Unit 2 – Unit 2 – Population Pt. 2Population Pt. 2

Population and Population and Natural HazardsNatural Hazards

• Population levels have always fluctuated according to the natural environment. – When the climate is favorable – population

increases – (food supply is sufficient when the climate is good)

– Generally – adaptations to climate conditions allow for predictable weather patterns.

• Seasons – some areas that typically stay the same year round may be able to grow food all year, whereas some areas having a growing season and then no planting or growing for several months.

Dramatic ChangesDramatic Changes• If dramatic changes occur, the death

rate will likely increase until adaptations, such as warmer housing and better methods of heating spaces are made. Ex: “Little Ice Age” – 17th Century – population levels decreased significantly.

• Population levels can be negatively impacted by natural disasters, such as drought, hurricanes, typhoons, and tsunamis.

Modern EffortsModern Efforts• Human endeavors have often lessened these

negative checks through better health care and more control over food production. – Many diseases have been eradicated or controlled.

• Globalization has meant more contacts among peoples of the earth, and one result is the potential for rapid spread of communicable diseases. – EX: AIDS – a disease that began in central Africa during

the late 20th Century, and spread to many countries across the continent and overseas before the end of the century.

– Pandemic – fear of widespread epidemic such as bird flu.

Population PoliciesPopulation Policies• Over the past century many governments have designed policies to influence the overall growth rate

of their populations – RESTRICTIVE POPULATION POLICIES

• Toleration of officially banned means of birth control (abortion / birth control pills)

• Prohibition of large families (China)• China and India – the two most populous countries of

the world have taken very different approaches to population growth. Resulting in different current population patterns and problems, as well as predictions for the future.

ChinaChina• Chinese Leader – Mao Zedong

– 1965 – ever-expanding population is a “good thing”. – 1974 –population policies “imperialist tools”– 1976 – Mao’s death – China had a population of 850

million people with a birthrate of 35. His successors recognized the problems associated with overpopulation.

• Advocated for the “Two child Family”– Provided services including abortions

– Birth rate dropped to 19.5% by the late 1970’s.

– 1979 China’s new leader, Deng Xiaoping went even further instituting the “one child policy”. This program included both incentives and penalties to assure that couples produce only one child.

• Late marriages encouraged, and free contraceptives, abortions, and sterilizations were provided to families that followed the policy.

• Penalties, including steep fines, were imposed on couples that had a second child.

Problems with the PolicyProblems with the Policy• Female Infanticide – the killing of baby girls –

traditional society has always valued males above females, many couples want their one child to be a boy.

• If a girl is born instead, some have chosen to end the child’s life so that they can try again to have a boy. The incidence of female infanticide is almost impossible to tally, but the practice has led to a disproportionate number of male to female children. – China’s population pyramid has developed a lopsided

number of young adult males to young adult females. The problem is serious enough that many young men are unable to find women to marry.

IndiaIndia• Unlike China, India has had a problem coordinating

a centralized population policy. India is a federation of 28 states and 7 “union territories,” all of which are culturally and politically diverse. The national government cannot force its will on the states and territories that have various problems and policies. Population growth is the greatest in the northeast – Assam, Nagaland, and Mizoram, where the of natural increase exceeded 4.5% during the 1970’s . As a result famine has plagued the area, even when there is adequate food in other parts of the country.

• By the 1950’s by providing limiting funds for family planning clinics and programs, but they did little to stop population growth.

• In the 1960s the government invested heavily in a national program that it encouraged

Migration

Haitian RefugeesSalinas, CA

Why do people migrate?• Push Factors

• Pull Factors

Major International Migration Patterns, Early 1990s

Slide graphic courtesy of Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Hofstra University

Emigration and immigrationChange in residence.Relative to origin and destination.

World Migration Routes Since 1700

European

African (slaves)

Indian

Chinese

Japanese

Majority of population descended from immigrants

Slide graphic courtesy of Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Hofstra University

U.S. Immigration

Prior to 1840, 90% of U.S.immigration was from Britain

Two Big Waves:

1840 - 1930: W. and N. European transitioning to Southern and Eastern European by 1910

– Irish (potato famine in 1840s) and Germans

– During 1900s: Italians, Russians, Austria-Hungary (Czech, Poland, Romania, etc.)

1950 - Today: Asians and Latin Americans; declining Europeans– Asians: China, India; 1980s -1990s: Phillipines, Vietnam, and South

Korea

– Latin America: Mexico, Dom. Rep., El Salvador, Cuba, Haiti 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act admitted former illegals in

1990, 1991.

Ellis Island National Monument

U.S. MigrationPrior to 1840, 90% of U.S.

immigration was from Britain

Three trends:

Destinations of U.S. Immigrants - ethnic neighborhoods often result of chain migration– Mexicans: California, Texas, Illinois, New York– Caribbean: Florida or New York– Chinese and Indians: New York & California– Other Asians: California– Armenians: ????

Ellis Island National Monument

U.S. Immigration Policies 1882, Bars Asian immigration for ten years (extended) 1921, Quota Act - country by country quotas 1924 National Origins Act - country by country quotas 1965, Immigration Act - quotas for countries replaced, in 1968, with

hemisphere quotas of 170, 000 for East and 120,000 for West 1978, Immigration Act - global quota of 290, 000 1980, Refugee Act - quotas do not apply to those seeking political asylum 1986, Immigration Reform and Control Act admitted large numbers of

former illegals. 1990, Immigration Act raised global quotas to roughly 675,000 1995, visas issued Preferentially:

– 480,000 - to relatives of people here

– 140,000 - to those with special skills and education– 55,000 - to diversity candidates (i.e., mostly not from Latin Amer.

or Asia)

Current Total: 675,000

US Population by Race and Ethnicity, 1990-2050

75.669.1

6253

912.5

1824

11.712.1 13 14

3.6 6.3 7 9

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

1990 2000 2025 2050

Asian/ OtherBlackHispanicWhite

Slide graphic courtesy of Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Hofstra University

Top 10 Countries of Origin for US Legal Immigrants, 1998

0 50000 100000 150000

Mexico

China

India

Philippines

Dominican Republic

Vietnam

Cuba

Jamaica

El Salvador

Korea

Slide graphic courtesy of Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Hofstra University

Illegal Aliens in the United States by Country of Origin, 1996 (in 1,000s)

2700

335

165

120

105

95

90

70

70

70

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000

Mexico

El Salvador

Guatemala

Canada

Haiti

Philippines

Honduras

Poland

Nicaragua

Bahamas

Slide graphic courtesy of Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Hofstra University

Population Pyramid of Native and Foreign Born Population, United States, 2000 (in %)

8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8

Percent

Male Female FemaleMale

Foreign Born Native

8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8

0-4

5-9

10-14

15-19

20-24

25-29

30-34

35-39

40-44

45-49

50-54

55-59

60-64

65-69

70-74

75-79

80-84

85+

Percent

Age

Slide graphic courtesy of Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Hofstra University

Types of Migration• Internal Migration

– Within one country.– Crossing domestic

jurisdictional boundaries.– Movements between

states or provinces.– Little government control.– Factors:

• Employment-based.

• Retirement-based.

• Education-based.

• Civil conflicts (internally displaced population).

Slide courtesy of Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Hofstra University

Migration by Major Metropolitan Areas in the United States, 1990-98 (in 1,000s)

-1750 -1250 -750 -250 250 750 1250

New York

Los Angeles

San Francisco

Chicago

Miami

Atlanta

Las Vegas

Phoenix

Portland

Denver

Immigration

Net domesticmigration

Slide graphic courtesy of Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Hofstra University

The Ten Fastest-Growing Metropolitan Areas, 1990–2000

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000; 1990 Census. Web: www.census.gov

Population Change, 1990–2000Metropolitan area April 1, 1990 April 1, 2000 Number Percent

Las Vegas, Nev., Ariz. 852,737 1,563,282 710,545 83.3%Naples, Fla. 152,099 251,377 99,278 65.3Yuma, Ariz. 106,895 160,026 53,131 49.7McAllen-Edinburg-Mission, Tex. 383,545 569,463 185,918 48.5Austin-San Marcos, Tex. 846,227 1,249,763 403,536 47.7Fayetteville-Springdale-Rogers, Ark. 210,908 311,121 100,213 47.5Boise, Idaho 295,851 432,345 136,494 46.1Phoenix-Mesa, Ariz. 2,238,480 3,251,876 1,013,396 45.3Laredo, Tex. 133,239 193,117 59,878 44.9Provo-Orem, Utah 263,590 368,536 104,946 39.8

Types of Migration• Circular migration

– A type of temporary migration.

– Associated with agricultural work.

– The migrant follows the harvest of various crops, moving from one place to another each time.

– Very common in the US Southwest (Mexican farm workers) and in Western Europe (Eastern European farm workers).

Fall / Winter

Spring Summer

Types of Migration• Voluntary migration

– The migrant makes the decision to move.– Most migration is voluntary.

• Forced Migration– Involuntary migration in which the mover has no role in the

decision-making process.– Slavery.

• About 11 million African slaves were brought to the Americas between 1519 and 1867.

• In 1860, there were close to 4 million slaves in the United States.

– Refugees.– Military conscription.– Children of migrants.– Situations of divorce or separation.

Slide graphic courtesy of Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Hofstra University

Key Term: Forced Migration

Forced Migration

The Trail of Tears, 1838

Slaves Reaching British North America, 1601-1867 (in 1,000s)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

1601-1650

1676-1700

1701-1725

1726-1750

1751-1775

1776-1800

1801-1825

1826-1850

1851-1867

Slide graphic courtesy of Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Hofstra University

Interregional MigrationsU.S. population has been moving Westward and Southward

Gold Rush (1849) and Donner Party just the most dramatic examples of hardship.– Wells, Pumps, Aqueducts, Mosquito Control and Air Conditioning have allowed this move which otherwise would be impossible.

Loss of Industrial Jobs in east compliments increase in Sunbelt service sector (biotech, communications).

Voluntary African-American Migrations

Blacks moved to Industrial Belt (i.e., Chicago, New York, Detroit) and Los

Angeles during World Wars (labor shortages).

Intraregional Migrations in U.S. U.S. population has been moving out of the city centers to

the suburbs: suburbanization and counterurbanization

U.S. intraregional migration during 1990s.

Developed Countries: suburbanizationautomobiles and roads‘American Dream’better servicescounterurbanizationidyllic settingscost of land for retirementslow pace, yet high tech connections to services and markets

Intraregional Migrations in LDCs Populations in the less developed world are rushing to cities

in search of work and income.

Urbanization migration from rural areas lack of jobs in countryside lack of services in cities Tokyo, Los Angeles, and New York only MDC cities on top 10 list

Rank City Population1 Tokyo, Japan 28 million2 New York City, United States 20.1 million3 Mexico City, Mexico 18.1 million4 Mumbai, India (Bombay) 18 million5 Sao Paulo, Brazil 17.7 million6 Los Angeles, United States 15.8 million7 Shanghai, China 14.2 million8 Lagos, Nigeria 13.5 million9 Kolkata, India (Calcutta) 12.9 million

10 Buenos Aires, Argentina 12.5 million

Lagos, Nigeria Mumbai, India Mexico City, Mexico