unit-1 software testing
TRANSCRIPT
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SOFTWARE ENGINEERING
Top-Down Programming
Divides comple programs in!o "ierarc"# o$mod%les
T"e mod%le a! !op con!rols eec%!ion 'calling(lower level mod%les
)od%lar programming
* Similar !o !op-down programming
One program calls o!"er programs !o wor+!oge!"er as single s#s!em
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SOFTWARE ENGINEERING
S!r%c!%red programming
* Improves comp%!er program ,%ali!#
*Allows o!"er programmers !o easil# read and
modi$# code
* Eac" program mod%le "as one &eginning and
one ending
* T"ree programming cons!r%c!s se,%ence.decision. repe!i!ion/
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SOFTWARE ENGINEERING
T"ree S!r%c!%red Programming 0ons!r%c!s
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SOFTWARE ENGINEERING
Program !es!ing
0an reveal !"e presence o$ errors NOT !"eir
a&sence
A s%ccess$%l !es! is a !es! w"ic" discovers one
or more errors T"e onl# valida!ion !ec"ni,%e $or non-$%nc!ional
re,%iremen!s
S"o%ld &e %sed in con1%nc!ion wi!" s!a!icveri$ica!ion !o provide $%ll 232 coverage
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SOFTWARE ENGINEERING
Tes!ing Principles
All !es!s s"o%ld &e !racea&le !o c%s!omerre,%iremen!s4
Tes!s s"o%ld &e planned long &e$ore !es!ing
&egins Tes!ing s"o%ld &egin 'in !"e small( 3 progress
!oward 'in !"e large(
E"a%s!ive !es!ing is no! possi&le4
To &e mos! e$$ec!ive. !es!ing s"o%ld &econd%c!ed an independen! !"ird par!#
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SOFTWARE ENGINEERING
Tes!ing priori!ies
Onl# e"a%s!ive !es!ing can s"ow a program is
$ree $rom de$ec!s4 5owever. e"a%s!ive !es!ing
is impossi&le
Tes!s s"o%ld eercise a s#s!em6s capa&ili!iesra!"er !"an i!s componen!s
Tes!ing old capa&ili!ies is more impor!an! !"an
!es!ing new capa&ili!ies
Tes!ing !#pical si!%a!ions is more impor!an! !"an
&o%ndar# val%e cases
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SOFTWARE ENGINEERING
Tes!sing approac"es
Arc"i!ec!%ral valida!ion* Top-down in!egra!ion !es!ing is &e!!er a! discovering
errors in !"e s#s!em arc"i!ec!%re
S#s!em demons!ra!ion* Top-down in!egra!ion !es!ing allows a limi!eddemons!ra!ion a! an earl# s!age in !"e developmen!
Tes! implemen!a!ion
* O$!en easier wi!" &o!!om-%p in!egra!ion !es!ing Tes! o&serva!ion
* Pro&lems wi!" &o!" approac"es4 E!ra code ma# &ere,%ired !o o&serve !es!s
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SOFTWARE ENGINEERING
Tes! da!a and !es! cases
Test data Inp%!s w"ic" "ave &een devised
!o !es! !"e s#s!em
Test cases Inp%!s !o !es! !"e s#s!em and!"e predic!ed o%!p%!s $rom !"ese inp%!s i$
!"e s#s!em opera!es according !o i!s
speci$ica!ion
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SOFTWARE ENGINEERING
7evels o$ !es!ing
8ni! !es!ing
In!egra!ion !es!ing
S#s!em !es!ing Accep!ance !es!ing
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SOFTWARE ENGINEERING
Tes! Plane
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SOFTWARE ENGINEERING
T"e !es!ing process
Componenttesting
Systemtesting
Acceptancetesting
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SOFTWARE ENGINEERING
Tes!ing s!ages
0omponen! or %ni! !es!ing
* Individ%al componen!s are !es!ed independen!l#9
* 0omponen!s ma# &e $%nc!ions or o&1ec!s or co"eren!
gro%pings o$ !"ese en!i!ies4 S#s!em !es!ing
* Tes!ing o$ !"e s#s!em as a w"ole4 Tes!ing o$ emergen!
proper!ies is par!ic%larl# impor!an!4
Accep!ance !es!ing
* Tes!ing wi!" c%s!omer da!a !o c"ec+ !"a! !"e s#s!em
mee!s !"e c%s!omer:s needs4
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SOFTWARE ENGINEERING
T#pes o$ !es!ing
De$ec! !es!ing
* Tes!s designed !o discover s#s!em de$ec!s4
*A s%ccess$%l de$ec! !es! is one w"ic" reveals
!"e presence o$ de$ec!s in a s#s!em4
S!a!is!ical !es!ing
* !es!s designed !o re$lec! !"e $re,%ence o$ %ser
inp%!s4 8sed $or relia&ili!# es!ima!ion4
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SOFTWARE ENGINEERING
T"e !es!ing process
0omponen! !es!ing
* Tes!ing o$ individ%al program componen!s
* 8s%all# !"e responsi&ili!# o$ !"e componen! developer
ecep! some!imes $or cri!ical s#s!ems/* Tes!s are derived $rom !"e developer:s eperience
In!egra!ion !es!ing
* Tes!ing o$ gro%ps o$ componen!s in!egra!ed !o crea!e
a s#s!em or s%&-s#s!em
* T"e responsi&ili!# o$ an independen! !es!ing !eam
* Tes!s are &ased on a s#s!em speci$ica!ion
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SOFTWARE ENGINEERING
Tes!ing p"ases
Component
testing
Integration
testing
Software developer Independent testing team
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SOFTWARE ENGINEERING
Tes!ing p"ases
Requirements
specifcation
System
specifcation
System
design
Detailed
design
Module and
unit codeand test
Sub-system
integrationtest plan
System
integrationtest plan
Acceptance
test plan
Service Acceptance
test
System
integration test
Sub-system
integration test
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SOFTWARE ENGINEERING
;lac+-&o !es!ing
An approac" !o !es!ing w"ere !"e program
is considered as a
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SOFTWARE ENGINEERING
;lac+-&o !es!ing
I
e
Input test data
OeOutput test results
System
Inputs causinganomalousbehaviour
Outputs which revealthe presence ofdefects
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SOFTWARE ENGINEERING
E,%ivalence par!i!ioning
Inp%! da!a and o%!p%! res%l!s o$!en $all in!o
di$$eren! classes w"ere all mem&ers o$ a
class are rela!ed
Eac" o$ !"ese classes is an e,%ivalence
par!i!ion w"ere !"e program &e"aves in an
e,%ivalen! wa# $or eac" class mem&er
Tes! cases s"o%ld &e c"osen $rom eac"
par!i!ion
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SOFTWARE ENGINEERING
E,%ivalence par!i!ioning
System
Outputs
Invalid inputs Valid inputs
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SOFTWARE ENGINEERING
E,%ivalence par!i!ioning
Par!i!ion s#s!em inp%!s and o%!p%!s in!o
?.??? and
@@.@@@.e,%ivalence par!i!ions are >?.???. >?.???-@@. @@@
and B
>?. ???
0"oose !es! cases a! !"e &o%ndar# o$ !"esese!s
* ?????. ?@@@@. >????. @@@@@. >???>
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SOFTWARE ENGINEERING
E,%ivalence par!i!ions
Between 10000 and 99999Less than 10000 More than 99999
999910000 50000
10000099999
Input values
Between 4 and 10Less than 4 More than 10
34 7
1110
Number of input values
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SOFTWARE ENGINEERING
Tes!ing g%idelines se,%ences/
Tes! so$!ware wi!" se,%ences w"ic" "ave
onl# a single val%e
8se se,%ences o$ di$$eren! siCes in
di$$eren! !es!s
Derive !es!s so !"a! !"e $irs!. middle and
las! elemen!s o$ !"e se,%ence are
accessed
Tes! wi!" se,%ences o$ Cero leng!"
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SOFTWARE ENGINEERING
Searc" ro%!ine - inp%! par!i!ions
Array Element
Single value In sequence
Single value Not in sequence
More than 1 value First element in sequence
More than 1 value Last element in sequence
More than 1 value Middle element in sequence
More than 1 value Not in sequence
Input sequence (T) Key (Key) Output (Found, L)
17 17 true, 1
17 0 false, ??
17, 29, 21, 23 17 true, 141, 18, 9, 31, 30, 16, 45 45 true, 7
17, 18, 21, 23, 29, 41, 38 23 true, 4
21, 23, 29, 33, 38 25 false, ??
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SOFTWARE ENGINEERING
;inar# searc" - e,%iv4 par!i!ions
Pre-condi!ions sa!is$ied. +e# elemen! in arra#
Pre-condi!ions sa!is$ied. +e# elemen! no! in
arra#
Pre-condi!ions %nsa!is$ied. +e# elemen! in arra#
Pre-condi!ions %nsa!is$ied. +e# elemen! no! in
arra#
Inp%! arra# "as a single val%e Inp%! arra# "as an even n%m&er o$ val%es
Inp%! arra# "as an odd n%m&er o$ val%es
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SOFTWARE ENGINEERING
;inar# searc" e,%iv4 par!i!ions
Mid-point
Elements < Mid Elements > Mid
Equivalence class boundaries
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SOFTWARE ENGINEERING
;o%ndar# val%e anal#sis ;2A/
Ano!"er wa# !o genera!e !es! cases is !o
loo+ $or &o%ndar# val%es4
S%ppose a program !a+es an in!eger as
inp%!4
In !"e a&sence o$ an# in$orma!ion. we
ass%me !"a! ? is a &o%ndar#4 Inp%!s !o
!"e program mig"! lie on !"e &o%ndar# or
on ei!"er side o$ !"e &o%ndar#
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SOFTWARE ENGINEERING
;2A con!in%ed
T"is leads !o !es! inp%!s
?. -H?. and >4
* No!e !"a! !"e val%es -H? and > are on ei!"er side o$
!"e &o%ndar# and are c"osen ar&i!raril#4
No!ice !"a! %sing ;2A we ge!
e,%ivalence classes4 One o$ !"ese !"ree
classes con!ains onl# one val%e ?/. !"e
o!"er !wo are largeJ
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SOFTWARE ENGINEERING
;2A con!in%ed
Now s%ppose !"a! a program !a+es !wo
in!egers and K and !"a! >H and
#>K#H4
In !"is case !"e $o%r sides o$ !"e rec!angle
represen! !"e &o%ndar#4
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SOFTWARE ENGINEERING
;2A con!in%ed
For eample. s%ppose !"a! a program
!a+es a s!ring S and an in!eger as
inp%!s4 T"e ;2A can &e done on an# !#pe
o$ da!a4
cons!rain!s on inp%!s are
* leng!"S/>?? and a&
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SOFTWARE ENGINEERING
;2A con!in%ed
L%s! as we applied ;2A !o inp%! da!a. we
can appl# i! !o o%!p%! da!a4
Doing so gives %s e,%ivalence classes $or!"e o%!p%! domain4
We !"en !r# !o $ind !es! inp%!s !"a! will
cover eac" o%!p%! e,%ivalence class4
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SOFTWARE ENGINEERING
S!r%c!%ral !es!ingMW"i!e ;o Tes!
Some!ime called w"i!e-&o !es!ing
Deriva!ion o$ !es! cases according !o
program s!r%c!%re4 nowledge o$ !"e
program is %sed !o iden!i$# addi!ional !es!
cases
O&1ec!ive is !o eercise all program
s!a!emen!s no! all pa!" com&ina!ions/
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SOFTWARE ENGINEERING
W"i!e-&o !es!ing
Componentcode
Testoutputs
Test data
DerivesTests
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SOFTWARE ENGINEERING
Pa!" !es!ing
T"e o&1ec!ive o$ pa!" !es!ing is !o ens%re !"a! !"e
se! o$ !es! cases is s%c" !"a! eac" pa!" !"ro%g"
!"e program is eec%!ed a! leas! once
T"e s!ar!ing poin! $or pa!" !es!ing is a program$low grap" !"a! s"ows nodes represen!ing
program decisions and arcs represen!ing !"e
$low o$ con!rol
S!a!emen!s wi!" condi!ions are !"ere$ore nodes
in !"e $low grap"
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SOFTWARE ENGINEERING
Program $low grap"s
Descri&es !"e program con!rol $low4 Eac" &ranc"
is s"own as a separa!e pa!" and loops are
s"own arrows looping &ac+ !o !"e loop
condi!ion node
8sed as a &asis $or comp%!ing !"e c#cloma!ic
complei!#
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SOFTWARE ENGINEERING
0on!d44
0omplei!# is comp%!ed in one o$ !"ree wa#s
T"e no4 o$ regions o$ !"e $lowgrap" corrospond
!o !"e c#cloma!ic complei!#4
c#cloma!ic complei!#. 2G/. $or a $low grap" .G . is de$ined as
vG/ EN-H
E is !"e no4 o$ edges. N is !"e no4 o$ nodes 2G/ P>
P is !"e no4 o$ predica!e nodes
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SOFTWARE ENGINEERING
0#cloma!ic complei!#
T"e n%m&er o$ !es!s !o !es! all con!rols!a!emen!s e,%als !"e c#cloma!ic complei!#
0#cloma!ic complei!# e,%als n%m&er o$
condi!ions in a program 8se$%l i$ %sed wi!" care4 Does no! impl#ade,%ac# o$ !es!ing4
Al!"o%g" all pa!"s are eec%!ed. all
com&ina!ions o$ pa!"s are no! eec%!ed
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SOFTWARE ENGINEERING
1
2
3
4
65
7
while bottom top
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SOFTWARE ENGINEERING
Independen! pa!"s
>. H. . . @
>. H. . . Q. . H
>. H. . . =. . H
>. H. . . Q. . H. . @
Tes! cases s"o%ld &e derived so !"a! all o$ !"ese
pa!"s are eec%!ed
A d#namic program anal#ser ma# &e %sed !oc"ec+ !"a! pa!"s "ave &een
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SOFTWARE ENGINEERING
0on!d
0#cloma!ic complei!# $or !"e a&ove diagram
>4 T"e $low grap" "as regions4
H4 2G/ >>-@H
4 2G/>
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SOFTWARE ENGINEERING
e# poin!s
Tes! par!s o$ a s#s!em w"ic" are commonl# %sedra!"er !"an !"ose w"ic" are rarel# eec%!ed
E,%ivalence par!i!ions are se!s o$ !es! casesw"ere !"e program s"o%ld &e"ave in an
e,%ivalen! wa# ;lac+-&o !es!ing is &ased on !"e s#s!em
speci$ica!ion S!r%c!%ral !es!ing iden!i$ies !es! cases w"ic"
ca%se all pa!"s !"ro%g" !"e program !o &eeec%!ed
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SOFTWARE ENGINEERING
)od%le Tes!ingM 8ni! !es!ing
)od%le 0an &e Tes!ed - Facili!a!ed
* S!%& Proced%re !"a! "as !"e Same IMO
Parame!ers )e!"od Signa!%re/ as )issing
;e"avior &%! wi!" Simpli$ied ;e"avior
* Driver 0ode !"a! Sim%la!es !"e 8se o$ )od%le
&eing Tes!ed O!"er )od%les in !"e S#s!em
PROCEDURE
UNDER TEST DRIVERSTUB
CALL CALL
ACCESS TO NONLOCAL VARIABLES
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SOFTWARE ENGINEERING
In!egra!ion !es!ing
Tes!s comple!e s#s!ems or s%&s#s!ems
composed o$ in!egra!ed componen!s
In!egra!ion !es!ing s"o%ld &e &lac+-&o
!es!ing wi!" !es!s derived $rom !"e
speci$ica!ion
)ain di$$ic%l!# is localising errors
Incremen!al in!egra!ion !es!ing red%ces
!"is pro&lem
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SOFTWARE ENGINEERING
Approac"es !o in!egra!ion !es!ing
Top-down !es!ing* S!ar! wi!" "ig"-level s#s!em and in!egra!e
$rom !"e !op-down replacing individ%al
componen!s s!%&s w"ere appropria!e ;o!!om-%p !es!ing
* In!egra!e individ%al componen!s in levels %n!il!"e comple!e s#s!em is crea!ed
In prac!ice. mos! in!egra!ion involves acom&ina!ion o$ !"ese s!ra!egies
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SOFTWARE ENGINEERING
Incremen!al in!egra!ion !es!ing
T3
T2
T1
T4
T5
A
B
C
D
T2
T1
T3
T4
A
B
C
T1
T2
T3
A
B
Test sequence1
Test sequence2
Test sequence3
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SOFTWARE ENGINEERING
Top-down !es!ing
Level 2Level 2Level 2Level 2
Level 1 Level 1Testing
sequence
Level 2stubs
Level 3stubs
. . .
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SOFTWARE ENGINEERING
;o!!om-%p !es!ing
Level NLevel NLevel NLevel NLevel N
Level N1 Level N1Level N1
Testing
sequence
Testdrivers
Testdrivers
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SOFTWARE ENGINEERING
S!ress !es!ing
Eercises !"e s#s!em &e#ond i!s maim%mdesign load4 S!ressing !"e s#s!em o$!en ca%sesde$ec!s !o come !o lig"!
S!ressing !"e s#s!em !es! $ail%re &e"avio%r44S#s!ems s"o%ld no! $ail ca!as!rop"icall#4 S!ress!es!ing c"ec+s $or %naccep!a&le loss o$ serviceor da!a
Par!ic%larl# relevan! !o dis!ri&%!ed s#s!emsw"ic" can e"i&i! severe degrada!ion as ane!wor+ &ecomes overloaded
S ! ! d
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SOFTWARE ENGINEERING
S#s!em. accep!ance. and
regression !es!ing
S#s!em !es! Accep!ance !es! Regression !es!
0"ec+ agains!
re,%iremen!sspeci$ica!ions
0"ec+s s%i!a&ili!# $or %ser Rec"ec+s !es! cases
passed previo%sprod%c!ion versions
Per$ormed developmen! !es! gro%p
Per$ormed !es! gro%pwi!" %ser involvemen!
Per$ormed developmen! gro%p
2eri$ies correc!ness and
comple!ion o$ !"e prod%c!
2alida!es %se$%lness and
sa!is$ac!ion wi!" !"eprod%c!
G%ards agains!
%nin!ended c"anges
S ! ! !i
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SOFTWARE ENGINEERING
S#s!em !es!ing
* 0an &e considered a $inal s!ep in in!egra!ion
!es!ing
*A c"ec+ o$ consis!enc# &e!ween !"e so$!ware
s#s!em and i!s speci$ica!ion Encompasses s#s!em wide proper!ies agains! a
s#s!em speci$ica!ion
* S#s!em. accep!ance. and regression !es!ing
are all concerned wi!" !"e &e"avior o$ a en!ireso$!ware s#s!em
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SOFTWARE ENGINEERING
Alp"a 3 &e!a !es!ing
)os! sMw prod%c! &%ilder %se a process calledalp"a &e!a !es!ing !o %ncover errors !"a! onl#!"e end %ser seems !o $ind4
Alp"a !es!
-is cond%c!ed a! devloper:s si!e ac%s!omer4
-cond%c!ed in !"e con!rolled environmen!4
;e!a !es!
-is cond%c!ed a! oneMmore c%s!omer si!es
!"e end-%ser o$ !"e sMw
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SOFTWARE ENGINEERING
Tes!ing and de&%gging
De$ec! !es!ing and de&%gging are dis!inc!processes
2eri$ica!ion and valida!ion is concerned wi!"
es!a&lis"ing !"e eis!ence o$ de$ec!s in aprogram
De&%gging is concerned wi!" loca!ing andrepairing !"ese errors
De&%gging involves $orm%la!ing a "#po!"esisa&o%! program &e"avio%r !"en !es!ing !"ese"#po!"eses !o $ind !"e s#s!em error
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SOFTWARE ENGINEERING
T"e de&%gging process
Locateerror
Designerror repair
Repairerror
Re-testprogram
Testresults Specification Testcases
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SOFTWARE ENGINEERING
O&1ec!ives
To in!rod%ce so$!ware veri$ica!ion andvalida!ion and !o disc%ss !"e dis!inc!ion&e!ween !"em
To descri&e !"e program inspec!ionprocess and i!s role in 2 3 2
To eplain s!a!ic anal#sis as a veri$ica!ion
!ec"ni,%e To descri&e !"e 0leanroom so$!ware
developmen! process
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SOFTWARE ENGINEERING
Verification vs validation
2eri$ica!ion
Are we &%ilding !"e prod%c! rig"!
T"e so$!ware s"o%ld con$orm !o i!s
speci$ica!ion
2alida!ion
Are we &%ilding !"e rig"! prod%c!
T"e so$!ware s"o%ld do w"a! !"e %ser
reall# re,%ires
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SOFTWARE ENGINEERING
The V & V process
Is a w"ole li$e-c#cle process - 2 3 2 m%s! &e
applied a! eac" s!age in !"e so$!ware process4
5as !wo principal o&1ec!ives
* T"e discover# o$ de$ec!s in a s#s!em* T"e assessmen! o$ w"e!"er or no! !"e s#s!em
is %sa&le in an opera!ional si!%a!ion4
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SOFTWARE ENGINEERING
S!a!ic and d#namic veri$ica!ion
Software inspections 0oncerned wi!" anal#sis o$
!"e s!a!ic s#s!em represen!a!ion !o discover
pro&lems (s!a!ic veri$ica!ion/
*)a# &e s%pplemen! !ool-&ased doc%men! and codeanal#sis
Software testing 0oncerned wi!" eercising and
o&serving prod%c! &e"avio%r d#namic
veri$ica!ion/* T"e s#s!em is eec%!ed wi!" !es! da!a and i!s
opera!ional &e"avio%r is o&served
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S!a!ic and d#namic 232
Formalspecification
High-leveldesign
Requirementsspecification
Detaileddesign
Program
Prototype Dynamic
validation
Staticverification