Unit 10

Text I The Transaction

Lead-in questions

• 1. Do you often read fiction? And have you ever wondered how fiction is written?

• 2. Have you ever attempted to write fiction or non-fiction or poetry? Where do you think the insurmountable difficulty rests?

• 3. What do you think are the essential qualities that make a successful writer?

Background information

• William Knowlton Zinsser (born 1922-- )is a writer, editor, and teacher. He began his career as a journalist for the New York Herald Tribune, where he worked as a feature writer, drama editor, film critic, and editorial writer, and has been a longtime contributor to leading magazines.

• Throughout the 1970s, Zinsser taught writing at Yale University where he was a master of Branford College. He served as executive editor of the Book-of-the-Month Club from 1979 to 1987. he now lives in New York City, his hometown, and teaches at the New School and the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism.

• “The Transaction” is part of the first chapter of his book On Writing Well: An Informal Guide to Writing Non-Fiction, which shows how to apply the author’s four principles of writing: clarity; simplicity; brevity; and humanity. He stressed the importance of reading your writing aloud to hear how it sounds and illustrates the difference between good and bad nouns, and good and bad verbs. Specific examples are given to show how writing can be improved.

Background information

• Plato, the great Greek philosopher, expressed his philosophic ideas in the form of dialogue where different aspects of truth were better presented. Some later writers, such as Oscar Wilde, also adopted the form of dialogue to convey their most subtle ideas. Through dialogue between people on an equal footing, we get the revelation that different, sometimes even seemingly contradictory elements, can co-exist so harmoniously within the range of one truth.

Structural analysis

• The article clearly falls into two main parts. The first part records in detail the author’s personal experience of attending a panel discussion in a school. In the second part, he moves from this specific experience to some of his general opinions towards writing. Study the whole essay and find out which paragraph is the transitional paragraph shifting the essay from a specific example to the general discussion of the topic.

• Part I is devoted to the answers given by two writers to the students’ questions. The vivid record of the author’s experience will usher in his revelation on the truth of writing.

• Part II is a kind of generation of the essence of writing.

Questions for Part I

• 1. Do you think the process of the activity is within the expectation of both the speakers and the audience?

• 2. How does an avocational writer differ from a professional writer in light of some principles of writing?

• 3. How did the author take the difference ？

• 4. What would be the possible influence on the students as suggested by the writer?

Questions for Part II

• 1. What is the right way of writing, according to the author, if there is any?

• 2. What does the writer mean when he says that all of the writers are “vulnerable and tense”?

• 3. What does the author mean when he says “ultimately the product that any writer had to sell is not the subject being written about , but who he or she is”?

• 4. What does the author think is the very thing that makes a piece of good writing?

• 5. . Why does the writer say “it’s not necessary to want to spend a year alone at Walden Pond to become deeply involved with a writer who did”? What does the writer think is the very thing that makes a piece of good writing?

• 5. What does the writer mean that such principles cannot be taught but can be learned?

• 6. What does the title mean?

• bohemian 放浪者 , 放浪的 ; 波希米亚的• Bohemia 波希米亚• bohemianism 玩世作风• E.g 1. a bohemian life style.

• 放浪不羁的生活方式。 • 2. Understanding the Bohemian Style Cos

tume

• 解读波西米亚风格服装

• 3. Just remember, with bohemian chic, anything goes.

• 只要记住，只要有波希米亚的风格，什么东西都可以。 • 4. That famous film star leads a bohe

mian life. • 那位著名的电影明星过着放荡不羁的生活。• 5. Mr King was highly educated, but

was a Bohemian down to his boots. 金先生受过很好的教育，但他是一个极其脱俗不拘小节的人。

Rhetorical features of the text

• A bulky part of the whole essay consists in presenting pairs of different, even opposing ideas and methods via the rhetorical trick of contrast. Read and find such examples.

• What does the author endeavor to tell the reader by presenting pairs of opposites?

paraphrase

• 1. Writers are likely to take writing earnestly and anxiously , and therefore not able to express themselves naturally.

• 2. The writer should be able to convey his emotions and personality in his writing, so the reader may understand him without going into the actual situation where he writes.

vocabulary

• 1. unconventional; 2. socialize;

• 3. dramatic disclosure of something not previously known or realized;

• 4. sensitive to the stimulus in life, sharply aware of expressing their natural feelings in an artistic way;

• 5. serve the writer’s purpose most effectively and efficiently;

II

• 1-4 transaction; cluttered; arduous; humanity;

• 5-8 committed; gusto; bewildered; solitary;

• III

• 1-4 drudgery; uncirculated; asocial; unmentionable; 5-8 irresistibly; intensive; exclamations; literary;

IV

• 1-4 stick to; fiddling with; took up; hang out; 5-8 run away from; going broke; bring along; drawn into;

• V• 1-4 team/group; easy; questionably;

occupation; 5-8 stylish/fashionable; gregarious; liberty/freedom; confusion;

VI

• 1-4 refresh; go and attend; live a fairly satisfactory life; be responsible for; 5-8 talk about; explain; interrupting; came;

• Grammar• Free indirect speech is a style of third-pe

rson narration which uses some of the characteristics of third-person along with the essence of first-person direct speech. (It is also referred to as free indirect discourse, free indirect style, or discours indirect libre inFrench.)

• What distinguishes free indirect speech from normal indirect speech is the lack of an introductory expression such as "He said" or "he thought". It is as if the subordinate clause carrying the content of the indirect speech is taken out of the main clause which contains it, becoming the main clause itself. Using free indirect speech may convey the character's words more directly than in normal indirect, as devices such as interjections and exclamation marks can be used that cannot be normally used within a subordinate clause.

• Free indirect speech resembles indirect speech in shifting tenses and other references, but there is generally no reporting clause and it retains some features of direct speech .

– He laid down his bundle and thought of his misfortune. "And just what pleasure have I found, since I came into this world?" he asked.

– He laid down his bundle and thought of his misfortune. He asked himself what pleasure he had found since he came into the world.

– He laid down his bundle and thought of his misfortune. And just what pleasure had he found, since he came into this world?

• 1. Direct speech gives the exact words in the report, and in writing and print uses quotation marks. A wide range of verbs can be used to indicate the type of utterance or the way in which something is said, such as answer, ask, comment, cry, enquire, exclaim, etc.

• Indirect speech: verbs are generally “backshifted” in tense to align them with the time of reporting, and other changes, such as in pronouns and adverbials of time and place, are made for the same reason.

• Free direct speech lacks a reporting clause to show the shift from narration to reporting ； it is often used in fiction to represent the mental reactions of characters to what they see or experience.

II

• 1. free direct speech; 2. free indirect speech; 3. free indirect speech;

• 4. free direct speech 5. free indirect speech 6. free direct speech 7. free direct speech 8. free indirect speech

• III• Sue asked Jim what he had done the

night before. Jim replied that he had just stayed at home and watched TV.

• Sue asked why he hadn’t rung her up. Jim explained that he had had a terrible headache. Sue suggested going/ that they should to the cinema that evening. Jim refused. Sue said that it was OK and she understood. Jim told her that he would ring her the following day. Sue said never mind and apologised for disturbing him.

IV 1-5

• 1. She told the children not to point.• I advised the boys not to read in bad light.• I asked Mary to lend me her pen for a mo

ment.• She begged him not to drive too fast.• 5. The announcer reminded his listeners

to listen to the first programme in the new series at 8:00.

• 6. He urged me to look everywhere.• The policeman ordered the crowd to

keep moving. • 8. He warned his son never to lend

money to people he didn’t know.• V• When we use negative adverbials or only

+ adverbial at the beginning of a sentence,

• the subject and verb are inverted. The auxiliary appears before the subject.

• When we put an adverbial phrase of direction or place at the beginning of a sentence, we sometimes put an intransitive verb in front of the subject.

• 1-4 • Only after a year did I begin to see the

results of my work.• Under no circumstances can customers’

money be refunded.• On a hill in front of them stood a great castle.• Hardly had I arrived when I had a new

problem to cope with.

• 5. Rarely could she have been faced with so difficult a choice.

• 6. A few miles further on lies the enchanting suburb of Balham.

• 7. At no time was the president aware of what was happening.

• 8. Here comes Mary.

Translation I

• 1. 他在医院辛辛苦苦上了一天班后回到家，马上就坐到一叠黄色的稿纸跟前开始写作，让自己那紧张劳累的感觉烟消云散。

• 2. 我说，写作是一门手艺，不是一门艺术，要是因为没有灵感而逃避写作，那是在自欺。

• 3. “ 我喜欢象征 !”Brock 医生叫道，然后，他眉飞色舞地描绘了将象征融入作品时的快乐。

• 4. 这是一个如何使用英语，以期文字最有力而芜杂最少的问题

II

• These modernist artists look vaguely bohemian.

• Don’t fool yourself; he is by no means a pure boy as you think.

• He is a frequent guest in some chic cafes and bars which mainly cater to foreigners.

• He gave an account of his adventurous experiences in Africa with gusto.

• 5. One of his objectives in life is to unite his vocation with his avocation.

• 6. The elderly are vulnerable to the deceit practiced by dishonest sales people.

• 7. This magazine is frequently covered with glamorous actresses.

• 8. I really feel fed up with commercial gimmicks on TV.

III

• 专业作家和业余作家对于文学创作有着不同的、甚至截然相反的看法。专业作家强调努力追求完美，因此他们认为修改是写作的要素，而业余作家则认为作品应该反映作者最自然的真我。专业作家将写作看成一种职业，坚持不懈地为写出上乘作品而努力，而业余作家则将写作看成一种爱好，从中可以得到很多快乐。

• 专业作家孤独而辛劳，收获的是”两耳不闻窗外事“的快乐，而业余作家往往喜欢社交，经常光顾时尚别致的餐馆和咖啡屋。总之，不同的人可能有不同的写作习惯和写作风格，重要的是写作应该反映一个人的思想、情感和个性。

cloze

• 1-6 succeed; person; because; once; fact; characterize; 7-10 subject; such; create; readers; not; with;

Essay writing: how to write a cause-and-effect essay

• 1. Why are you such a good/poor/mediocre student?

• 2. How can we as individuals have positive/negative effects on the environment?

• 3. What are the typical causes of poor behavior I the classroom?

• 4. What are the effects of illiteracy?

• 5. What are the effects of being beautiful/ugly/poor/wealthy?

• 6. Explain the effects of stress on you. Focus by limiting hour analysis to a specific situation.

• 7. What is the value of having a pet? Or a hobby?

Unit 1

• 1. I planned to keep silent and act in such a way that nobody would notice that I was only a newcomer in college.

• 2. For three days, I had not been to the cafeteria due to my feeling of humiliation and shame. Instead, I stayed alone in my room and ate junk food of various kinds from a vending machine which was in just the right place to aid me in avoiding others.

• 3. It didn’t matter whether or not you were widely accepted or admired, you did not have to behave to the liking of everybody else.

• Vocabulary

• 1. I had just the feeling of a newcomer at college without the strength a mature student might possess.

• 2. my apparent confidence; 3. some food to appease [ə‘pi:z]vt. 使平息 ; 使满足 my hunger （ as well as my anxiety); 4. going with the tide was no longer crucial to one’s success; 5. foolish and glaring mistakes;

• II• 1-4 distress; clutched; pose; sneaked; • 5-8 preoccupation; shackles; curse; delibe

ration

III

• 1-4 assure; discretion; relaxation; humiliate; 5-8 strategy; embarrassment; maneuverable; immaturity;

• IV• 1-4 live up to; headed for; seek out; has

broken out; 5-8 groped for; trying…on; go out to; tipped off;

• V• 1. indistinct/vague; 2. indiscreetly; 3. self-

restraint/self-control;

• 4. sensible/intelligent; 5. manner/behavior; 6. excited/agitated; 7. sneak; 8. mature/sophisticated;

• VI• 1-4 became popular; respect; keep up; lead to;

5-8 understand; found; use; start;• Grammar II• My decision to resign was wise.• 2. Their readiness to accept the peace

agreement really surprised the diplomatic world.

• 3. My determination to pass the test helped me.

• 4. Her failure to get into college disappointed her parents.

• 5. My willingness to cooperate was appreciated.

• 6. His refusal to help surprised me.

• The proposal that we should import more equipment is to be discussed at the meeting.

• 8. Who can have told you that puzzles me.

III DBCC; ABDB;

• IV

• 1. I spent the afternoon seeking out each of my classrooms so that I could make a perfectly timed entrance before each lecture.

• 2. He wore glassed and a false beard so that nobody would recognize him.

• 3. The stranger spoke very slowly so that I could understand what he said.

• 4. She locked the door so that she wouldn’t be disturbed.

• 5. John whispered so that others couldn’t hear him.

• 6. Please arrive early so that we can start the meeting on time.

• 7. John has bought a bicycle so that he may save money on bus travel.

• 8. The lecturer showed some slides so that he might illustrated his point.

V

• 1-5 although/though; yet; however/though; however/nevertheless/though; 5.although/though; still/nevertheless; 6. despite/in spite of; 7. although/though; 8. however; 9. however; 10 despite/in spite of;

• Translation

• 1. It distressed me a great deal to hear the news that he had suffered repeated failures.

• 2. He assumed an air for cheerfulness, even though he lose favor with his boss.

• 3. Gulliver met with extraordinary adventures and saw a strange assortment of people.

• 4. He will be furious with you if you repeat the same mistake.

• 5. We were all greatly drawn by his frank views, humorous words and genial manner.

• 6. After cheers and applause died down, the Nobel Prize winner began his speech.

• 7. He is gifted with a sort of insight and foresight, so he rarely runs with the crowd.

• 8. I feel realities are after all very harsh, so one can hardly live up entirely to his ideals.

• III• 我上大学的头几天颇为难忘。爸妈驾车离开，将我独自留在校园里，我手足无措。不管如何努力装成熟，我就是摆脱不了大一新生的感觉。我花了好几个小时，搞清了我选修课程所在地各个教室。第二天早上，我坐在教室的前排，打开美国文学选集，抖擞精神准备听课。

• 但老师却说“欢迎选修生物课”，我意识到自己坐错了教室。我用铁一样的意志，摆出了一副生物专业学生的姿态，一直坚持到讲座结束。下课以后，我感到我的胃需要加点营养，于是匆匆赶往自助餐厅。但不幸的是，当我端着餐盘朝桌子走去时，脚底一滑，盘子翻倒，我失去了平衡，扑倒在地。好几天，我倍感羞辱。过后，我渐渐地意识到自己把这种微不足道的小事看得过重了。在大学里，重要的是做自然的“我”，发现真正的“我”，而不是试图把一切做得尽善尽美。

cloze

• 1-5 comes; others; what; going; not; 6-10 offer; relate; college; not; learn;

Unit 2

• 1. He had dedicated all his time to his work and had no hobby at all, except that he played a golf game every month which cannot be taken as a hobby anyway.

• 2. Their daughter said that, when they were still small, her father had become a company man and her mother had given up any attempt to keep him at home.

vocabulary

• 1. died from self-motivated overwork; 2. most likely; the presidency of the company, the highest position in the company; 3. with no specific skills wanted by employers; 4. trying to discover facts about his father/collecting memories of his fathers; 5. a person vulnerable to heart attacks;

• II• 1-4 survived; grabs; discreetly; deceased; 5-

8 conceivably; board; classics; executives;

III

• 1-4 widowed; nerves; precisionist [prɪˈsɪʒənɪst] 对语言讲究精确的人 ; competitiveness; 5-8 execution; presided; marital; accompanied;

• IV

• 1-4 died of; stay up; cares for; straightened out; 5-8 picked out; given up; grabbed at; considered for;

• V 1. exactly; 2. immediately; 3. idler/loafer/slacker; 4. outlive;

• 5. disconcerted 不安的 ,惊慌的 /abashed窘迫的，尴尬的 ; 6. departed; 7. underweight; 8. successor;

• VI

• 1-4 disappointed; wait; required; read; 5-8 meant; entered cheerfully; intensifies gradually; became extinct;

• Grammar

• 1. have been playing/have played;

• 2. has been putting /has put; 3. have pulled; 4. have been waiting; 5. have picked; have grown/have been growing; 6. has been getting/has got; has been rising/has risen; has come; 7. has been; has been looking; hasn’t found; 8. has failed; has got;

• II　ＡＢＢＢ；　ＡＡＢＡ；

III A: have been waiting for; have you been doing; B: have been shopping; have bought;

A: met; was waiting; B: speaks;A: has he been learning; A:　 did you say; Ｂ： has been studying, was; Ｂ： have you gon

e; A:　 are saying; Ｂ： isn’t, have been walking;

IV 1-4 has broken; has been winning; √; has joined; 5-8 have known; √; was looking; have been waiting;

V

• 1. Even so; yet; however; nevertheless (by contrast is used when we are comparing objects or situations and saying that they are completely different from each other. Nevertheless means “in spite of the fact one has just mentioned”.);

• 5. for example (for example is a logical connective while such as is a complex preposition, which is usually followed by a noun phrase.);

• 6. in contrast (we use in contrast when we are comparing the features of two objects or situations, but use on the other hand when comparing two different features of the same object or situation 。） ; 7. however; 8. also;

translation

• 如果你不把每月打一次高尔夫算业余爱好的话，他就没有什么工作以外的“业余爱好”可言了。

• “这些年来他不在身边，” 她一定早已放弃了曾经有过的对丈夫的深深牵挂。

• 就是他，还想方设法把父亲从工作中“抓”出来，让父亲疼爱自己，待在家里。

• 在葬礼上， 60岁的公司总裁对 48岁的寡妇说，她 51岁的亡夫对公司来说非常重要，人们将怀念他，他是难以取代的。

• My immediate boss is a typical workaholic, for he works for over ten hours each day all the year round.

• The principal attaches much importance to extracurricular activities and he believes that they will help to cultivate students’ tremendous interest in the external world.

• 3. He always grabs a shower, a sandwich and then a taxi to go to work every Monday morning.

• 4. Since you are leaving the company, you should straighten out the accounts within the week.

• 5. He often stays up late at night in order to finish writing his Ph.D. dissertation on time.

• 6. Nothing can replace the profoundest love lodged in one’s heart of hearts.

• 7. He is considered a natural for the post of the president, for he has been an excellent vice-president for almost ten years.

• 8. He is just too common to be picked out from the crowd.

• 他是个经典人物，因为他是工作累死的。他们都相信，假如他能多活 5年的话，将自然被提拔为第一把手。他一直被誉为同事们的典范。他一周工作 6 天，一天工作 10 多个小时。他的兴趣只限于工作。当然，他偶尔锻炼一下，以保持身体健康。他将任何形式的娱乐活动都视作浪费时间。他太忙了，没有时间和孩子们待在一起，结果跟孩子们有点疏远了，至少他的孩子们是这么想的。然而，他对公司来说却十分重要，公司里每个人都爱他，甚至崇拜他，因为在他们眼里，他几乎完美。但是，谁来帮助这孤儿寡母收拾他去世后的残局呢？

cloze

• 1-5 hours; while; less; from; explain;

• 6-10 by; late; difference; influence; taking;

Unit 3 paraphrase

• 1. People in the United States tend to drive for every purpose, so much that they have forgotten that they still have legs and about what their legs can do.

• 2. I admit that I had never realized how poorly equipped our bodies are in this respect.

3. …maybe I was the only person who had ever attempted to cross that intersection on foot.

vocabulary

• 1. pleasant/comfortable; practically; 2. very long; (places of) physical exercises;

• 3. was made to realize this; 4. decided not to have coffee and instead to go (to the bookstore); 5. held in mind;

• II 1-4 negotiated; debonair; dodging; notion; 5-8 compact; contortion; thrive; undertaking;

III

• 1-4 disagreeable; eccentricity; acquainted; ridicule; 5-8 triumphal; deficiencies; woefully; contorted;

• IV 1-4 going about; going through; pops out; pace off; 5-8 pulled up; dug out; stroll up to; habituated;

• V 1. bustling/exciting; 2. old/time-honored; 3. depressed/low-spirited/downhearted; 4. absurd/ridiculous; 5. unconcerned/indifferent; 6. irritating/infuriating;

• 7. Failure/defeat; 8.again;

VI

• 1-4 encountered; cause; agreed to; limited to; 5-8 idling about; relied on; tolerate; deserted/abandoned;

• Grammar

• 1-4 had been talking; had been working; had worked; had been applying; 5-8 had broken; had been standing; had swallowed; had been;

II

• 1-4 has been empty; had been working for the company; had been waiting for me for half an hour; had had lunch; 5-8 had left; has been living; had repaired the engine; had told;

• III L1-L3 . had seen; returned; didn’t have; didn’t have; had; done; was; didn’t have; L4-L6 did; left; had; was; decided; picked; L7-L8 went; slammed; felt; had reminded; L9-L10 had searched; found; remembered; were;

IV

• 1-5 will; shall; should; would; will; 6-10 shall; should; should; would; would;

• V 1. nowadays; 2. ages ago; 3. lately; just; 4. soon; after a long time; 5. immediately; eventually; 6. once; 7. recently; 8. for weeks;

• Translation

• 我几乎每天都步行到邮局或图书馆或书店，心情特别不错的时候，路过咖啡馆会进去喝一杯。

• 为了避免走路，我们愿意承受反常的扭曲之苦。• 我肯定，他会慢跑很长的距离，会打壁球，会进行各种有益健康的运动，但我同样也肯定，他一定是开车去那些运动场所的。

• 当时，这一切显得多荒唐、多令人恼怒，但过后我意识到，我或许是唯一一个有过步行穿过十字路口想法的人。

• 1. The university is one of the most venerable institutions of higher learning in the world.

• 2. If one is deficient in practical experience, he can hardly make himself a success with only what he has acquired in class.

• 3. I felt exasperated by constant interruptions, for I had to finish writing the monograph by the end of this week.

• 4. He feels that it is ludicrous to write on a contemporary theme in an ancient style.

• 5. The Bund in Shanghai was a place where young couples liked to come to coo in the 70s and the 80s of the last century.

• 6. His daughter is very sedate for a girl of about 10, for she likes reading more than playing.

• 7. The couple strolled hand-in-hand along the country road when the sun in its first splendor steeped the earth.

• 8. The poet was commonly considered as an eccentric romantic genius when alive.

cloze

• 1-6 more; around; free; leave; programs; ease;

• 7-12 it; signed; environmental; handing; only; with;

• 大约三年前，我和妻子对大城市的嘈杂生活感到厌倦，因此，决定在一个小镇落户，那里安静宜人。现在我们的生活很好，因为这地方方便，办点事步行去就行。我经常四处走走，心情好的时候，在咖啡店歇一下，喝杯饮料，或者在洲际戏院停住脚步，看一场戏。但是，有些人似乎不理解为的怪癖行为。我喜欢尽可能的多走路，这是大部分人所不能理解的，因为他们太过于依赖车子了。有时，几乎到了荒唐的程度，即便只是 10分钟的路程，他们仍然喜欢驾车。有时，我在独自散步，他们会问我是否需要搭车。但我认为，车子使腿脚功能退化。在这个社会里，多数人占主导地位。我意识到，我或许是唯一主张短距离步行的人，这也就是我不时遇到麻烦的原因。比如：许多商店把门前清理出来，只容顾客停车，店家关心的只是商业成功。

• Unit 4

paraphrase

• 1. Nowadays, people believe that they can have fun whenever they want it, and that they should have fun; otherwise they would be leading a dull and bitter life as a puritan.

• 2. We have long assumed that fun was easy to have, but now we are paying a price for that shallow-mindedness, i.e. our party is hardly as much fun as it is expected to be.

vocabulary

• 1. we would be morally too strict with ourselves to enjoy life; 2. that made all other questions less significant; 3. counting fun as the most important quality of life; 4. the best example of having fun; 5. by nothing more than simple of having fun;

II

• 1-4 overshadows; traipse; fetish; flunked; 5-8 swilling; flicked; epitome; licentiousness;

• III 1-4 insured; underserved; generosity; benefits; 5-8 regrettable; mirthful; blasphemy; reverence;

• IV 1-4 turn into; occurred to; end up; step up; 5-8 back; look forward to; look for; managed to;

• V 1. excursion; 2. failing; 3. irreverently; 4. advertisements; 5. quintessence/embodiment; 6. grief/sadness/melancholy; 7. profane; 8. examine/scrutinize;

• VI 1-4 drew attention to; represents; fully explain; challenged by; 5-8 support; bored; be well understood; visited;

Grammar

• 1. Since everybody says Woody Allen’s latest film is good, I think I’ll go and see it.

• 2. All of us were very excited because the departure was approaching.

• 3. The excitement will be so great that nobody will be able to sleep.

• 4. As Mr.Jordan liked Morocco very much when first went there, he wants to go there again.

• 5. This album of Bruce Springsteen sounds exciting, so we are thinking of buying it.

• 6. My wife coughed a lot last night. As a result, she is thinking of giving up smoking for a while.

• 7. Seeing that the students were not interested, Professor Jones ended the seminar.

• 8. I feel much better now that I’ve talked to you.

II

• New investment has been made in order that roads can be improved.

• Being late, she took a taxi so as not to lose time.

• Audiovisual equipment is often used for language learning.

• She never walked through the park for fear that she might meet him again.

• She decided to move to London so that she could be near her child.

• She’ll be at the airport in order to meet the new tourist group.

• Take your passport in case they ask for identification,

• She goes to work by bus to avoid using the car.

III

• 1. did it all happen; 2. because of; 3. guaranteeing; 4. such a shock; 5. they found him guilty for he had no convincing explanation for his actions. 6. could learn; 7. about that it; 8. in order to/ in order that they could;

• IV 1. such that; 2. thus; 3. in that; 4. with; 5. so…that 6. owing to; 7. for; 8. seeing that

V

• Para.1 should/would like; have; heard; would; suit; doesn't apply; won’t get;

• Para.2 saw; had/has; left/leaving; said; was going; promised; found/had found; have heard; don’t know; went;

• para.3 know; should/would be; would phone; have tried; doesn’t seem;

translation

• “有趣吗？”这一问题使所有其他问题黯然失色，比如 :“ 道德吗？仁慈吗？诚实吗？有益吗？慷慨吗？有必要吗？和（我最喜欢的）无私吗？”等一些有意义的问题。

• 当乐趣成为生活中的主要内容时，随之而来必定是对乐趣的迷恋崇拜。

• 在坐待乐趣来临的时候，我发现其实并没有多少乐趣可言，我得告诉你们这一点，免得你们担心自己找乐子的能力。

• 由于我们多年来总以为乐趣无处不在，快乐之神用拒绝光临我们聚会的方式来对我们实施报复。

C – E Translation

1. It goes without saying that Shakespeare overshadows all the other playwrights throughout the ages.

2. The Great Gatsby is commonly deemed as the epitome of the Jazz Age of the last century in America.

3. It is advisable for you not to put a damper on his enthusiasm to further his studies at Harvard.

4. Young people tend to make a fetish of glamorous stars in sports and entertainment circles.

5. They traipsed all the way to the People’s Square for the celebrations of the National Day.

6. He does not deserve such severe punishment as he has committed neither serious errors nor grave crimes.

7. Every time I met him, he would talk a whole lot of nonsense.

8. He said that reputation is a trap into which many people are ready to fall.

E – C Translation

• 有人认为 , 生活中乐趣胜过生命中其他一切事情。他们甚至从不考虑任何严肃的事，从来不对这种乐趣是否道德、是否诚实或是否有必要这类问题提出疑问。当然，许多事情确实有乐趣。全家郊游有乐趣，打一场篮球有乐趣，喝着咖啡聊天有乐趣。但是，如果你把找乐子看成是生活中必不可少的东西的话，那么，你必然会追求越来越刺激的方法来从中获得乐趣，

• 其中一个典型的方法是不断提升冒险或酗酒的程度，以设法得到一点乐趣。你应该避免亵渎乐趣，否则，过火的代价可能会是，不管你如何努力，就是没有乐趣。所以，正确的方法是带着一份敬意来看待乐趣，这样，你时常可以有一点新鲜的乐趣。

Cloze

1-5 as; hands; go; up; industries; 6-10 or; include; on; provided; aim;

Unit 5 grammar

• I 1-4 probability; possibility; intention; possibility; 5-8 necessity; possibility; obligation; probability;

• II CCBAD; BBBAA;

• III

• He can’t have told us everything.

• Something must have gone wrong.

• She can’t be only thirty years old.

• 4. They may not know yet.

• 5. The road could/may have been closed.

• 6. The police must know that.

• 7. There may/could have been a traffic jam.

• 8. The letter could/may arrive today.

• 9. That will/must be my mother.

• 10. There should be time to do some shopping.

IV

• 1.When in doubt, tell the truth. It will confound your enemies and astound your friends.

• 2. When heated, metal expands.

• 3. If true, it will cause us a lot of trouble.

• 4. Whenever possible, they should be typed.

• 5. When in Rome, do as the Romans do.

• 6. Send the goods now, if ready.

• 7. If necessary, ring me at home.

• He glanced about as if in search of something.

V

• 1. discussing; having reached; 2. paying; 3. lying; sitting; 4. to pacify; to be pacified; grumbling; 5. repeat; to make; to do; 6. going; stay; 7. to see; to avoid; hitting; 8. to arrive; rising; 9. doing; 10. to make; to see;

Unit 6 grammar

• 1. shake; 2. to do; wait; to let; 3. standing; 4. finding; 5. take; make; drink; 6. leave; 7. being spoken; 8. be; look;

• II 1-5 to drink; turning; to tell; to give; getting; 6-10 to check; living; taking; to lift; talking;

• III 1. getting up; walking; 2. making; 3. carry 4. getting 5. leading 6. live 7. writing 8. stealing

IV CDBD; CAAC;

• V

• 1-5 has been ringing; had been made up; will be giving; comes; would have; 6-10 was getting; started; had been; will improve/improves; says;