UNIT 3: Biochemistry

BIG IDEA: Organic compounds are necessary for life to exist

Organic Molecules

• Organic compounds are made up of mostly Carbon

• Carbon can form 4 bondswith atoms of other elements as well as with itself

– Can form chains, branches and rings– Enormous variety of molecule shapes

Organic Molecules

• C can also share pairs of electrons

• Clusters of atoms can change the nature of organic molecules

Organic Molecules

• Many are built by adding monomers together to build up larger polymers (macromolecule)

• Dehydration synthesis builds polymers

• Hydrolysis reaction breaks it down

What is dehydration synthesis?

• Dehydration= remove water

• Synthesis= putting it together

• Putting two simple sugars together by removing water Forms a disaccharide

Hydrolysis

• Opposite of dehydration synthesis• Separating disaccharide into two

monosaccharide by adding water• Maltose+ water Glucose +Glucose

Example

• Glucose + Glucose Maltose + Water

Classes of Organic Molecules

Four classes of organic molecules are essential to living things and their life processes– Carbohydrates– Lipids– Proteins– Nucleic Acids

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates

Carbohydrates• Made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

atoms in the ratio 1C: 2H :1O

Functions: • Major source of energy• Some are also used for structural

support• Building block of a carb is a

monosaccaride (simple sugar)

Carbohydrates• “single sugar,” building blocks– ex. glucose, fructose, and galactose: these are

isomers

• Isomers: same chemical formula, different structural formula

Carbohydrates• Many carbs are disaccharides( 2 sugars linked by dehydration synthesis)

• ex. sucrose (glucose- fructose), maltose (glucose- glucose), lactose (glucose- galactose)• Sucrose is table sugar• Lactose is milk sugar

Carbohydrates• Polysaccarides-“3 or more sugars,” long

branching chains of linked simple sugars, large and insoluble, functions as –short-term storage of energy

• Starch: plants• Glycogen: animals• Cellulose: structural support in plants

(wood)

Why are Carbs Important?Why are Carbs Important?

• Because they contain large amounts of energy that can be released by hydrolysis

LipidsLipids

• Nonpolar molecules, made of mostly C and H, &some O.

• Functions: •Long term storage of energy, Structural molecule in cell membranes, Waterproof covering on plants, Chemical messengers – steroids• fats, oils, and waxes.

Lipids

Lipids• Made up of fatty acids

Glycerol and fatty acids

Lipids- Glycerol Structure

Lipids-Fatty acids

• long carbon chains, with a group at one end.

straightcarboxyl

Lipids- Saturated Fatty Acid

• contains only _____________ bonds between carbon atoms.

• _________ at room temperature, for example ____________.

single

Solidbutter

Lipids- Unsaturated Fatty Acid

• contains at least one ________ bond between carbon atoms. _________ at room temperature, for example ________.

doubleLiquid

oil

– ________________________: contains more than one double bond between carbon atoms.

–Hydrogenation is the process of adding hydrogen to unsaturated fatty acids and results in bad trans-fats.

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids

Lipids- Unsaturated Fatty Acid

A ______________ reaction links the fatty acids to the glycerol molecule making fat (triglyceride).

dehydration

Lipids

• Trigylcerides (fats)-– energy storage– 3 Fatty acids and a gylcerol

• Phospholipids-2• Waxes• Steroids

Cholesterol: Good or Bad?The Good News:a.Essential compound in making

animal cell membranes, hormones, and vitamin D.

The Bad Newsb.Can build-up in arteries and cause

heart attacks and strokes

PROTEINSPROTEINS

III. Proteins:

composed of ___________, which are made up of C, H, N, O,and S atoms

amino acids

A. Amino acids:

1. There are ______ different amino acids that make up most proteins.

20

2. Draw

3. Amino acids are linked

through the dehydration

reaction by ____________ to form

____________.

peptide bonds

polypeptides

4. Amino acids can be polar,

non-polar, charged or

uncharged. This affects the

________ of the protein.structure

B. Polypeptides: very long chains of amino acids.

The amino acids in the chains interact with each other, forming different types of structures:

1. Helixes or coils

Helix

B. Polypeptides: very long chains of amino acids.

The amino acids in the chains interact with each other, forming different types of structures:

1. Helixes or coils

2. Pleated Sheets

Pleated Sheets

B. Polypeptides: very long chains of amino acids.

The amino acids in the chains interact with each other, forming different types of structures:

1. Helixes or coils

2. Pleated Sheets

3. Globular

Globular Protein

C. The ___________ of a protein is greatly influenced by conditions such as :

1.Temperature

2.pH

structure

D. Functions: There are many different kinds of proteins each with different roles.

D. Functions

1. Provide ________________ and ________________. Example: keratin and collagen

2. Control the rate of _________ reactions: enzymes

chemical

building materialstructural support

D. Functions

3.Carry and transport substances in and out of ____. Example: hemoglobin

4.Fight against _______: antibodies

cells

disease

IV. Nucleic Acids

composed of a chain of ___________________. nucleotides

A. Nucleotide (draw it in)Elements:CHNOP

a. Names of Nitrogenous Bases

1. Adenine (A)

2. Thymine (T)

3. Cytosine (C)

4. Guanine (G)

B. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is a double stranded molecule. It stores the hereditary information used to make _____________________.

a. Nitrogenous bases pair up: • A and T• G and C

proteins

C. RNA (ribonucleic acid) is a single stranded molecule, used in making proteins.

a. Uses the nitrogenous base, Uracil (U) instead of Thymine