Unit 1 The ReformationUnit 1 The Reformation

Chapter 4Chapter 4

Why is This Happening?Why is This Happening? Humanism/Individualism Humanism/Individualism new ways of thinkingnew ways of thinking knowledge than the Dogmaknowledge than the Dogma Begin with the idea of reform- end with splitBegin with the idea of reform- end with split The Reformation is a transformative event that The Reformation is a transformative event that

will help set Europe on its modern pathwill help set Europe on its modern path

Seeds of RevoltSeeds of Revolt

Late middle agesLate middle ages Challenges from kings Challenges from kings ThinkersThinkers

Babylonian CaptivityBabylonian Captivity

French PopeFrench Pope

Great SchismGreat Schism

2-3 different Popes2-3 different Popes

Church PracticesChurch Practices

IndulgencesIndulgences Sale of offices (Sale of offices (SimonySimony), ), Fees for sacraments Fees for sacraments AbsenteeismAbsenteeism Pluralism, Pluralism, Clerical Ignorance,Clerical Ignorance, Moral laxity of Clergy Moral laxity of Clergy

Critics of the ChurchCritics of the Church

Martin Luther was not the 1Martin Luther was not the 1stst

Lollards: John WycliffLollards: John Wycliff

Vernacular Vernacular personal connection with Godpersonal connection with God ExcommunicatedExcommunicated

Jan HusJan Hus

CzechCzech Bible was the sole authority in Christianity- Bible was the sole authority in Christianity-

not the pope. not the pope. God loves us- doesn’t judge usGod loves us- doesn’t judge us Burned at the stake as a hereticBurned at the stake as a heretic

Martin Luther and the Beginnings of Martin Luther and the Beginnings of “Protestantism”“Protestantism”

Lived in Holy Roman Empire- which was good Lived in Holy Roman Empire- which was good distance away from Rome (esp in North where Luther distance away from Rome (esp in North where Luther lived) HRE was center of Northern Humanism- lived) HRE was center of Northern Humanism- looking to use Christianity to build a better worldlooking to use Christianity to build a better world

Who is Luther?Who is Luther? Urged people to study the Bible for themselves (Urged people to study the Bible for themselves (few few

Catholics- even priests- had read itCatholics- even priests- had read it) and to form a personal ) and to form a personal connection to Godconnection to God

Why is he unhappy?Why is he unhappy?

John Tetzel was selling indulgencesJohn Tetzel was selling indulgences 1517 published 95 Thesis1517 published 95 Thesis denied the infallibility of the denied the infallibility of the

pope and said Jan Hus had pope and said Jan Hus had

NOT been a hereticNOT been a heretic))

What did he do?What did he do? Can no longer “reconcile” with church- creates his Can no longer “reconcile” with church- creates his

own.own. Confession of Augsburg written as a last attempt at Confession of Augsburg written as a last attempt at

compromise, became a statement of protestant beliefscompromise, became a statement of protestant beliefs Salvation through faith, not sacramentsSalvation through faith, not sacraments Bible sole authority, not popeBible sole authority, not pope We are all equal in eyes of GodWe are all equal in eyes of God Used vernacular, allowed married clergy and Used vernacular, allowed married clergy and

divorce. Encouraged Education (read bible) divorce. Encouraged Education (read bible) Sermons in each service. Consubstantiation. Sermons in each service. Consubstantiation.

Charles VCharles V HREHRE Allied with POPEAllied with POPE

Peasant’s WarPeasant’s War

Germany 1524-1525Germany 1524-1525 Peasant’s saw Luther as Peasant’s saw Luther as

throwing off ALL throwing off ALL authority. Demanded authority. Demanded an end to all serfdom an end to all serfdom and tithes.and tithes.

Luther did NOT support Luther did NOT support this- spoke against it- this- spoke against it- and it was savagely and it was savagely crushed (100,000 dead)crushed (100,000 dead)

League of Schmalkalden 1531League of Schmalkalden 1531

Formed by Princes who became Lutheran Formed by Princes who became Lutheran (looking to gain power for themselves, break (looking to gain power for themselves, break away from Emperor and Church ties)away from Emperor and Church ties)

Stood against Charles V (aided by Francis I of Stood against Charles V (aided by Francis I of France, who wanted to push down Hapsburgs) France, who wanted to push down Hapsburgs)

Led to Hapsburg Valois Wars 1531-1539 as Led to Hapsburg Valois Wars 1531-1539 as well as a German Civil war (beginning of wars well as a German Civil war (beginning of wars of religion)of religion)

Peace of Augsburg 1555Peace of Augsburg 1555

Ended the German Civil WarEnded the German Civil War Legalizing Lutheranism only in HRE.Legalizing Lutheranism only in HRE. Princes could choose if their land was Protestant Princes could choose if their land was Protestant

or Catholic. or Catholic.

Reformation in Switzerland and FranceReformation in Switzerland and France

Switzerland Switzerland Southern areas stayed CatholicSouthern areas stayed Catholic Moved from Switzerland into FranceMoved from Switzerland into France

Swiss: ZwinglianismSwiss: Zwinglianism

Theocracy in ZurichTheocracy in Zurich Argued with Luther about the Eucharist- said Argued with Luther about the Eucharist- said

it was only symbolic, didn’t represent anythingit was only symbolic, didn’t represent anything

AnabaptistsAnabaptists Protestants who were Protestants who were

against infant baptismagainst infant baptism Voluntary association- no Voluntary association- no

allegiance to any allegiance to any particular stateparticular state

Accepted PolygamyAccepted Polygamy Rejected the idea of the Rejected the idea of the

trinity- believed the end trinity- believed the end of the world was nearof the world was near

CalvinismCalvinism

Geneva (Geneva (the city that was a the city that was a

churchchurch) became a theocracy) became a theocracy

PrinciplesPrinciples

Predestination: (Predestination: (no free willno free will) Already decided, but ) Already decided, but if you live a good enough life- God will let you if you live a good enough life- God will let you know. (know. (the “elect” visible saints living among the “elect” visible saints living among menmen))

Church should be governed by Presbyteries- Church should be governed by Presbyteries- groups of ministers/elders who rule church groups of ministers/elders who rule church council and town.council and town.

Strict rules, no frivolous activities (music, dancing Strict rules, no frivolous activities (music, dancing or cards) Stark churches, plain clothes.or cards) Stark churches, plain clothes.

Protestant Work EthicProtestant Work Ethic

Importance of hard work- that all tasks done Importance of hard work- that all tasks done well pleased God. Whether you grow rich or well pleased God. Whether you grow rich or poor depends of YOU and what you do- God poor depends of YOU and what you do- God helps those who help themselves.helps those who help themselves.

Would have major social impact on Calvinist Would have major social impact on Calvinist societies (focus on business etc..)societies (focus on business etc..)

PilgrimsPilgrims

SpreadSpread

Dutch Reform Church: NetherlandsDutch Reform Church: Netherlands no impact on Ireland, Italy, Spainno impact on Ireland, Italy, Spain

English Reformation William TyndaleEnglish Reformation William Tyndale

Is about powerIs about power HumanistHumanist Translated the bible into English in 1526 (Base of the Translated the bible into English in 1526 (Base of the

King James version) Hunted down and executed 1535King James version) Hunted down and executed 1535

Henry VIIIHenry VIII

Catholic lands confiscated by king, Catholic lands confiscated by king, (600 monasteries convents) sold for (600 monasteries convents) sold for profitprofit

Divorce permitted at discretion of Divorce permitted at discretion of king (shocker)king (shocker)

1536 Pilgrimage of Grace- rebellion 1536 Pilgrimage of Grace- rebellion of common folk in favor of RC of common folk in favor of RC church- crushedchurch- crushed

Aftermath of Anglican SplitAftermath of Anglican Split Edward VI Edward VI (r 1547-(r 1547-

1553) Added to 1553) Added to Anglican by allowing Anglican by allowing married clergy- married clergy- recognized only 2 recognized only 2 sacraments (baptism sacraments (baptism and communion)and communion)

Mary I Mary I (r 1553-1558) (r 1553-1558) tried to restore tried to restore Catholicism by force Catholicism by force (bloody Mary) (bloody Mary)

Elizabeth I Elizabeth I (r 1558-(r 1558-1603)- Anglican, 1603)- Anglican, PolitiquePolitique

Elizabethan Elizabethan settlementsettlement: law says : law says you must be you must be Anglican in public- Anglican in public- do what you want at do what you want at homehome

39 Articles39 Articles: Anglican : Anglican Creed. Followed Creed. Followed protestant ideas, but protestant ideas, but loose enough most loose enough most (except Puritans) (except Puritans) could live with itcould live with it

The Catholic (Counter) ReformationThe Catholic (Counter) Reformation

15341534

The Council of TrentThe Council of Trent

Creates index of Creates index of forbidden booksforbidden books

after 1540 no new country after 1540 no new country becomes protestant.becomes protestant.

Makes split between Makes split between Catholics/protestants Catholics/protestants permanent and permanent and implacable.implacable.

JesuitsJesuits

3 Goals3 Goals 1. reform church through 1. reform church through

educationeducation 2. Spread Catholicism2. Spread Catholicism 3. Fight Protestantism3. Fight Protestantism

In charge of Inquisition. In charge of Inquisition. Stamp out Heresy.Stamp out Heresy.

Political Impact of ReformationPolitical Impact of Reformation

Shattered the last unifying element in European Shattered the last unifying element in European culture. Made it easier for them to fight each other.culture. Made it easier for them to fight each other.

Positives: Religious enthusiasm rekindle, and literacy Positives: Religious enthusiasm rekindle, and literacy expanded (keep up with arguments etc…)expanded (keep up with arguments etc…)

Dutch:Dutch: Strongly Calvinist- wanted freedom from Hapsburg Control- will Strongly Calvinist- wanted freedom from Hapsburg Control- will lead to prolonged war which will diminish Spanish powerlead to prolonged war which will diminish Spanish power

England:England: Elizabeth gets things settled (with problem of Catholic Elizabeth gets things settled (with problem of Catholic claimant Mary of Scots to deal with) But religious issues will claimant Mary of Scots to deal with) But religious issues will return with House of Stuart vs. Puritansreturn with House of Stuart vs. Puritans

German StatesGerman States Civil War from 1547-1555 (Civil War from 1547-1555 (league of Schmalkaldenleague of Schmalkalden) only first ) only first

wave- issues become about power as well as faithwave- issues become about power as well as faith Peace of AugsburgPeace of Augsburg

MarriageMarriage

Origins of “family values”Origins of “family values”..

Social ClassSocial Class

Protestantism appealed to all classesProtestantism appealed to all classes Overall ever increasing emphasis on secular Overall ever increasing emphasis on secular

worldworld

WomenWomen

ProtestantProtestant No more convents etc… meant No more convents etc… meant

that women lost main that women lost main opportunity for leadership.opportunity for leadership.

Protestant women meant to be Protestant women meant to be devoted wives and mothers- devoted wives and mothers- subordinate to men. Although, subordinate to men. Although, marriage supposed to be based marriage supposed to be based on Love rather than econ. on Love rather than econ. Encouraged to read bible Encouraged to read bible (therefore literate)(therefore literate)

CatholicCatholic Continued to have Continued to have

opportunities as nuns etc… opportunities as nuns etc… Ursuline Order founded by Ursuline Order founded by Council of Trent to educate Council of Trent to educate women in their faith.women in their faith.

Chapter 5: A Century of Chapter 5: A Century of ConflictConflict

1555-16481555-1648

Politics, Religion and WarfarePolitics, Religion and Warfare

Constant warfare- a mix of politics Constant warfare- a mix of politics and religion. and religion.

War is different-slaughter from guns War is different-slaughter from guns and artillery.and artillery.

French Wars of ReligionFrench Wars of Religion

1562-1598- civil war 1562-1598- civil war Valois , Bourbon vs. Valois , Bourbon vs. GuiseGuise

OriginsOrigins

Calvinism (Huguenots)Calvinism (Huguenots) 40-50% of nobility became Huguenots40-50% of nobility became Huguenots Political Political Nobles resent king’s power Nobles resent king’s power

Religious Riots and Civil WarReligious Riots and Civil War St Bartholomew’s Day MassacreSt Bartholomew’s Day Massacre Catholics slaughtering Huguenots all over Catholics slaughtering Huguenots all over

FranceFrance

War of Three Henrys 1572-1589War of Three Henrys 1572-1589

15 year civil war with 15 year civil war with over 500,000 killedover 500,000 killed Henry of NavarreHenry of Navarre

Triumph of the PolitiquesTriumph of the Politiques

Henry of Navarre

Privately he Privately he remained remained CalvinistCalvinist

Edict of Nantes 1598Edict of Nantes 1598

Gave religious rights to Gave religious rights to Huguenots in France.Huguenots in France.

Revoked in 1685 by Revoked in 1685 by Louis XIVLouis XIV

NOT religious tolerance NOT religious tolerance or mixingor mixing

Spain: Philip II and Militant CatholicismSpain: Philip II and Militant Catholicism

Philip Philip (“the Most Catholic”) (“the Most Catholic”) ruled Spain ruled Spain at the height of its power (at the height of its power (their golden their golden age, lasts > 100 years, in part b/c kings age, lasts > 100 years, in part b/c kings

are so inflexibleare so inflexible))

EscorialEscorial

OttomansOttomans

Spain stopped themSpain stopped them 1571-Battle of Lepanto1571-Battle of Lepanto

Revolt of the NetherlandsRevolt of the Netherlands

Spain defeatedSpain defeated leads to decline of Antwerp and leads to decline of Antwerp and

rise of Amsterdamrise of Amsterdam

Defeat of Spanish Armada 1588Defeat of Spanish Armada 1588

Queen ElizabethQueen Elizabeth the “protestant wind”the “protestant wind” Begins Spain’s decline (Begins Spain’s decline (and England’s and England’s

RiseRise))

Germany: the 30 Years WarGermany: the 30 Years War

1618-1648. 1618-1648. Most important Most important conflict of the conflict of the 1600s1600s

HRE splitHRE split Luther not Luther not

CalvinCalvin

Four Phases:Four Phases: 1 1stst (Bohemian) Phase (Bohemian) Phase ““Defenestration of Defenestration of

Prague” Prague” Czechs Czechs

(Bohemians- (Bohemians- Calvinist)Calvinist)

Czechs defeated, Czechs defeated, Battle of White Battle of White Mountain- forced Mountain- forced conversionsconversions

22ndnd (Danish) Phase (Danish) PhaseDenmark v. HREDenmark v. HRE

King Christian of King Christian of Demark (Lutheran)Demark (Lutheran)

HREmperor wins HREmperor wins againagain

Issues Edict of Issues Edict of Restitution (only Restitution (only Lutheranism)Lutheranism)

33rdrd (Swedish) Phase (Swedish) Phase

Swedish Swedish (Lutheran) king (Lutheran) king Gustavus Gustavus Adolphus Adolphus

Swedes win battleSwedes win battle Took over Took over

Denmark, Poland, Denmark, Poland, Finland and Finland and BalticsBaltics

Turns the tide and gives Turns the tide and gives protestants hope.protestants hope.

Emperor annulled Edict Emperor annulled Edict of Restitutionof Restitution

44thth (French/International) Phase (French/International) Phase

French declare war French declare war on Spain on Spain (supported a (supported a rebellion in rebellion in Portugal)Portugal)

RichelieuRichelieu PolitiquePolitique

Peace of WestphaliaPeace of Westphalia In 1648 no one really “wins”In 1648 no one really “wins” Treaty recognizesTreaty recognizes

City states autonomous, HRE destroyedCity states autonomous, HRE destroyed Dutch and Swiss , France gains Alsace and Dutch and Swiss , France gains Alsace and

Lorraine, Lorraine, Prussia gains powerPrussia gains power Recognizes Augsburg agreement- adds CalvinismRecognizes Augsburg agreement- adds Calvinism

Results of 30 Years WarResults of 30 Years War

Ends German Reformation and wars of Ends German Reformation and wars of religion (on continent)religion (on continent)

Rise of France as powerRise of France as power Balance of Power diplomacyBalance of Power diplomacy

English Civil WarEnglish Civil War

Constitutionalism in EnglandConstitutionalism in England

Magna CartaMagna Carta ReformationReformation

Puritans vs. AnglicansPuritans vs. Anglicans

English CalvinistsEnglish Calvinists CongregationalistsCongregationalists PresbyterianismPresbyterianism

John KnoxJohn Knox ScotlandScotland

#’s went up#’s went up

Influence went upInfluence went up

Elizabeth IElizabeth I Church of EnglandChurch of England Tolerated other Tolerated other

religions, but no rightsreligions, but no rights

Conflicts in Stuart EnglandConflicts in Stuart England

Elizabeth died, end of TudorsElizabeth died, end of Tudors James IJames I

Scotland CousinScotland Cousin ProtestantProtestant mom-Queen of Scotsmom-Queen of Scots CatholicCatholic Divine RightDivine Right free from Parliamentfree from Parliament PaternalisticPaternalistic

Parliament Under JamesParliament Under James

House of CommonsHouse of Commons LordsLords EconomyEconomy 30 Year War30 Year War 1625 died1625 died

Charles I and Long ParliamentCharles I and Long Parliament

James I sonJames I son EconomyEconomy Petition of RightPetition of Right Short ParliamentShort Parliament ScotlandScotland Long ParliamentLong Parliament IrelandIreland

The English Civil War The English Civil War 1642-16491642-1649

CavaliersCavaliers RoundheadsRoundheads Oliver CromwellOliver Cromwell LevelersLevelers Charles ICharles I Rump ParliamentRump Parliament

Cromwell & the ProtectorateCromwell & the Protectorate

Military DictatorshipMilitary Dictatorship Lord ProtectorLord Protector InterregnumInterregnum New Model ArmyNew Model Army IrelandIreland Navigation ActsNavigation Acts FranceFrance 16601660

RestorationRestoration16601660

Charles IICharles II ReligionReligion ParliamentParliament MinistersMinisters France agreementFrance agreement James IIJames II WhigsWhigs ToriesTories Test ActTest Act

Glorious RevolutionGlorious Revolution16851685

James IIJames II William & MaryWilliam & Mary Bill of RightBill of Right Not a DemocracyNot a Democracy Toleration ActToleration Act Common LawCommon Law