unit 14: responsible tourism good practice for craft villages in vietnam

UNIT 14.RESPONSIBLE TOURISM GOOD PRACTICEFOR CRAFT VILLAGES IN VIETNAM

Picture source:http://www.flickr.com/photos/nerdcoregirl/3609065883/sizes/m/in/photostream/

Unit outline

ObjectivesBy the end of this unit, participants will be able to:• Understand the positive and negative economic,

environmental and social impacts of craft villages in Vietnam and the benefits of responsible tourism

• Explain the importance of developing products for markets and marketing them responsibly and ways to do so

• Explain the principles and practices in ensuring product quality, innovation and competitiveness to ensure commercial viability

• Explain issues of waste and pollution management in craft villages and steps to minimise negative impacts

• Explain how to enhance participation and tourism destination attractiveness through craft village co-operation and co-ordination and development mechanisms

Topics1. Overview of Craft Villages

and tourism in Vietnam2. Developing product-

market links & marketing responsibly

3. Ensuring product quality, innovation & competitiveness

4. Managing waste & pollution

5. Effective co-operation & co-ordination

6. Responsible craft village destination development

TOPIC 1. OVERVIEW OF CRAFT VILLAGES AND TOURISM IN VIETNAM

RESPONSIBLE TOURISM GOOD PRACTICE FOR CRAFT VILLAGES IN VIETNAM

Picture source:http://t0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQ9HAJdxte3mLSZ1W7Br5hXbhxm1BWkSCzrtZ3pot5kqkyU5jW6

Craft villages in Vietnam

• > 30 % of households participating in craft activities

• Legally operate for at least 2 years

• 2 types - traditional and new craft villages

• 2017 craft villages estimated in 2007 Source: Mahanty, S, Dang, T & Hai, P. 2012, ‘Crafting sustainability: managing water

pollution in Viet Nam’s craft villages,’ Development Policy Centre Discussion Paper 20, Crawford School of Public Policy, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia

Vietnam’s 12 categories of handicraft products

Picture sources:http://t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQyVfnymaeLpoQPqNEkBpi3ms49unjBgBqSW9uKt37JbGxp5Rmt; http://imagevietnam.vnanet.vn/Upload//2012/8/28/28-8TNDP4BaoAnh2882012104754928.jpg;

http://ictpress.vn/uploads/imagecache/center-image/dsc_7456.jpg; http://www.dunghangviet.vn/uploads/content/2012-09-15.07.31.01-gomssu.jpg

Identify the handicrafts!

1.

2.

3.4.


Picture sources: http://farm4.staticflickr.com/3205/3123924949_2296a7837c_z.jpg; http://imagevietnam.vnanet.vn/Upload//2011/4/21/21-4TNDP09N421.jpg;

http://dulichtaybac.net/images/stories/anhbaiviet/baiviet/dt_22720101447_nghia-an2-20121016123811.jpg; http://www.nguhanhson.danang.gov.vn/Portals/0/Images/1.Tintuc_sukien/3.Vanhoa_Xahoi/2013/130926-lang%20da%201.jpg


5.

6.

8.7.


Picture sources:http://sohanews2.vcmedia.vn/2013/1363650840031.jpg; http://www.ellaviet.com/Uploads/Images/LANGNGHE/ThanhTien.jpg; http://www.sggp.org.vn/dataimages/original/2009/03/images281986_image001.jpg;

http://dancotravel.net/UserFiles/image/Cam-nang-du-lich/Cam-nang-du-lich-sapa/1304914053_sapa-13.jpg

12. Others


9. 10.

11.

The importance of craft villages…

…to the nation• Addresses rural poverty &

helps counter rural-urban income gaps and migration

• Fosters rural industrialisation and modernisation & increases national and local budgets

…to the community• Provides jobs and income

during off-crop seasons• Improves quality of life for

local people• Enables the continued

expression of artforms

Did you know….?

Craft villages generate jobs for 1.5 million people, of which 60% are women, with most jobs located in rural areas

where employment is needed most

Vietnam’s handicrafts are exported to > 100 nations and generate

export revenue of about US$ 2.8 billion

Source: Cong, T. 2012, ‘Handicraft sector told to refresh itself’, TalkVietnam, Available [online]: www.talkvietnam.com/2012/10/handicraft-sector-told-to-refresh-itself/, Accessed: 14/08/2013

• Crafts use accessible skills and resources

• Crafts can support other sources of income

• Crafts can fill employment gaps

• Crafts are accessible to people with limited formal education

Crafts foster employment for the poor

Picture source:http://www.flickr.com/photos/ag_gilmore/8177441079/

• Crafts are based ontraditional skills

• Other sources of incomecan be limited

• It is estimated craft workers have an income 60% higher than the average income of other rural people

Crafts increase income for the poor

• Crafts are based upon traditional forms of art

• Commercial craft production helps preservecultural heritage

• Crafts help create national pride and inspiration

Crafts help preserve cultural heritage

Picture source:http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:A_silk_and_painting_shop_in_Hoi_An.jpg

• Crafts act as mementosor souvenirs that connect people to a place

• Craft villages provideenriching cultural learning experiences for tourists

• Craft villages createopportunities for other businesses to develop and improve local infrastructure and services

Crafts and craft villages create good consumer products and destinations

Picture source:http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:An_aged_woman_wearing_traditional_Vietnamese_clothes,_selling_fictile_craft_souvenirs_in_one_of_Hoi_An_Ancient_Town_streets.jpg

Why handicrafts are the ultimate souvenirs!

HANDICRAFT

Handicrafts use a special

mix of design,

materials and production

making them unique to a people and

place

Tourists want souvenirs that give a

physical reminder of a place, people or experience

• Craft skills can be passed through families and communities over generations

• Competition can help create greater cohesion amongst craft families and communities

Crafts can help foster social cohesion

Picture source:http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Black_H'mong_family_%E2%80%93_Grandmother,_mother,_grandson-_Sapa_Vietnam.JPG

Picture source:http://www.dulichnamchau.vn/wp-content/uploads/lang-nghe-lao-cai.jpg

The evolution of the handicrafts sector in Sapa

Before 1994 1995 - 2000 After 2000

• Unknown• Few villagers

maintain these traditional skills

• Start engaging in tourism industry

• More villagers involved

• Crafts develop strongly• More than 10 villages

involved in making handicrafts

• Handicrafts exported• Villages begin

attracting tourists

Major challenges of the crafts sector in sustainability 1/3

Overrelianceon tourism

professionalLimited

development

Loss of

authenticity

Picture sources:Pixabay, http://pixabay.com/; http://www.flickr.com/photos/archer10/4331192254/


Picture sources:Pixabay, http://pixabay.com/; http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Beggar_Japan_Man.svg;

!design rightsand benefits

limited

Threats of sector

stagnation waste and

pollution

MINE

YOURS


Depletionof natural resources

commodificationof culture

Others??

Picture source:Pixabay, www.pixabay.com

Adopting a responsible tourism approach to improve craft village sustainability

Responsible tourism balances the needs of the consumer, supplier, community and environment

Minimises negative economic social &

environmental impacts

Creates greater economic benefits

for local people

Promotes greater local participation

Helps conserve natural and

cultural resources

Creates more attractive and commercially

viable products (and destinations)

Application of responsible tourism in craft villages

Developing product-market links & marketing

responsibly

Ensuring product quality, innovation &

competitiveness

Managing craft waste & pollution

Effective co-operation & co-

ordination

Responsible craft village destination

development

Topic 2 & 3

Topic 4

Topic 5

Topic 6

Topic 7

Benefits of adopting a responsible tourism approach in craft villages

Greater ownership & accountability

Maintenance of cultural integrity

and pride

Empowerment of local residents

Enhanced experiences for

tourists & consumer

Enhanced appreciation of contribution of

tourism to cultural preservation

TOPIC 2. DEVELOPING PRODUCT-MARKET LINKS & MARKETING RESPONSIBLY


Picture source:http://chogombattrang.vn/upload/user/hieunt/news/du-lich-bat-trang-www.chogombattrang.vn.jpg

What do we mean by product-market links?

• A product is the finished craft that is available for sale to consumers

• Vietnam has 12 craft products groups

• Markets are the end consumers who buy the products

• Markets can be domestic or international (export)

• Markets can be further defined into market segments

MARKET

PRODUCTS


FORM

PRICE

• Not all markets may be interested in the same product/s

• Consumers have different needs in product design, form, and function

• Consumers have different budgets• Expectations / requirements of

product quality can also vary

Why do we need to match products to markets?

DESIGN

FUNCTION

QUALITY


Different markets want different product characteristics

RED COLOUR

LOWQUALITY

HIGHQUALITY

BLUECOLOUR

SIMPLEDESIGN

COMPLEXDESIGN

GREENCOLOUR

MARKET A

MARKET B

MARKET C

Additional considerations for developing commercially viable products

COMPETITION

Market

trends

positioningmarket

sizemar

ket

Up? Down?

How many consumers?

How do we compare?

How are we different?

Benefits of product-market matching

• Better meets consumer needs making them more commercially viable and economically sustainable

• More likely to have reliable sales which better secures incomes

Meet specific target market needs

Priced to meet the budget of the target market

Ensures producers obtain sufficient profit

Takes better advantage of market opportunities

Plans for market risks including those of competitors


BUILDING STRONG

PRODUCT-MARKET

LINKS

2. Develop products using

a market & competitor

analysis

3. Strengthen products by reviewing & improving business linkages

4. Continually improve

products based on feedback

1. Base products on a

value chain analysis

Principles of good practice in building strong product-market links

Principle 1. Build high value products based on a value chain analysis

• Understand the activities that are performed (add “value”) to develop the craft product

• Used to strengthen products by examining actors and linkages and finding ways to strengthen or improve activities

• Quantification used to understand value, for example:– Number of the different actors (companies or workforce)– Product quantities sold by different actors

(products or turnover)– Number of persons employed, gender ratios etc

• Analysis generally requires specific skills and experience

http://cityinsight.vn/data/images/uploads/2013/10/van-phuc-silk-handicraft-village-hanoi-one-day-tour-1.jpg

Steps to conduct a value chain analysis

COLLECTDATA

ANALYSEDATA

Opportunities

&constraints

Mapping actors,

functions & relationships

End market analysis

VET FINDINGS / DEVELOP

ACTION PLAN

Example of typical handicrafts value chain

After the value chain is developed, it is possible to

identify challenges at different stages of the value

chain. Based on the analysis, a range of

solutions can be developed and implemented such as :

technical skills training, gender equality and

entrepreneurship development, access to

business support services and finance, access to

markets, and strengthening of craft cooperatives.

Source: UNWomen, http://www.unwomen.org/mdgf/B/VietNam_B.html

Calculating product economic value

• Requires assessing market prices at different levels of the value chain

• How much money is spent on raw material, what is the producer price and what are wholesale and retail prices?

• An example of a handicraft value chain is below:

Raw material$0.5/handicraft

Handicraft production$0.9/handicraft

Middlemen – marketing$1.0/handicraft

Retail market$1.1/handicraft

Consumer

Total value of product is price paid by consumer ($1.1)

Source: International Trade Centre 2012, Inclusive tourism: Linking the handicraft sector to tourism markets, ITC, Geneva, Switzerland

Assessing opportunities and constraints for pro-poor benefit

OPPORTUNITY ANALYSIS CONSTRAINTS ANALYSIS• Is there any particular demand for a certain kind of

handicrafts expressed by traders? • What kind of higher value handicraft products are

appreciated by tourists?• Are there any particular product qualities which are in

high demand?• How will the tourism sector change in the country in the

near future?• What tourism trends are pushed by local and

international stakeholders?• What possibilities are there to substitute imported

products?• Are there any possibilities for new product development?• What market channels can be developed further?• What kind of raw material can be used in addition?• Can poor people be helped to upgrade their production?• Can poor people take over additional functions in the

value chain?

• What constraints need to be overcome in order to be able to make use of the market opportunities?

• What other constraints do not allow craftsmen to receive a higher price paid by the tourists and to increase their income?

• To what extent does the product quality need to be improved in order to increase sales?

• What kind of skills and knowledge are missing?• Is the raw material supply sufficient?• Are the technologies and equipment used appropriate?• How can productivity be increased?• Are there any particular transport problems?• How is the relationship between traders and raw material

suppliers?

Source: International Trade Centre 2012, Inclusive tourism: Linking the handicraft sector to tourism markets, ITC, Geneva, Switzerland

Principle 2. Develop products using a market and competitor analysis

• Confirms demand and positioning of current craft products

• Identifies opportunities for current or new products with current or new markets

• Allows craft organisations to understand and eliminate threats and challenges and pursue the strongest opportunities

COMPONENTS OF A MARKET ANALYSIS

• Market characteristics • Input supply• Technology / product

development• Management &

organisation• Policy framework• Finance

Overview of key elements of a market analysis

Industry overview

Current size, historic growth rate, trends and other characteristics such as life cycle stage, projected growth rate

Target market analysis

Critical needs of consumers, demographics, location, seasonal or cyclical purchasing trends, size of the primary target market, annual purchases made, forecast growth, anticipated market share, pricing structure, gross margin levels, promotional offers planned etc

Competitor analysis

Competitor market share, importance of target market to competitors, indirect or secondary competitors

Regulatory restrictions

Customer or governmental regulatory requirements affecting business, operational or cost impacts for compliance

Considerations in a competitor analysis

COMPETITOR

TYPE/S OFCRAFTS PRODUCED

TARGET MARKET

PRODUCTFEATURES

QUALITY

PRICING

DISTRIBUTION


Principle 3. Strengthen products by reviewing and improving business linkages

• Forward linkages– Identify opportunities and / or

gaps– Develop forums– Complement existing linkages

with new ones

• Backward linkages– Solidify access to sufficient raw

materials / quality inputs at reasonable prices

HANDICRAFTCOOPERATIVE

RETAILSHOP

RAWMATERIALSUPPLIERS

Forward linkages

Backward linkages

Principle 4. Continually improve products based on feedback

• Markets needs and wants are continually changing based upon social, cultural and economic influences

• Crafts need to stay informed about what the market wants in order to remain viable in the long term

• Feedback helps us understand the WHY behind what people are doing:

Why are peoplebuying her

handicraft much more than mine?

Why do most customers only buy one

handicraft and not two?

How can I get more men to

buy my handicrafts?


Benefits of gaining customer feedback

Guides better business decisions

Identifies ‘at risk’ customers

Stop problems reoccurring

Three simple ways to get customer feedback

Talk to customers if you are selling your handicrafts directly in the village. If not, ask your retailers to ask some simple questions about what they like and dislike about the handicrafts.

Conduct a focus group session with retailers, tour operators, hotels and other sellers of your crafts to get their opinions on your products.

Conduct a survey with the help of partner retailers. Consider talking to a local college or university to see if they can provide some students to help as a part of their course.1 2

3

TOPIC 3. IMPLEMENTING EFFECTIVE, AUTHENTIC & RESPONSIBLE MARKETING


Picture source:http://www.flickr.com/photos/vanmarcianoart/6076488268/

What is the issue?

• Poor marketing of cultural products can result in loss of meaning and significance

• Poor marketing and communication in craft village tourism destinations can result in cultural conflict and erosion of cultural integrity

• Sensitively marketed handicrafts and craft village tourism destinations can promote cross-cultural understanding and respect

This bowl was produced by the Black Hmong Women’s Cooperative. The design uses traditional patterns that date back hundreds of years. 5% of all sales support community projects.

Picture sources:Pixabay, http://pixabay.com/

Benefits of marketing authentically and responsibly

Builds relationships between handicraft

producers and consumers

Builds handicraft brand recognition

Builds cross-cultural understanding and respect

Creates more appealing and interesting products

Can result in increased sales if handicraft is Fair

Trade certified

EFFECTIVE, AUTHENTIC & RESPONSIBLE MARKETING OF CRAFTS

2. Develop a brand that

reflects cultural and community

values

3. Implement creative

promotional strategies

4. Raise awareness and appreciation of

cultural heritage

1. Market strategically

Principles of effective, authentic and responsible marketing in crafts

Principle 1. Market craft products and destinations strategically

Develop a marketing plan that:• Specifies a long term vision

with clear objectives• Identifies key target markets,

market strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats

• Identifies the products, promotional strategies, distribution channels, and pricing

• Contains an action plan that is budgeted, time bound and assigns responsibilities


Inclusions of a marketing planVision Communicates both the purpose and values of the organisation

Objectives Define what you want to accomplish through your marketing activities. Objectives should be SMART (Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic and Timely). Should be consistent with the priorities of the organisation.

Target markets

Identify and analyse key target markets. How big is the overall market? How rapidly is it growing? And what is the consumer profile (e.g. age, gender, location, marital status, income, customer’s interests, hobbies, values, attitudes behaviours, lifestyle, etc).

SWOT analysis

Identify the organisation’s internal strengths and weaknesses and the external opportunities and threats. The results guide action plan development. Strengths (e.g. cost advantages, financial resources, customer loyalty, wide recognition for social responsibility), Weaknesses (need for experienced managers, inadequate financing, weak market image), Opportunities (e.g. growing demand for quality, enter new markets), Threats (e.g. changing buyer tastes, new competitors, adverse government policies)

Products The mix of all the features, advantages, and benefits that the products offer to target markets (e.g. the core benefit of the products, additional features, and non-tangible benefits such as warranties, delivery)

Promotions The promotional activities that communicate the benefits of the products to the target market to persuade them to make a purchase. Can include direct marketing, advertising, personal selling, sales promotions etc.

Distribution Where the sales are to be made and how the products will be distributed (e.g. channels of distribution, extent of market coverage, transportation and logistics). Should identify all key intermediaries (Retailers, wholesalers, agents and brokers)

Pricing Price relates to the pricing strategy of your products or services. Pricing strategies include: Premium Pricing (e.g. high prices charged for luxury products), Penetration Pricing (where a lower price is set than the general market in order to increase sales and market share), Skimming Pricing (setting a high initial price relative to the prices of competing products and then lower the price over time), and Competition Pricing (setting prices in comparison with your competitors)

Action plan Activities that will take place to meet each objective. Informed by the SWOT analysis. Budgeted, time bound and assigns responsibilities.

Principle 2. Develop a brand that reflects cultural and community values

• Branding aims to build market presence

• Should be connected to quality• Brand should be sympathetic to the

culture of the community• Follow a brand development

process that identifies product attributes, benefits, and a brand “DNA”

• Physically represent the brand through the development of a slogan, logo and label

Picture source:http://www.flickr.com/photos/fischerfotos/7447237212/

The brand pyramid

• How the experience will satisfyEmotional benefit

• Summarises the emotional need of the consumerConsumer benefit

• Summarises the tangible experience – what do the attributes give the consumer?Functional benefit

• The most desirable / differentiated tangible assets of the productProduct attributes

DNA: Phrase that captures the soul of the brand

Principle 3. Implement creative promotional strategies

• Promotion is required to get the craft product from theproducers to the consumers

• Promotion can be a costly endeavour, so low cost, innovative strategies are important

• Methods can include print material, web presence, working with media, and direct promotion


Practical promotional strategies

Develop

Tags & stickers

Develop a website &

social media presence

printmaterial

Develop &distribute a range of

Develop avillage display centre

Participate intrade fairs & events

Develop stories for the

local media

Door

localbusinesses

knock


Tips for communicating marketing messages effectively

• Be clear and direct• Speak to the target market/s• Convey features and benefits• Use every-day language• Have a strong storyline• Speak to people’s emotions• Explain where & how to purchase• Incorporate photos / images

Principle 4. Raise awareness and appreciation of cultural heritage

• Crafts providean opportunity to promoteculture and enhance culturalunderstanding

• A lack of cultural understanding can result in mistrust and offensive behaviour

• Improve cultural understanding by:A. Raising awareness through a destination code of conductB. Informing consumers / tourists in promotional materialC. Communicating “pro-poor” messages


A. Developing a visitor code of conduct for craft village tourism destinations

• “Soft management” tool for tourism destinations

• Visitors asked to follow appropriate behaviour to respect the local culture, protect the environment, and support the local economy

• Dissemination through signs, brochures, destination website (if available), tour guides, information packs

Picture source:http://luangprabang-tourism.blogspot.com/2010/07/dos-and-donts-in-laos.html

.

EDUCATE

INFLUENCE

Example of a visitor code of conduct 1/2

Source: VNAT, Do’s and Don'ts in Vietnam for Community-based Tourists, VNAT, Vietnam

Example of a visitor code of conduct 2/2

Source: VNAT, Do’s and Don'ts in Vietnam for Community-based Tourists, VNAT, Vietnam

Environmental issues to consider in a code of conduct

Picture sources: http://www.flickr.com/photos/superciliousness/15175142/sizes/n/in/photostream/; http://www.flickr.com/photos/photosofsrilanka/4268169172/; http://www.flickr.com/photos/goron/67076452/; http://www.flickr.com/photos/klachi6/7141668687/; http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hiking_at_highest_peak_in_Kosova_-_Gjeravica.JPG; http://www.flickr.com/photos/markturner/3460610476/

Following walking trails, driving in natural areas, boating…Litter

Large tour groups

Watching wildlifeNoise

Picking a flower

How can these

become an issue?

Social issues to consider in a code of conduct

How can these

become an issue?

Picture sources: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Young_woman_at_Waikiki_Beach.jpg;

http://www.flickr.com/photos/tracy77/1038537421/; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourist_sign; http://www.flickr.com/photos/nogoodreason/3355665500/; http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Annie_Lin_taking_a_photo_at_the_Wikimedia_Foundation_office,_2010-10-25.jpg; http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Beach_from_Le_Royal_M

%C3%A9ridien_Beach_Resort_and_Spa_in_Dubai_2.jpg;

Villagers making a living from tourism

Foreign languages

Dressing like at home

Photographing the locals Coastal resorts

Expansion of international food & culture

Economic issues to consider in a code of conduct

Picture sources:http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Boy_begging_in_Agra.jpg; http://www.flickr.com/photos/jason_weemin/3031278325/; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_with_KFC_franchises;

http://www.flickr.com/photos/da5ide/795541154/; http://www.flickr.com/photos/davidstanleytravel/8590204805/

How can these

become an issue?

Giving to beggars Extreme bargaining

Patronising foreign owned restaurants Paying unfair salaries and rates to local suppliers

Patronising foreign owned hotels

The responsibility of visitors in local tourism destinations

As a visitor I agree to:Help the local economy by…

• Using accredited operators• Buying locally made souvenirs• Eating at local restaurants• Staying in locally-owned places• Purchasing fair trade products• Supporting responsible tourism

operators..

Help the local environment by…

• Not littering• Avoiding excessive waste• Leaving nature as it is• Not disturbing wildlife• Putting out cigarettes properly• Carbon offseting• Saving energy• Not purchasing or eating endangered species…

Help the local people by…

• Being considerate of the communities I visit

• Donating via reputable institutions

• Not giving money to children and beggars

• Respecting cultural difference• Not supporting the illegal

drug or sex trade• Using responsible travel

providers• Using operators with

responsible tourism policies.


B. Communicating cultural significance and understanding in promotional material

• Develop interesting stories about the cultural significance of the craft products and destination

• Connections help drive visitation and sales

• Integrate stories across all promotional material

WHERE? Brochures Websites Flyers Email signature Business cards Labels Others?

Topics to discuss when promoting cultural products and destinations

• People• History• Culture• Geography

• Production methods• Traditional use• Design significance•Materials

DESTINATIONSPRODUCTS


C. Communicating “pro-poor” messages

• “Pro-poor” tourism refers to tourism strategies developed to help alleviate poverty

• Includes craft products developed by local villagers and cooperatives

• Pro-poor messages are explanations about how the purchase of the craft product or visiting the craft village destination will help alleviate local poverty

• The extent to which sales contributes to poverty reduction should be made clear

• Pro-poor messages can lead to increased sales from consumers with a social conscience

HOW?• Product labels• Product stickers• Brochures• Websites• Others?

Example of effective promotion of sustainability activities: Joma Café, Hanoi

Pro-poor message

TOPIC 4. ENSURING PRODUCT QUALITY, INNOVATION & COMPETITIVENESS


Picture source:http://www.flickr.com/photos/marfis75/404877169/

What is the issue?

• Commercially viable craft products must be based on product development best practice to ensure commercial viability

• Adding a responsible tourism component means that products must also be environmentally and socially sustainable

• To achieve commercial viability, responsible craft products must meet market needs, be innovative, and maintain cultural authenticity

Picture source:http://www.flickr.com/photos/jepoirrier/6053558665/

The key requirements of commercially viable and responsible craft products

• Based on market needs• Connect to market segments• Cater to more than one market• Consider market positioning• Consider competitors in positioning and pricing

Understanding and meeting end user requirements of craft products

Product sizeColour preferences

Type of materials used

Additional functional requirements

Core functional requirements

Product weight

+ Innovative / contemporary design features

+ Cultural authenticity, meaning and significance


Benefits of developing high quality, innovative and competitive craft products

Sustain higher prices

Relevant to a broader range of consumers

Differentiation

Use stronger, more durable materials

Blend contemporary & traditional design

HIGH QUALITY, INNOVATIVE & COMPETITIVE

CRAFTS

1. Develop unique &

innovative designs

2. Pursue practical options

for support & capacity building

3. Aim for quality

Principles of developing high quality, innovative and competitive craft products

Principle 1: Develop unique & innovative designs

• Attractive and marketable crafts are based on good design

• Design can relate to:– Creating new products– Redesigning existing products– Exploring new or old markets– Applying traditional skills for new

opportunities– Using new materials, processes, tools and technologies

Picture source:http://www.flickr.com/photos/runran/6885362990/

Design elements consumers are looking for in handicrafts

Workmanship

Functionality

Practicality

Natural materials

Cultural values

Aesthetics


Principle 2: Pursue practical options for support and capacity building

• Craft producers often know the importance of developing quality, competitive products but don’t know what to do

• Practical options for support, advice and capacity building can come from:– NGOs and Government– Industry / Private sector

Have an intimate understanding of their customers

Are more aware of

global fashion and trends

Have access to technology

and information resources

PRIVATESECTOR

How government and NGOs can support and build capacity of craft producers

Co-operatives can…

…contact relevant government

authorities to find out about free and

low cost training opportunities

…set aside a percentage of earnings to fund

sending a designer to a training course

…research and contact NGOs working in the crafts sector and discuss opportunities for gaining their support

How industry can support and build capacity of craft producers

PRIVATE SECTOR

CAPACITY BUILDING

Training Information

resources

Mentoring

Networks

Mentoring

NetworksTraining

Information resources

Principle 3: Aim for design quality

• Quality is important to helpmaintain customer satisfaction and loyalty and to reduce the risk of faulty goods

• Quality products are important in building long-term revenue and profitability

• Quality products can also support higher pricing• A strong reputation for quality can also be a differentiator

in competitive markets

Picture source:http://www.flickr.com/photos/runran/6885362990/

4 simple ways to ensure production of good quality craft products

Raw material type

Production checks

Final product quality control checks

Raw material supply

Picture sources:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_Water_puppets

http://www.pixabay.comhttp://www.flickr.com/photos/ag_gilmore/8177441079/

http://www.flickr.com/photos/usdagov/5216079185/

Example: Ensuring quality brocade products in Ha Giang

The H’mong women’s weaver’s co-operative of some 100 H’mong female weavers has developed new brocade designs based on their traditional weaving practice with the assistance of the French NGO, Batik International. The co-operative produces more than 120 different types of products of high quality that are supplied to high value markets such as resorts, large hotels and craft shops in Hanoi and overseas. Before the craft products are delivered to buyers they are carefully checked by a senior master weaver and the chairwoman of the co-operative. In order to keep up with consumer demand and trends and introduce the traditional brocade to new markets the chairwoman travels to craft trade markets both nationally and internationally.

TOPIC 5. MANAGINGCRAFT WASTE AND POLLUTION


Picture source:http://www.flickr.com/photos/notsogoodphotography/4547807568/

What is the issue?

• Almost all craft enterprises and villages in Vietnam are releasing untreated waste, which is seriously polluting and degrading the environment

• The discharge of untreated pollutants into the environment causes pollution of ground and surface water resulting in degradation of the natural environment and impacts on human health

Silk and textile production release large volumes of waste water

which contain high levels of chemicals

Production of metal products releases lower volumes of waste water, but with higher levels of

toxicity

Handicraft related environmental impacts in villages

CRAFTWASTE

AIR WATER SOLID OTHERSTextile & dyeing, silk & leather tanning

Dust & chemical pollutants

Biological & chemical (dyes, bleaches), contaminants, heavy metals from tanning

Cinders & textile scraps; unsafe chemical containers

Localised heat & humidity

Ceramics Dust & chemical pollutants

Biological waste, oils & dye chemicals

Coal ash & other solid waste

Heat

Lacquer, stone engraving

Dust and chemical pollutants from solvents

Biological waste, oils and dye chemicals

Solid waste

Stone processing Dust & other chemical pollutants

Chemical pollutants Coal ash, small stone scraps

Heat, noise, exposure to vibration

Causes of excessive and harmful waste in crafts sector

• Excessive waste can be caused by incorrect material storage and handling, overestimation of material requirements, excessive product packaging, and use of one-off disposable products

• Waste that is harmful to the environment and people is often the result of the use of toxic products in production or alternatively production by-products

Picture source:http://www.flickr.com/photos/notsogoodphotography/4547807568/

Impacts of craft pollution on the health of the community

A study of the Red River region conducted by the Korean Environment Institute (KEI) and the World Bank found:

Source: Ministry of Natural Resources and the Environment 2008, Environment report of Vietnam, 2008: Craft village environment' / 'Bao Cao Moi Truong Quoc Gia 2008: Moi Truong Lang Nghe Viet Nam, MONRE, Hanoi, Vietnam

“Craft village residents report higher levels of eye, intestinal and skin disease, and respiratory conditions

than people from other villages”

“The life expectancy of craft villagers is

reported to be 10 years shorter than the

national average” “Cancer is more common in craft villages engaged in plastic, lead

and metal recycling”

Benefits of effective waste management and treatment

protectsnatural resourcesfor sustainable long term harvesting

from waste disposal fees, more effective purchasing

decisions & fine avoidance

saves money less

drinking & agricultural watercontaminated

reduces illness and improves

quality of life


MANAGING WASTE

1. Implement the 3R’s

2. Promote collective

action

3. Upgrade technology

4. Transition to natural products

Principles of good practice in managing waste in crafts

+ Government actions

Principle 1. Implement the 3R’s

For any operation the first step to minimise waste is to implement the 3R’s: Reduce, Reuse, Recycle

Reduce

• Reduce single-use and disposable products

• Reduce products with excessive packaging

• Buy in bulk (also saves money)

• Choose concentrated products or refillable containers

• Plan raw material requirements according to seasonal requirements

Reuse

• Repair instead of replace• Choose well made durable

items (cheaper in long term)• Sell, donate or gift unwanted

equipment or appliances• Reuse containers and jars for

other uses• Where possible consider

using recycled materials as components of craft products

Recycle

• Sell broken products to repair services who can resell

• Buy products made from recycled material or recyclable packaging

• Separate glass, hard plastics, aluminium, steel, and paper and sell to recycling collectors

Conducting a walk through waste audit

Process:1. Create audit checklist for waste

facilities and processes2. Survey product procurement use

and waste disposal systems using observation and measurements to complete the audit checklist

3. Take notes of any outstanding questions or areas that need follow-up information or expertise

OBJECTIVES

• Identify current types and volumes of waste

• Distinguish sources of waste• Identify poor practices in

procurement of goods and waste disposal

• Identify potential savings and low cost or no cost improvements

• Identify potential longer-term capital improvements

Principle 2. Work with others to promote collective action

• Small and family based craft enterprises have limited access to capital for waste management technology

• By joining together craft enterprises can create economies of scale and gain better access to waste management technology

• Co-operatives can also pool finances and are more eligible for government loans

Picture source:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_wastewater_treatment

Government policies on credit to support SMEs and non-farming jobs

Decision 193/2001/QD-TTG

Calls for the establishment of a SME Credit Guarantee Fund

Direction84/2002/TT-BTC

Provides guided financial support for the development of rural non-farming jobs

Principle 3. Upgrade craft production technology

• Many craft enterprises use old technology that is more than 50 years old

• Old, low-cost and inefficient technologies are a primary cause of pollution in craft villages

• Inefficient machinery contributes to pollution as more inputs and waste are associated with each unit of production

Source:Mahanty, S, Dan, T & Hai, P 2012, ‘Crafting sustainability: managing water pollution in Viet Nam’s craft villages,’ Development

Policy Centre Discussion Paper 20, Crawford School of Public Policy, The Australian National University, Canberra

This paper processing machine is from the 1960s and is still in use in Phong Khe

Principle 4. Transition to natural products

• Some crafts involve the use of toxic chemicals which can affect the health of the environment and the community if not treated

• Natural products can reduce these impacts when waste treatment technology is inaccessible

• Natural products are also in demand from consumers meaning an increase in price doesn’t need to affect sales

• Using natural products can also be an effective differentiator from the competition

Picture source:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_dye

Practical solutions for authorities to minimise excessive and harmful waste

EIAsplanningland use

infrastructurewaste management

CAPACITY BUILDING

raisingawareness

incentivesPENALTIES and

TOPIC 6. EFFECTIVE CO-OPERATION & CO-ORDINATION IN CRAFT VILLAGES


Picture source:http://www.flickr.com/photos/atoll/182853364/

What is the issue?

• Many handicraft operations in Vietnam are home-based and not formally registered

• Whilst workers in such family businesses might receive a career, income and family-based social support, the informal nature:– Restricts businesses’ ability to upscale– Restricts business’ access to government support– Restricts workers’ access to decent working conditions

Picture source:http://pixabay.com/en/weaving-woman-vietnam-ethnic-art-271075/

Using co-operatives for effective co-operation and co-ordination in crafts

• Groups families or individuals that come together for a common business purpose

• Must contain 3 or more individuals• Members contribute assets and

work together to create jobs and benefits

• Based upon mutual responsibility• Regulated by Decree No. 151 / 2007 / ND-CP (10/10/2007)• Certified by People's Committee of Communes, Wards &

Towns

Picture source:http://www.flickr.com/photos/atoll/182853364/

Benefits of co-operatives

• Upscale supply potential

• Strengthen market positions

• Regular supply and quality control

• Improved access to training

• Improved government, business and NGO dialogue & support

• Improved working conditions

• Stronger marketing activities

• Greater access to finance

Stop - check

• Before starting a new co-operative check no other such groups already exist.

• It can be counter-productive to have too many groups in one community performing similar functions.

• Only proceed if there are no such organisations or alternatively if the capacity, cohesiveness and profitability of the existing organisations is insufficient.


CO-OPERATIVE PLANNING &

MANAGEMENT

1. Ensure stakeholder support &

participation

2. Develop an effective

organisational structure

3. Establish good

recruitment & employment

conditions

4. Implement effective finance

management systems

5. Implement business planning

6. Monitor outcomes and

continually improve

Principles of good practice in co-operative planning & management in crafts

Principle 1. Ensure stakeholder support and participation

• Stakeholder support is important because crafts have a range of positive and negative impacts and the interests of all must be considered

• Stakeholder participation is important because good co-operatives are based upon achieving a common business purpose through mutual co-operation and responsibility

• Moreover, participation best utilises the full range of skills available

BENEFITS• Members achieve

results more efficiently and effectively• Benefits of

membership are spread more widely and fairly

The UNWTO’s 12 roles and benefits of collaboration in tourism

• To reflect multiple aims and agree common targets1.

• To ensure inclusiveness and equity2.

• To sharpen focus and co-ordinate action3.

• To raise awareness and engage those with power over outcomes

4.

• To link components in the value chain5.

• To strengthen long term support and commitment6.

• To pool knowledge and skills7.

• To strengthen resources and funding8.

• To widen contacts and strengthen communication9.

• To add value and creativity10.

• To share costs and risks – economies of scale11.

• To cross boundaries12.

Getting the collaboration fundamentals right

COLLABORATION FUNDAMENTALS

People make partnerships

work

No two situations are ever the same

Stakeholder collaborations are learning experiences

All stakeholders need to see

wins

Being inclusive

Recognisingdifferences

Formal structures& processes

ADDITIONAL FACTORS

Three simple ways to encourage support and participation when forming a co-operative

Involve all stakeholders in the co-operative formation process and obtain stakeholder input into identifying the scope, aims and objectives, organisation and roles and responsibilities

Make information from meetings accessible so all members can contribute to it, comment on it, criticise it and revise it

Promote open communication. An intermediary or facilitator can help bridge stakeholder differences and create an atmosphere for constructive dialogue1 2

3

Principle 2. Develop an effective organisational management board

• Co-operatives are legally owned by the members who elect a board of management to make decisions and formulate plans or policy for the co-operative

• Because co-operatives are member organisations, directors must make decisions that are based not only on what is most profitable, but also on the needs of the members

TYPICAL DUTIES OF CO-OPERATIVE BOARD OF DIRECTORS• Develop guidelines to control

business activities• Appointment, supervision and

removal of employees• Calling of special meetings • Approval of general business

arrangements • Settlement of arrangements for

handling funds• Attending and participating in general

meetings • Actively keep members informed of

business activities and problems

The pillars of good governance in co-operative management boards

ACCOUNTABILITY &TRANSPARENCY

RISKMANAGEMENT CONTROL

Foster trust, honesty and collaboration through access to

information and disclosure of regular management reports including financial arrangements that are

accessible to all.

Show leadership, entrepreneurship, integrity and good judgment in directing the affairs of the co-

operative and provide guidance for long-term and short-term planning.

Establish a code of conduct to guide decision-making and manage conflicts

in the best interests of the organisation. Set up monitoring

mechanisms to assess performance of business and of staff.


Principle 3. Establish good recruitment and working conditions

• Because co-operatives are membership-based organisations the good treatment of each member is critical to the overall success of the organisation

• Following responsible principles in employment, the work undertaken in co-operatives should:– Follow Vietnamese labour

standards– Be decent and productive– Be based upon the

principles of equal opportunity

Picture source:http://talkvietnam.com/2012/07/hanoi-marks-international-year-of-cooperatives/

Key benefits of implementing responsible employment in tourism

• Improvements in productivity and economic performance

• More satisfied workers and lower staff turnover• Better trained workforce and higher employment

levels• Reduction in costly accidents and health care fees• Enhanced innovation from staff

Ensure decent working conditions

Follow the Vietnam Labor Code

Develop position descriptions for each role

Provide employment benefits

Provide an adequate work space

Ensure equal opportunity and practice non-discrimination

Provide skills training


Recruit according to skill requirements

Principle 4. Implement effective finance management systems

• Finance management systems help ensure co-operatives remain economically stable by helping members manage and monitor the financial situation and measure the success of the organisation

• The key objectives in finance management is to:– Comply with all legal financial

requirements– Adhere to sound accounting principles

that produce reliable financial information

– Ensure fiscal responsibility and build public trust

COMPONENTS OF FINANCE MANAGEMENT• Implement monitoring of direct

and indirect costs• Implement a system for tracking

revenue and expense to comply with government reporting requirements, funder’s expectations and to effectively manage co-operative finances

• Engage in cost effective fund development activities

12 Tips for effective financial management of co-operatives

FULFILLING FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT FUNCTIONS1. Provide consistent financial reporting2. Separate financial duties3. Adopt financial procedures4. Assess risks5. Prohibit loans6. Build capacity in finance

ENSURING COMPLIANCE7. Comply with regulations8. Provide timely and accurate reports9. Enable reporting of financial misconduct

FOSTERING ACCOUNTABILITY AND TRANSPARENCY10. Report financial information11. Avoid recurring deficits12. Ensure non-use of assets for personal gain


Principle 5. Implement business planning

• Business plans are the road map of an organisation’s operational methodology, marketing and financing process and general management philosophy

• Business plans provide a mechanism for monitoring and evaluating progress

• Business plans are the key document for investors or donors when seeking finance

BUSINESS PLANS…• Articulate specific goals and

objectives• Promote efficiencies• Identify opportunities for

improvement• Establish performance

guidelines• Raise funds• Guide implementation of

capacity-building

Key components of a business plan

Executive summary Provide a succinct overview of the entire plan.

Body of the plan and organisational structure

Describes the nature of the organisation

Products, programmes or services

Describes the products, programs and services provided

Marketing plan Defines the market, market conditions, promotion, distribution, etc

Operational plan Explains the organisation’s plans, location, equipment, etc

Management and organisational team

Describes the management team, principals, key management employees and their expertise.

Major milestones Describes major programme, service or organisational milestones

Capitalisation Describes the organisation’s capital structure

Financial plan Illustrates the organisation’s current and projected financial status

Principle 6. Monitor outcomes and continually improve

• Monitoring progress and evaluating your outputs and processes is key to constantly improving performance

• The key components of monitoring for responsibility include:A. Ensuring the monitoring considers the

community’s needs and interestsB. Ensure the monitoring is ongoing and includes

sustainability indicators and targetsC. Ensure the results of the monitoring and

evaluation are effectively communicated to members


A. Ensuring monitoring considers the community’s needs and interests

Co-operatives must consider monitoring not on the effectiveness of their performance in business, but also impacts on the local community and environment

REQUIREMENT POTENTIAL ASSESSMENT CRITERIA

Economic Organisation provides equitable and attractive earning opportunities

Environmental Natural environment is not harmed in craft production processes

Socio-cultural Local cultural heritage is respected in craft designs

Institutionalisation Co-operative supports and complies with relevant government policies, plans and programmes


B. Ensuring monitoring is ongoing and includes sustainability indicators

• Indicators provide an “indication” of the state of a particular issue

• Sustainable tourism indicators focus on the link between tourism and economic, social and environmental sustainability issues

• Can use or adapt existing indicators such as those provided in the WTO Indicator Guidebook, UNEP Environmental Indicators, and IUCN Indicators of Resources Management

ENVIRONMENTALEnergy use

Water use

Waste management

Conservation

SOCIALRespecting local culture

Community development

Safety and security

Protecting children

ECONOMICResponsible employment

Supporting local businesses

Training and capacity building SUSTAINABILITY

ISSUES

Sustainable business performance indicators for craft co-operatives

Sustainability Management Plan exists All personnel receive periodic sustainability

management training % of purchases of services and goods from

local providers Quantity of facilities built using local material Code of conduct developed with local

community % of women and local minority employees

C. Ensuring monitoring results are communicated for continual improvement

• There is no point in doing a monitoring programme if no one finds out about the results

• Stakeholders and decision makers need to hear about the results so they can take action

• Results should presented to help stakeholders reinforce positive actions or remedy problem situations

Consider the needs of the

potential user

Portray the results as simply

as possible

PRINCIPLES IN COMMUNICATING RESULTS

Options for getting the message out

Meetings and workshopsProvide an analysis of the monitoring programme results in a practical and “hands-on” workshop or meeting. It also in-depth analysis and detailed clarification of issues.

Newsletters & reportsProvide details of the results within the organisation newsletter or alternatively create a newsletter specifically for communicating the results. Include results in the organisation’s annual report.

WebsiteCreate a section on the organisation’s website that provides details of the progress being made in sustainability performance.

EmailDeliver information about the sustainability monitoring program directly into the mailbox of the stakeholders. Coming from senior management can add a level of authority. Quick and direct.


Adapting and improving the monitoring programme

• Situations change so regular reviews should take place to ensure the monitoring programme remains effective and meaningful

• Review of successes and failures should be conducted after each monitoring programme

• Consult stakeholders to obtain opinions on data usefulness and strategies for improvement


TOPIC 7. RESPONSIBLE CRAFT VILLAGE DESTINATION DEVELOPMENT


Picture source:http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Between_Son_La_and_Moc_Chau.png

What is the issue?

• Tourists are attracted to craft villages because of their strong cultural assets and settings

• Tourists want to learn about craft production, meet the producers, and purchase an authentic product

• Tourism in craft villages however, has historically been unplanned and evolved from visitor demand

• Without proper strategic planning and management of tourism, craft villages can suffer from a range of impacts

IMPACTS OF POORLY PLANNED TOURISM DESTINATIONS• Over- or uneven

development• Limited spread of

economic benefits• Social conflict• Uncontrolled

environmental pollution

• Cultural conflict

Benefits of responsible tourism destination planning and management

• Increases sales of handicraft products

• Enhances reputation and brand

• Fosters ancillary goods and services

• Fosters preservation of heritage

• Fosters cross-cultural understanding

• Better ensures quality and safety

CRAFT VILLAGE RESPONSIBLE

TOURISM DESTINATIONS

1. Plan for responsible craft village tourism

destinations

2. Responsibly develop, market & manage craft village tourism

destinations

Principles of planning and managing craft village responsible tourism destinations

Principle 1: Plan for responsible craft village tourism destinations

• Planning for responsible craft tourism destinations requires:– Raising community awareness

about impacts of tourism– Enabling participation in tourism

planning– Developing and following a tourism

destination plan– Being consistent with relevant government policies and plans

Picture source:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A1i_%C4%90%C3%ADnh_Temple

Raise community awareness about impacts of tourism

The motivations of

tourists

The nature of thetourismindustry

Tourism’s benefits andnegative impacts

What should the community know

about these issues and why?


Enable participation in tourism planning

• Tourism requires the participation of a range of goods and services to function successfully

• The involvement of all key stakeholders from the start will better ensure commercial viability of the craft village tourism destination

• By co-operating, the community can pool together its knowledge, skills and resources and better ensure widespread support for tourism development

PARTICIPATION OF STAKEHOLDERS IN DESTINATION PLANNING1. Invite community

members to be drivers of tourism development

2. Identify a shared vision for the future

3. Analyse social, economic and environmental opportunities and risks

4. Develop plan of action

Roles of key stakeholders in tourism destination planning & development

COMMUNITY

Feasibility

Assets

Labour

Services

BUSINESS

Investment

Consumption

Marketing

Capacity building

Link to tourists

GOVERNMENT

Land use planning

Infrastructure

Marketing

Policy

Co-ordination

Training

Develop and follow a tourism destination plan

structure, funding, product & destination development

vision, goals, objectives, strategies

resources, infrastructure, services, experiences

opportunities, risks

actions, timelines, responsibilities

skills, human resources


Stop - check

• Before continuing, ensure the type of tourism planned fits with existing local development plans and is in keeping with local, regional and national policies

• Look out for:– Development plans– Land use plans– Tourism plans…


Principle 2: Responsibly develop, market & manage craft village tourism destinations

• Responsible development, marketing and management of community based tourism destinations requires:– Good management structures and

processes– Good financial management processes– Working to develop a skilled tourism

workforce– Following good practice in responsible

tourism product development and marketing– Implementing a visitor code of conduct

Picture source:http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Between_Son_La_and_Moc_Chau.png

Develop tourism management structures and processes

• To successfully market and manage tourism within the community an effective management body such is required

• Such destination management organisations (DMOs) help:– Ensure benefits of tourism are more widespread– Enforce rules and regulations on planning,

operation and development of tourism– Help resolve disputes– Represent the community’s interests in

interactions with government and business

• The craft co-operative can participate as a member of the broader DMO which represents all tourism groups including accommodation, guides, F&B etc


Example: Nam Dam CBT Management Board

People Committee of Quan Ba Commune

People Committee of Quan Ba District

Nam Dam Community Based Tourism Management Board

Homestay group

Local guide group

Culture performance &

handicrafts group

Transport CUM security group

Community tourism fund

Head of Nam Dam CBT MB

V.Head

Secretery

2 MB members (CUM fund /treasury

management)

4 good practice tips in financing community based tourism

Enable stakeholders to identify funding sources and structure

Ensure benefits of tourism are felt by all

Give equal priority to all forms of tourism assets for development

Ensure small-scale producers are equally included


Develop a skilled tourism workforce

• Tourism is a highly competitive industry• Community based tourism destinations require staff who have

good understanding of how to do their job efficiently, effectively and to an industry accepted standard

• Prepare and strengthen the community’s ability to manage the delivery of tourism by:– Building capacity through ongoing

training and skill development; – Building skills gradually and expanding

as tourism increases; – Prioritising local capacity development

and training in quality management


Where to find training opportunities to fill skill gaps

Existing skilled workers

NGOs Volunteer organisations

Tour operators Formal education and training providers

Follow good practice in responsible tourism product development and marketing

Define the products and

link to potential target markets

Tailor marketing strategies to

target markets

Reflect values of the community

in marketing messages

Communicate using accessible and appealing

language

Develop links with other

tourist attractions

Implement visitor code of conduct

• As discussed, a visitor code of conduct is important to ensure the cultural, natural and economic environment is not adversely affected by tourism

• Code of conduct themes might include:– Places that may be visited– Acceptable activities– Acceptable clothing– Use of photography– Acceptable forms of communication– Shopping behaviour – Acceptable ways of contributing to the community


Xin trân trọng cảm ơn!Thank you!

unit 14: responsible tourism good practice for craft villages in vietnam

Travel

relevant government

australian

responsible

building strong

ensuring product

vietnam picture

market links

waste management