Unit 2 Test ReviewAnswers

People

Sam Adams• Founder and Leader of the Sons of Liberty

George Washington• Commander of the Continental Army

• Experienced and inspiring

• Led the Continental Army to a victory, against many odds• Ex. Limited training, limited numbers, and limited supplies

Thomas Jefferson

Wrote the Declaration of Independence

Marquis de Lafayette• French General• Helped Continental soldiers at Valley Forge• Bought clothing with his own money• Trained the troops so they’d be ready to fight on the spring.

Bernardo de Galvez

• Spanish General• Helped the Colonists by

defeating the British in several battles in Louisiana and Florida

Thomas Paine• Wrote Common Sense to encourage colonists to separate

themselves from Britain, so that they could become a profitable.• “Our corn will fetch its price in any market in Europe…”

• Wrote The American Crisis to inspire the continental army to continue fighting despite their struggles.

Patrick Henry

Before American Revolution:• Radical colonial leader who opposed to British Taxes.• Helped stage boycotts• “Give Me Liberty Or Give Me Death” written to inspire

colonists to join the patriot cause

After American Revolution:• Anti Federalist• He thought that the Constitution didn’t do enough to ensure

the people’s rights.

John Locke• Argued that people had natural rights which could not be

taken away.• Life, Liberty, and Property

• His ideas were written into the Declaration of Independence as life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.

Battles

Lexington & Concord• 1st battles of the American Revolution• “…the shot heard round the world.”

• Ralph Waldo Emerson

Bunker Hill• “Don’t fire until you see the whites of their eyes.”• Because they needed to save ammunition

• Moral victory of the Continental Army because they held off the world’s most powerful army

Saratoga• Turning point of the war• Treaty of Alliance OFFICIAL between France and the American

Government

Yorktown• Last major battle of the American Revolution• British General, Lord Cornwallis, was trapped by American and

French soldiers• Trapped, Lord Cornwallis and his troops surrender• Americans win their independence

Events

French and Indian War• War between England and France• Britain claimed that the colonists (who were the benefactors

of the war) would have to pay the debt• This led to many new TAXES which angered the colonists

Valley Forge• Long cold winter for Washington’s troops• Full of hardships• Desperate need of food and warm clothing• Starvation• Sickness• Exposure to the cold

Boston Massacre• Tensions between colonists and soldiers was at an all time

high in 1770. • Group of soldiers was being taunted by a large crown of

colonists. • Soldiers got scared and opened fire, killing 5 people. • Rallying cry for freedom. • Paintings and engravings created to help sway public opinion

and increase opposition to British rule in the colonies.

Road to the Revolution

Proclamation 1763

What? Proclamation by King George III, stated colonists couldn’t settle West of the Appalachian Mountains

Why? Britain wanted peace because it was too expensive to fight Native Americans

Effect:Colonist were furious and thought this was just an attempt by the British to have more control over them.

Enlightenment– Unalienable Rights

• Natural rights that cannot be taken away • Life, liberty, and property

Second Continental Congress• Created the Declaration of Independence• Voted to organize a national army and appointed George

Washington as its commander in chief.

Declaration of Independence• Written by Thomas Jefferson, 1776• “That to secure these rights, governments are instituted

among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed.”

• Ensuring unalienable (natural) rights• Document listed grievances against King George III

Forming A New Government

Albany Plan of Union• Written/drawn by Benjamin Franklin• First formal proposal to unite the colonies.

Articles of Confederation• No power to enforce laws• No power to tax, regulate trade• 14 different currencies• No national court• No chief executive• No national Army• Laws: one state = one vote• What are they afraid of? A STRONG government. What does

this remind them of? King George III!

Federalists• Debated for ratification (approval) of the Constitution• Strong Central Gov’t • Powerful Executive Branch• Wanted to ratify Constitution as written.

Federalists Papers• Essays written and published to help support ratification of the

Constitution.

Anti – Federalists• Against ratification• Wanted stronger states’ rights• More people’s rights• Demanded the Bill of Rights be added to protect the individual

rights of the people from the government.

Northwest Ordinance• Created new rules for the territory to become states• Each had to have 60,000 free citizens to become a state

3/5ths Compromise • North:• Slaves should count for taxation• Slaves should not count as citizens for representation

• South• Slaves should not count for taxation• Slaves should count for the population

• Compromise: Slaves will count as 3/5ths of a person when setting taxes and representation

Great Compromise• 3 Branches of Government• 2 Houses in the Legislative Branch• 2 Senators per state (equality for all states)• House of Representatives based on population.

Virginia Plan• BIG state plan• 3 branches of government• Legislative branch would have two houses• Houses based on population

New Jersey Plan• Small state plan• Legislative Branch would have one house• One State = One Vote• Small states wanted everyone to have EQUAL representation

Constitution• Written in 1787• 3 Branches of Government• Defines separation of powers by establishing a Supreme

Legislature, Judiciary, and Executive branch• Explains how to elect representatives• Lays out how the Constitution can be changed (or amended)

Bill of Rights• Created to protect individual rights.• Specifically guarantees freedoms and gives rights to the US

and the states

Timelines

#1

Treaty of Paris 1783

Declaration of Independence

Articles of Confederation

Constitution

Bill of Rights

#2

Battle of Saratoga

Washington flees NY

British capture Charleston

British surrender at Yorktown

Treaty of Paris 1783