Unit 1: Principles of Anatomy and physiology in Sport

Kevin Browne

Learning Outcomes All students will be able to identify the five main

functions of the skeleton.

Most students will be able to describe the terms used to identify the location of anatomical structures

Most students will be able to describe the functions of a majority of specific bones in the skeleton.

Some students will be able to write a paragraph on the different functions of the skeleton

Terms for locations (Worksheet)

Anterior

Superior

DistalProximal Medial

Lateral

PosteriorInferior

Locations To the front or in front To the rear or behind Towards the mid-line Away from the mid-line Near to the root of

origin Away from the root of

origin Above Below

(Anterior)(Posterior)(Medial)(Lateral)(Proximal)

(Distal)

(Superior)(Inferior)

What does our skeleton do?

Functions

The skeleton has a number of mechanical and physiological functions:

Support Movement Protection Storage of minerals Production of blood cells

SupportThe skeleton acts as a framework.It gives the body support, enabling us to stand and walk upright. The bones of the back and chest support internal organs and help to keep them in place.The bones of the body are held together by ligaments. The skeleton provides a framework for the muscles, which are attached to bones by tendons.

Can you imagine what humans would look like if they didn’t have bones to support them?

Movement• Bones work with muscles to produce movement.• Muscles are attached to bones by tendons.• Bones have surfaces that allow for strong attachment. Tendons fuse

with the tough Periosteum membrane on the outside of the bone.

MuscleTendon

Periosteum

Bone

Movement

Protection• Some of our body parts, such as the

brain, are very delicate and need protection from external forces.

• Bones can protect body parts from impacts and injuries.

• The cranium protects the brain. It encloses the brain entirely in a shell of bone.

• The rib cage protects the delicate organs of the chest.

Can you think of two reasons why the rib cage has gaps in it rather than being a solid shell of bone?

cranium

Blood cell production• Red and white blood cells and

platelets are made in the bones.

• The ends of long bones and some other bones including the ribs, Humerus, Femur and even vertebrae bones, contain red bone marrow.

• This is where the blood cells are produced.

• The shaft of long bones is filled with yellow bone marrow which does not produce blood cells.

Red marrow embedded in spongy bone

Yellow bone marrow in the shaft

Blood CompositionRed Blood cellsAlso referred to as Erythrocytes, the primary function of

red blood cells is the transportation of oxygen and carbon dioxide.

White blood cellsAct in various ways to protect the body, and form a

‘mobile army’ that helps protect the body from damage by bacteria, viruses, toxins ect…

PlateletsAre cell fragments that help stop bleeding.

Storage of minerals

Bone is a reservoir for minerals, the most important of which are calcium and phosphate.

These stored minerals are released into the bloodstream as needed for distribution to all parts of the body

Clavicle

Commonly called the collarbone, is a slender S-shaped bone that connects the upper arm to the trunk of the body and holds the shoulder joint away from the body to allow for greater freedom of movement.

Ribs

The ribs are thin, flat, curved bones that form a protective cage around the organs in the upper body.

They are comprised 24 bones arranged in 12 pairs.

Scapula

The scapula is a large, triangular, flat bone on the back side of the rib cage commonly called the shoulder blade.

It overlays the second through seventh rib and serves as an attachment for several muscles.

Pelvic Girdle

The Pelvic Girdle is composed to two coxal (hip) bones. The coxal bones are also called innominate bones.

The innominate bones consists of three separate parts: the Ilium, the Ischium and the Pubis.

The pelvic girdle provides the sockets for the hip joints and supports the lower abdominal organs

Patella

The patella or kneecap is a large, triangular sesamoid bone between the femur and the tibia. It is formed in response to the strain in the tendon that forms the knee, protecting the joint

Activity 2On your own

Without using your notes, write a paragraph on at least two of the functions of the skeleton.

Please do this in your work books

Remember to include:

A definition of the function A description of what that definition means in your

own words Relate the function to an example of a bone Explain the use of this function in a sport

Additional Reading

This website will help with your Assignment and to do further research which will help you get the higher marks