principles of anatomy and physiology in sport

8/8/2019 Principles of Anatomy and Physiology in Sport

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Principles of Anatomy andPhysiology in Sport -

Skeletal system.


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The Skeletal System.

The Skeletal System serves many important functions;

-Provides the shape and form of our bodies

-Supports

-Protects

-Allows bodily movement

-Produces blood for our bodies

-Stores minerals


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Types of Bone.

The bones of the body fall into four general categories:

Long bones Short bones Flat bones Irregular bones.

Long bones are longer than they are wide and work as levers. (ex.humorous, tibia, femur, ulna etc.)

Short bones are short, cube-shaped, and found in the wrists and ankles.

Flat bones have broad surfaces for protection of organs and attachmentof muscles (ex. ribs, cranial bones, bones of shoulder girdle).

Irregular bones are all others that do not fall into the previous categories.They have varied shapes, sizes, and surfaces features and include thebones of the vertebrae and a few in the skull.


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Major Bones.

The ten major bones in the human body are:

The cranium (skull),

Mandible (lower jaw),

Vertebral column (spine), Sternum (breast bone),

Ribs,

Pelvic girdle (pelvis),

Femurs, Patella (knee cap),

Fibulae (upper part of lower arm)

Phalanges (fingers and toes).


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The Appendicular Skeleton. The appendicular skeleton is composed of 126 bones in the

human body. And is divided into six major regions:

1) Pectoral Girdles

2) Arm and Forearm

3) Hands

4) Pelvis

5) Thigh and leg

6) Feet


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The Axial skeleton.

The Axial Skeleton consists of 80 bones. It's main purposes are to ; protect your vital organs, such as the brain, heart, and lungs, provide an efficient structure to perform a variety of work.

It is composed of five parts;

hyoid bone of the throat,

rib cage,

vertebral column.


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The Shoulder Girdle

The Pelvic Girdle


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Joints.

A joint is the location at which two or more bonesmake contact/meet. They are constructed to allowmovement and provide mechanical support, there are

three structural classifications of joints


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Fibrous joint.

These joints are also called fixed or immoveable

joints, because they do not move.

T

he bones of your skull and pelvis are held together byfibrous joints.


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Cartilaginous joint.

Cartilaginous joints are connected entirely by cartilage, and allow moremovement between bones than a fibrous joint but less than the highlymobile synovial joint. The bones can move a little bit but the ligamentsstop them from moving too far.

Such as in the spine

Cartilage

Bone

Ligament


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Synovial joint.

A Synovial joint, is the most common andmost movable type of joint in the body of amammal.

Cavities between bones in synovial joints arefilled with synovial fluid. This fluid helps

lubricate and protect the bones.

There are 6 types of synovial joints;


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Hinge

The elbow is a hinge joint; it can open andclose like a door. Biologists use the word "extend"to mean straighten the joint and the word "flex"to mean bend the joint.

A sporting example would be a bicep curlWhere the elbow joint performs the flex,extend movement described as above.


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Saddle.

A saddle joint allows movement backand forth and up and down, but does not

allow for rotation like a ball and socket joint.

A sporting example would be the W

Position in netball, formed to help receive a pass.


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Ball and Socket.A ball and socket joint allows for movement

in almost any direction,they are found in the hips and shoulders.

A sporting example would be

The butterfly stroke in swimming where

The ball and socket joint in the shoulder

Allows the swimmer to fully rotate the

arm to be able to perform that stroke.


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Ellipsoid.Ellipsoid joints are similar to a ball

and socket joint.They allow the same type of movement

to a lesser magnitude. The wrist is an ellipsoid joint.

A sporting example would be a

Shot in a netball game, where the

Wrist bends backwards and springs up

In order to perform the shot.


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Pivot. Pivot joints allow rotation around an axis. The neck and forearms have

pivot joints.The joint between your atlas and axis in your neck allow your head rotate.

A sporting example would be in fencingwhen an athlete turns the forearm

when Pushing forward for an attack.


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Gliding.

In a gliding joint bones slide past each other.

They allow a tiny bit of movement in all directions.

An example would be the tarsal in the ankle.

The movement that occurs

in a gliding joint Can be used in

mainly any sporting activity.


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Principles of Anatomy andPhysiology in Sport -Muscular system.


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Muscular system.Muscles provide strength,

balance, posture, movementand heat for the body to keepwarm.Every sport has one thing in

common and that is thatthey all share movement ofthe human muscle. There ismore than 600 muscles inyour body, these muscles

allow you to do everythingfrom writing and speaking,running and jumping, tobreathing and evendigesting your lunch.


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Upper body Muscles.

Pectorals Major.

LatissimusDorsi.

Rhomboids.


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Upper Body Muscles.

Trapeziums.

Deltoids.

Biceps.


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Core muscles.


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Lower body muscles.


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Types ofMuscle.There are three different types of muscles in the body:

Smooth Muscles

Produces movement, maintains posture, stabilises joints and generates heat

Arranged in layers with the fibres in each layer running in a differentdirection. This makes the muscle contract in all directions.

You can't control this type of muscle. Your brain and body tell these muscleswhat to do without you even thinking about it.

Found in the stomach, intestines, and urinarybladder.


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Contraction is usually not under conscious control (involuntary).

Exists only in your heart.

Unlike other types of muscle, cardiac muscle never gets tired. It works

automatically and constantly without ever pausing to rest.

Cardiac Muscle.


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Skeletal Muscle Skeletal muscle voluntary muscles.

Together, work with your bones to give your body power and strength. Inmost cases, a skeletal muscle is attached to one end of a bone. It stretchesall the way across a joint and then attaches again to another bone.

Skeletal muscles are held to the bones with the help of tendons.

Skeletal muscles come in many different sizes and shapes to allowthem to do many types of jobs. Some of your biggest and most powerfulmuscles are in your back.


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There are four different types of contractions;

Concentric

A concentric contraction is a type of muscle contraction inwhich the muscles shorten while generating force.

IsometricContraction length of muscle does not change and the jointangle doesnt alter. It is easy to undertake but fatigues

quickly. It can cause fast increases in blood pressure asenergy to muscles is unable to generate quick enoughtherefore blood flow is reduced.

Contractions.


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EccentricIt will occur when the muscle returns to the normallength. The muscles are working against gravity.Easier to perform but leads to muscular fatigue.Significant factor in the stimulus that promotes again in muscle strength and size.

Isokinetic

This is the contraction that shortens at a constantspeed. For this contraction you would needspecialist equipment.

Contractions.


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Muscle fibres.

Muscle fibres types can be broken down into twomain types:

- Slow twitch (Type I) muscle fibres- Fast twitch (Type II) muscle fibres

These Fast twitch fibres can be further categorized into

Type IIa Fibres. Type IIb Fibres.


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Slow Twitch (Type I)

The slow muscles are more efficient at using oxygen to

generate more fuel (ATP) for continuous, extended musclecontractions over a long time. They fire more slowly thanfast twitch fibres and can go for a long time before theyfatigue.

A Sporting example of where this type of muscle fibre wouldbe extremely beneficial would be in marathons, An athletesuch as Paula Radcliffe would use and hold a lot of thismuscle type in order to be able to achieve the level of successshe does.


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Fast Twitch (Type II).

Because fast twitch fibres use anaerobic metabolism to createfuel, they are much better at generating short bursts ofstrength or speed than slow muscles. However, they fatiguemore quickly. Fast twitch fibres generally produce the sameamount of force per contraction as slow muscles, but they

get their name because they are able to fire more rapidly.

Having Fast Twitch muscle fibres Is Useful for Sprinters,

Usain Bolt uses and holds a lot of these

Fast Twitch fibres successfully whenrunning the 100 and 200m in athletics.


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1. Type IIa Fibres - These fast twitch muscle fibres arealso known as intermediate fast twitch fibres. Theycan use both aerobic and anaerobic metabolismalmost equally to create energy.

2. Type IIb Fibres -These fast twitch fibres useanaerobic metabolism to create energy and are the"classic" fast twitch muscle fibres that excel at

producing quick, powerful bursts of speed. This

muscle fibre has the highest rate of contraction ofall the muscle fibre types, but it also has a muchfaster rate of fatigue.


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What is the composition of fibre type of different groups

of people?

Type of person Percent fast-twitch Percent slow-twitch

Olympic Sprinter 80% 20%

Couch Potato 60% 40%

Weekend Warrior 50% 50%

Olympic Marathoner 15% 85%


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Olivia McCarthy.

12PDL.

principles of anatomy and physiology in sport

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