INTRODUCTION TO CHEMISTRYINTRODUCTION TO CHEMISTRY

• I. What is Chemistry

• II. The Scientific Method

• III. Vocabulary Related to Research and the Scientific Method

I. What is ChemistryI. What is Chemistry

• A. Definition – chemistry is the study of the composition, structure and properties of matter and the changes it under goes

Composition Structure

H20

Properties:Properties:ChemicalChemical – splits into – splits into hydrogen and oxygen hydrogen and oxygen when subjected to when subjected to electric currentelectric currentPhysicalPhysical – liquid at room – liquid at room temperature, boils at 100 temperature, boils at 100 ̊C̊C 2H2O 2H2O 2H2 + O2 2H2 + O2

Changes it undergoes:Changes it undergoes:

• B. Matter – has mass and takes up space

1. mass – measures amount of matter

2. volume – measures the amount of

space occupied by matter

I.I. ChemistryChemistryB. MatterB. Matter

• Anything that has mass and takes up space

• All matter is composed of chemicals• Characteristics:

1. Mass vs. weight • Mass is amount of matter• Weight is the force of gravity on an object

2. Inertia – resistance to change in motion

3. Energy – ability to do work (potential and kinetic)

I. What is ChemistryI. What is Chemistry

• C. What are the branches of Chemistry

1. Organic – study of compounds containing carbon

2. Inorganic – study of compounds that do not contain carbon

Organic Chemistry • Study of carbon containing compounds

derived from living things (oil, gas, fossils)

I.I. ChemistryChemistryC. BranchesC. Branches

Inorganic Chemistry • Study of inorganic compounds (rocks,

minerals, fertilizers)

I.I. ChemistryChemistryC. BranchesC. Branches

I. What is ChemistryI. What is Chemistry

3. Physical – study of changes in and behavior of matter and the accompanying energy changes

4. Analytical – study of the composition of matter

5. Biochemistry – chemistry of organisms

(their composition and processes)

Biochemistry

• Chemistry of living things

I.I. ChemistryChemistryC. BranchesC. Branches

Physical Chemistry • Reaction mechanisms, energy exchanges

– energy efficiency of household refrigerators and freezers

– measurement and modeling of "on-road" vehicle emissions

– flow and solidification

of metals during casting

I.I. ChemistryChemistryC. BranchesC. Branches

Analytical Chemistry• Measures the chemical composition

of natural and artificial materials

• Areas of medicine, environment, industry, food

I.I. ChemistryChemistryC. BranchesC. Branches

II. The Scientific MethodII. The Scientific Method

• A. Identify the problem make observation(question)

• B. Make a hypothesis based upon

observations relating to the problem

• C. Experiment to test the hypothesis

• D. Collect and analyze the data/results

• E. Make a conclusion based on the

results of the experiment

III. Vocabulary Related to III. Vocabulary Related to Research and the Scientific MethodResearch and the Scientific Method• A. Observations and Inference1. Qualitative observation – based on the

five senses2. Quantitative observations – based on

measurement3. Inference – to derive a conclusion from

facts or premises (an interpretation of observations)

III. Vocabulary Related to III. Vocabulary Related to Research and the Scientific MethodResearch and the Scientific Method

• B. Intensive and Extensive Properties

1. Intensive – properties that do not depend upon the amount of matter

a. density, melting point, boiling point

2. Extensive – properties that do depend upon the amount of matter

a. length, mass, volume

III. Vocabulary Related to III. Vocabulary Related to Research and the Scientific MethodResearch and the Scientific Method

• C.Dependent and Independent Variables

1. Dependent variable – value changes in

response to the independent variable

2. Independent variable – the variable manipulated by the person doing the experiment

III. Vocabulary Related to III. Vocabulary Related to Research and the Scientific MethodResearch and the Scientific Method

• D. Theories and Laws

1. Theory – explanation supported by many experiments but may be subject to change as a result of further research

2. Law – explanation that has no exceptions and is not subject to change

III. Vocabulary Related to III. Vocabulary Related to Research and the Scientific MethodResearch and the Scientific Method

• E. Applied and Pure Research (Science)

1. Applied – solves a specific problem

2. Pure – gain knowledge for the sake of knowledge

* Technology – practical use of information resulting from pure and applied research

• Observation• Question/purpose• Hypothesis (if question) • Experiment

– Control and – experimental group– Collect data (qualitative– and quantitative)

• Analysis• Conclusion

– Theory– Law