Processing, Translation Last Class: – Central

The nitrogenous base adenine is found in all members of which group?

(A)proteins, ATP, and DNA (B) proteins, carbohydrates and ATP(C) glucose, ATP and DNA (D) ATP, RNA and DNA(E) proteins, glycerol and hormones

Page 49: Unit #3 Schedule: Previously: – Sanger Sequencing – Central Dogma Overview – Mutation – Transcription, RNA Processing, Translation Last Class: – Central

Where and how are Okazaki fragments synthesized?

(A)on the leading strand, in a 5’ 3’ direction(B) on the leading strand, in a 3’ 5’ direction(C) on the lagging strand, in a 5’ 3’ direction(D)on the lagging strand, in a 3’ 5’ direction

Page 50: Unit #3 Schedule: Previously: – Sanger Sequencing – Central Dogma Overview – Mutation – Transcription, RNA Processing, Translation Last Class: – Central

Which of the following types of mutation, resulting in an error in the mRNA just after the

AUG start of translation, is likely to have the most serious effect on the polypeptide product?

(A) insertion of a codon(B) deletion of two codons(C) substitution of the third nucleotide in an ACC codon(D) deletion of a nucleotide(E) insertion of 9 nucleotides

Page 51: Unit #3 Schedule: Previously: – Sanger Sequencing – Central Dogma Overview – Mutation – Transcription, RNA Processing, Translation Last Class: – Central

Regarding beach mice: The C T substitution at position 199 of the mc1r gene:A. arose by a mutation in the beach mouse populations in

response to a need for protection from predation.B. leads to the failure of melanocytes to make an MC1R protein.C. arose by a mutation then increased in frequency because it

was selectively advantageous in the beach mouse populations.D. had no effect on the beach mouse populations.E. produced an alternate allele that was detrimental to mice on

the white sand beaches

Page 52: Unit #3 Schedule: Previously: – Sanger Sequencing – Central Dogma Overview – Mutation – Transcription, RNA Processing, Translation Last Class: – Central

Regarding beach mice: What was the reason for the lighter coat colors of the mice on the white sand beaches?

(A) Owls and other carnivores prey on beach mice that do not carry the mutant allele.

(B) A substitution of cysteine for arginine at position 67 of the MC1R protein.

(C) A substitution of thymine for cystosine at position 199 of the mc1r gene nucleotide sequence.

(D) The failure of melanocytes to lay down melanin pigment in the cortex of hairs of the lighter colored beach mice.

(E) The poorer binding affinity for α-MSH and the lower amount of cAMP produced by individuals with the mutated MC1R protein.

Page 53: Unit #3 Schedule: Previously: – Sanger Sequencing – Central Dogma Overview – Mutation – Transcription, RNA Processing, Translation Last Class: – Central

The template strand of DNA at the beginning of a protein-coding region has the sequence:

5'–TACTGGGATAGCC*TACAT–3'

The “*” indicates the position of a point mutation: a T originally present at this location has been deleted.

This deletion will most likely result in _____.

(A)mRNA codons preceding the mutation being misread(B) mRNA codons following the mutation being misread(C) no change in the polypeptide coded by this gene(D)the AUC triplet functioning as a chain terminator

Page 54: Unit #3 Schedule: Previously: – Sanger Sequencing – Central Dogma Overview – Mutation – Transcription, RNA Processing, Translation Last Class: – Central

Biologists use the terms transcription and translation to describe the two steps in genetic information flow from DNA to protein. Which of

the following is correct? (A) Transcription is the synthesis of protein from mRNA by

ribosomes; translation is the synthesis of mRNA from DNA by RNA polymerase.

(B) Transcription is the synthesis of mRNA from DNA by ribosomes; translation is the synthesis of protein from mRNA by RNA polymerase.

(C) Transcription is the synthesis of protein from mRNA by RNA polymerase; translation is the synthesis of mRNA from DNA by ribosomes.

(D) Transcription is the synthesis of mRNA from DNA by RNA polymerase; translation is the synthesis of protein from mRNA by ribosomes.

Page 55: Unit #3 Schedule: Previously: – Sanger Sequencing – Central Dogma Overview – Mutation – Transcription, RNA Processing, Translation Last Class: – Central

Transcription in eukaryotes requires which of the following in addition to RNA

polymerase(A) several transcription factors(B) the protein product of the promoter (C) start and stop codons (D) ribosomes and tRNA (E) a signal recognition particle

Page 56: Unit #3 Schedule: Previously: – Sanger Sequencing – Central Dogma Overview – Mutation – Transcription, RNA Processing, Translation Last Class: – Central

Transcription occurs along a ____ template forming an mRNA in the ____ direction.

(A) 5' to 3'; 5' to 3' (B) 5' to 3'; 3' to 5' (C) 3' to 5'; 5' to 3' (D) 3' to 5'; 3' to 5’(E) All of the above could be correct depending

on the orientation.

Page 57: Unit #3 Schedule: Previously: – Sanger Sequencing – Central Dogma Overview – Mutation – Transcription, RNA Processing, Translation Last Class: – Central

Assume that RNA polymerase transcribes a gene containing the section of DNA shown below:

5'–GATGCGAATCGT–3'3'–CTACGCTTAGCA–5'

If the top strand were the template strand, the RNA corresponding to this section would be _____.

(A) 5'–GATGCGAATCGT–3’(B) 5'–GAUGCGAAUCGU–3’(C) 5'–ACGATTCGCATC–3’(D) 5'–ACGAUUCGCAUC–3'

Page 58: Unit #3 Schedule: Previously: – Sanger Sequencing – Central Dogma Overview – Mutation – Transcription, RNA Processing, Translation Last Class: – Central

What happens when RNA polymerase reads a stop codon?

(A)The RNA transcript is cleaved off.(B) RNA polymerase detaches from the DNA.(C) Both of the above.(D)Neither of the above.

Page 59: Unit #3 Schedule: Previously: – Sanger Sequencing – Central Dogma Overview – Mutation – Transcription, RNA Processing, Translation Last Class: – Central

How is transcription terminated in eukaryotes?

(A)A stop codon is read.(B) A hairpin loop forms.(C) A polyadenylation sequence is read.(D)A termination sequence is read.(E) None of the above.

Page 60: Unit #3 Schedule: Previously: – Sanger Sequencing – Central Dogma Overview – Mutation – Transcription, RNA Processing, Translation Last Class: – Central

The chicken ovalbumin gene is 7,700 base pairs in length, yet the mature messenger RNA is only 1872

nucleotides. Which of the following correctly describes the composition of the mature messenger RNA:

(A) It has, in part, the complementary sequence to the poly-A tail of the gene.

(B) It lacks the complementary sequence to the exons of the gene. (C) It has, in part, the complementary sequence to the TATA box of

the promoter. (D) It has, in part, the complementary sequence to the 5' cap of

the gene. (E) It lacks the complementary sequence to the introns of the

gene.

Page 61: Unit #3 Schedule: Previously: – Sanger Sequencing – Central Dogma Overview – Mutation – Transcription, RNA Processing, Translation Last Class: – Central

A spliceosome:

(A)Splices out introns from mRNA(B) Splices out exons from pre-mRNA(C) Splices out exons from mRNA(D)Splices out introns from pre-MRNA(E) None of the above

Page 62: Unit #3 Schedule: Previously: – Sanger Sequencing – Central Dogma Overview – Mutation – Transcription, RNA Processing, Translation Last Class: – Central

Why is a 5’ poly-A tail added to an mRNA transcript in eukaryotes?

(A)To help the mRNA bind to the ribosome.(B) To prevent the mRNA from degrading on its

journey from the nucleus to the cytosol.(C) To promote the binding of a signal

recognition particle.(D)Both (A) and (B)(E) A 5’ poly-A tail is not added to an mRNA

transcript in eukaryotes.

Page 63: Unit #3 Schedule: Previously: – Sanger Sequencing – Central Dogma Overview – Mutation – Transcription, RNA Processing, Translation Last Class: – Central

What modifications are made to an mRNA transcript in prokaryotes prior to

translation?

(A)A 5’ modified guanine cap is added.(B) A poly-A tail is added.(C) Introns are spliced out.(D)All of the above.(E) None of the above.

Page 64: Unit #3 Schedule: Previously: – Sanger Sequencing – Central Dogma Overview – Mutation – Transcription, RNA Processing, Translation Last Class: – Central

Which site in a ribosome accepts a charged tRNA?

(A)The aminoacyl tRNA binding site(B) The peptidyl tRNA binding site(C) The exit site(D)The initiation site(E) The start codon

Page 65: Unit #3 Schedule: Previously: – Sanger Sequencing – Central Dogma Overview – Mutation – Transcription, RNA Processing, Translation Last Class: – Central

A particular triplet of bases in the template strand of DNA is 5'–TGA–3'. Which of the following is the

anticodon component of the tRNA that binds the mRNA codon transcribed from this DNA?

(Note: By convention, the 3' end of each anticodon is written on the left, and the 5' on the right.)

(A) ACU(B) AGU(C) AGT(D) UGA

Page 66: Unit #3 Schedule: Previously: – Sanger Sequencing – Central Dogma Overview – Mutation – Transcription, RNA Processing, Translation Last Class: – Central

What type of bond forms between amino acids in a growing polypeptide chain:

(A)peptide(B) covalent (C) hydrogen (D) phosphodiester(E) ionic

Page 67: Unit #3 Schedule: Previously: – Sanger Sequencing – Central Dogma Overview – Mutation – Transcription, RNA Processing, Translation Last Class: – Central

How is translation terminated?

(A)A stop codon is read by the ribosome.(B) A hairpin loop forms in the polypeptide

chain.(C) A signal recognition particle cleaves the chain

off.(D)A release factor adds water to the growing

polypeptide chain.(E) The small and large subunit of the ribosome

break apart.

Page 68: Unit #3 Schedule: Previously: – Sanger Sequencing – Central Dogma Overview – Mutation – Transcription, RNA Processing, Translation Last Class: – Central

Which of the following pieces of mRNA would be successfully translated into a

polypeptide chain in a prokaryote?(mRNA shown in its entirety)

(A) 5’-AUGAUCCCGUCCCGGGCACCUUAG-3’(B) 5’-UGAGCUGCGCCCAAUGCUUGGCAA-3’(C) 5’-CGACGACCCGGUUACGAAUCUAAC-3’(D) 5’-GGCUAAGAGUCUAGUAUCUGGAAG-3’(E) Any/all of the above

Page 69: Unit #3 Schedule: Previously: – Sanger Sequencing – Central Dogma Overview – Mutation – Transcription, RNA Processing, Translation Last Class: – Central

Which component is not directly involved in translation?

(A)mRNA(B) tRNA(C) ribosomes(D)GTP(E) All of the above are directly involved.

Page 70: Unit #3 Schedule: Previously: – Sanger Sequencing – Central Dogma Overview – Mutation – Transcription, RNA Processing, Translation Last Class: – Central

What is the function of a signal recognition particle?

(A)To help mRNA bind to the ribosome.(B) To help mRNA find a ribosome.(C) To help a ribosome bind to the RER.(D)To block transcription inhibitors.(E) None of the above.

Page 71: Unit #3 Schedule: Previously: – Sanger Sequencing – Central Dogma Overview – Mutation – Transcription, RNA Processing, Translation Last Class: – Central

Muscle cells differ from nerve cells mainly because they

(A)express different genes(B) contain different genes(C) use different genetic codes(D)have unique ribosomes(E) have different chromosomes


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The Next Three Weeks: Today: – Sanger Sequencing – Central Dogma Overview – Mutation Unpacking Central Dogma – Transcription (Mar 28) – RNA Processing

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Unit #3 Schedule: Last Class: – Sanger Sequencing – Central Dogma Overview – Mutation Today: – Homework 5 – StudyNotes 8a Due – Transcription, RNA Processing,

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