Unit 1 – Scientific Experimentation

What is Chemistry?

Why study Chemistry?

What is chemistry?• Chemistry is the study of the composition of

matter and the changes that matter undergoes. (Chemistry is the study of the relationships between matter and energy)

• Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space

• Matter is anything with inertia (resistance to change in motion)

Organic chemistry is defined as the study of all chemicals containing carbon.

Areas of Study

Building Molecules

Sucralose

The study of processes that take place in organisms is biochemistry.

Areas of Study

Inorganic chemistry is the study of chemicals that, in general, do not contain carbon.

Areas of Study

Analytical chemistry is the area of study that focuses on the composition of matter.

Areas of Study

Physical chemistry is the area that deals with the mechanism, the rate, and the energy transfer that occurs when matter undergoes a change.

Areas of Study

Pure and Applied Chemistry

• Pure and Applied Chemistry– How are pure and applied chemistry related?

Pure and Applied Chemistry

• Pure chemistry is the pursuit of chemical knowledge for its own sake.

• Applied chemistry is research that is directed toward a practical goal or application.

Pure and Applied Chemistry

• Nylon– In the early 1930’s, Wallace

Carothers produced nylon while researching cotton and silk.

– A team of scientists and engineers applied Carothers’s research to the commercial production of nylon.

Pure and Applied Chemistry

– Aspirin• Long before researchers figured out how aspirin

works, people used it to relieve pain, and doctors prescribed it for patients who were at risk for a heart attack.

• In 1971, it was discovered that aspirin can block the production of a group of chemicals that cause pain and lead to the formation of blood clots. This is an example of pure research.

Observation or Inference (conclusion based on observation )

1. The grass is green.

2. The sidewalk is wet this morning, so it rained last night.

3. Paul is clumsy.

4. Mr. Green is holding the smoking gun, so he shot the victim.

5. Susie hates broccoli.

6. Sally is 6’4” tall

7. Cigarette smoke causes cancer.

2 Key Aspects:1. Claim

- A testable statement or conclusion that answers a question

2. Evidence- Data that supports the claim. This data must be appropriate

and sufficient

Making a Strong Argument

Your parents ask… “Why should I let you go to the movies?”

• Your argument:

You should let me go to the movies because I have shown you that I am very responsible. I am holding a part-time job while I am attending Princeton High School. I show up for my job on time at 4 pm and work until 9 pm. Then, I come home and immediately start my homework. I have completed every homework assignment since school began. I deserve a night to relax. I have also been obeying your rules. I have not come home after 11 pm any Friday night that I have gone out with my friends. This proves to you that I am trustworthy and mature. I deserve to go to the movies.

Key Aspect 1: The Claim

What was the claim in this argument?

You should let me go to the movies because I have shown you that I am very responsible. I am holding a part-time job while I am attending Princeton High School. I show up for my job on time at 4pm and work until 9pm. Then, I come home and immediately start my homework. I have completed every homework assignment since school began. I deserve a night to relax. I have also been obeying your rules. I have not come home after 11pm any Friday night that I have gone out with my friends. This proves to you that I am trustworthy and mature. I deserve to go to the movies.

The ClaimYou should let me go to the movies because I have shown you that I am very responsible. I am holding a part-time job while I am attending Princeton High School. I show up for my job on time at 4pm and work until 9pm. Then, I come home and immediately start my homework. I have completed every homework assignment since school began. I deserve a night to relax. I have also been obeying your rules. I have not come home past 11pm any Friday night that I have gone out with my friends. This proves to you that I am trustworthy and mature. I deserve to go to the movies.

Key Aspect #2: Evidence

• What was the evidence given to support the claim?You should let me go to the movies because I have shown you that I am very responsible. I am holding a part-time job while I am attending Princeton High School. I show up for my job on time at 4pm and work until 9pm. Then, I come home and immediately start my homework. I have completed every homework assignment since school began. I deserve a night to relax. I have also been obeying your rules. I have not come home past 11pm any Friday night that I have gone out with my friends. This proves to you that I am trustworthy and mature. I deserve to go to the movies.

The Evidence

You should let me go to the movies because I have shown you that I am very responsible. I am holding a part-time job while I am attending Princeton High School. I show up for my job on time at 4 pm and work until 9 pm. Then, I come home and immediately start my homework. I have completed every homework assignment since school began. I deserve a night to relax. I have also been obeying your rules. I have not come home past 11 pm on any night that I have gone out with my friends. This proves to you that I am trustworthy and mature. I deserve to go to the movies.

The Evidence

• The evidence given must be sufficient and appropriate.

• What does it mean for evidence to be sufficient?– Sufficient evidence means that adequate data

was provided to support your claim, to make it reasonable and believable.

The Evidence• What does it mean for evidence to be appropriate?

– Appropriate evidence means that the data directly relates to the claim being made.

Example claim: The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association and World Meteorological Association said that 2005 was the second warmest year on record.

– Appropriate evidence?: • In 2005 the surface temperature for the northern

hemisphere was 0.65° C above a 30-year average, from 1980 to the present. The southern hemisphere was 0.32° C above a 30-year average, from 1980 to the present. A July heat wave pushed temperatures soaring beyond 100 degrees, and broke more than 200 daily records established in six western states. A new record of seven consecutive days at — or above — 125ºF was established at Death Valley, Calif.

The Evidence

Example claim: The National Oceanic & Atmospheric Association and World Meteorological Association said that 2005 was the second warmest year on record.

– Inappropriate evidence: • The NOAA and World Meteorological

Associations employ very nice, smart people. They would not lie to the American public.

Oobleck – Is it a solid or liquid?

Making Oobleck• Add 2 heaping spoonfuls of cornstarch to a plastic Dixie cup.

• Add 3 spoons full of water.• Use the spoon to stir the contents of the cup thoroughly.

• Let stand for 1 minute.

Oobleck - Make observations.

• Take the mixture out and place it on the lab table.

• Slowly push your finger into the mixture. Repeat with your fist.

• Quickly jab your finger into the mixture. Repeat with your fist.

• Take a handful of the mixture and form a ball. Squeeze and release the ball several times.

Oobleck – Is it a solid or liquid?

• Use your observations to decide if Oobleck is a solid or a liquid.

• Write a paragraph which states whether you would classify Oobleck as a solid OR a liquid. Use specific observations as evidence to support your claim.

Make sure your name and today’s date are on your paper.

Why Study Chemistry?

– Chemistry is useful in explaining the natural world.

– Chemistry can be useful in planning for a career.

– Chemistry can be useful in designing a new product or medication.

– Knowledge of chemistry helps you to be an informed citizen.