Unit 1 – Levels of Organization

Chapter 1 – Introduction to Human Anatomy & Physiology

CITATION: Retrieved July 2010 from: http://paramedicine.wikispaces.com/Anatomic+Position

Anatomy vs Physiology

• Anatomy - branch of science that deals with structure of body parts – their forms and how they are organized

• Physiology – concerns the functions of body parts – what they do and how they do it.

Characteristics of Life• Movement• Responsiveness• Growth• Reproduction• Respiration• Digestion• Absorption • Circulation• Assimilation

(change of substances into a chemically different form)

• Excretion

All of these work together to make your metabolism!

Maintenance of Life

• All organisms need basic essentials!

WATER – needed to transport fluids and substances throughout your body & to regulate body temperature.

FOOD – source of energy.

OXYGEN – used to release energy from food.

HEAT – related to metabolism. Direct relationship.

PRESSURE – pressure of gravity on body is called atmospheric pressure.

- pressure of water on body is called hydrostatic pressure.

Homeostasis

• Maintaining a stable internal condition with water, food, oxygen, heat, and pressure.

• A homeostatic mechanism is the way that the body maintains homeostasis through a number of self-regulating control systems.

Examples of Homeostasis Mechanisms

• Body Temperature• Problem: Drops below • Solution: Shiver

• Problem: Rises above• Solution: Sweat

• Blood Pressure• Problem: High Blood Pressure• Solution: Heart beats less often

• Problem: Low Blood Pressure• Solution: Heart beats more often

Levels of Organization

AtomsMolecules

MacromoleculesOrganelles

CellsTissueOrgan

Organ SystemOrganism

Organization of the Human Body

• Two Main Body Portions:• Axial portion • Appendicular portion

CITATION: Adam.com. 2001. Retrieved: July 2010 from : http://www.besthealth.com/besthealth/bodyguide/reftext/html/skel_sys_fin.html#append

• Three cavity regions in the axial portion:1. Dorsal Cavity:

• Cranial Cavity – skull & brain• Spinal Cavity – spinal cord & vertebrate

2. Ventral Cavity:• Thoracic Cavity – heart & lungs• Abdominopelvic Cavity –

• Upper Abdominopelvic Cavity – stomach, liver, spleen, gall bladder, small intestine, large intestine

• Lower Pelvic Cavity – large intestine, urinary bladder, reproductive organs

3. Other Cavities:• Oral Cavity – teeth & tongue• Nasal Cavity – nostrils & sinuses• Orbital Cavity – eyes• Middle Ear Cavity – middle ear bones

CITATION: Retrieved: July 2010 from: http://www.physioweb.org/direction/body_cavities.html

• Mediastinum – a region that separates the thoracic cavity into two compartments.

• Diaphragm – a structure that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity

Membranes1. Thoracic Membranes

A. Pleural Membranes – membranes that surround the lungs

1. Parietal pleural membrane – membrane that is attached to the wall of the thoracic cavity & forms a lining

Pleural cavity is the space (fluid) what separates the two membranes.

2. Visceral pleural membrane – membrane that covers the organ

B. Pericardial Membranes - membranes that surround the heart

1. Parietal pericardium membrane – outer most lining around the heart

Pericardial cavity is the space (fluid) what separates the two membranes.

2. Visceral pericardium membrane – inner most lining around the heart

2. Abdominopelvic MembraneA. Peritoneal Membranes – membranes that surrounds organs in the abdomen

1. Parietal peritoneum membrane – outer most lining around the organs

Peritoneal cavity is the space (fluid) what separates the two membranes.

2. Visceral peritoneum membrane – inner most lining around the organs

Organ SystemsOrgan System Definition/

FunctionOrgans

Integumentary Body covering; aides in regulating body temperature & in sensory

skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glands

Skeletal Support bones, ligaments, cartilage

Muscular Movement muscles

Organ System Definition/Function

Organs

Nervous Adjust body for homeostasis; detects changes in body or that occurs around body

brain, spinal cord, nerves, sense organs

Endocrine Adjust body for homeostasis; hormones – produced by glands to effect a target tissue. Hormones will alter the metabolism of the target tissue. Will occur for a relatively long period.

pituitary gland, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, thymus, ovary, testes, pineal

Respiratory Processing & transporting intake & output of air for exchange if gases between blood & air

nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, brochi, lungs

Organ System Definition/Function

Organs

Digestive Processing & transporting nutrients, oxygen, and wastes; breaks down food into smaller molecules to get energy

mouth, tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, gall bladder, pancreas, small, intestine, large intestine

Circulatory Processing & transporting blood

heart, arteries, veins, capillaries, blood

Lymphatic Processing & transporting; transport tissue fluid from tissue back to blood stream & carries fatty substances away from digestive organs; also aids in defending your body against infections

lymphatic vessels, lymphatic fluids, lymph nodes, thymus gland, spleen

Organ System Definition/Function

Organs

Urinary Processing & transporting; maintaining body’s water, electrolyte, & acid/base balance

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

Reproductive Reproduction Male- scrotum, testes, epididymides, vasa deferentia, seminal vesicles, prostrate gland, bulbourethral gland, penis, urethra

Female – ovaries, uterine tube, uterus, vagina, clitoris, vulva

Anatomical Positions

Anatomical position is standing upright, face forward, arms at side, palms forward.

CITATION: Retrieved July 2010 from: http://www.healthyintentions.com.au/page/fitness.html

Superior vs. Inferior

• Superior is above a body part or close to the head.

• Inferior is below a body part or close to the feet

Anterior vs. Posterior

• Anterior – front• Posterior - back

Medial vs. Lateral

• Medial – imaginary midline that divides the body into right and left halves

• Lateral - sides

Proximal vs. Distal

• Proximal – a body part that is closer to a point of attachment or closer to the trunk of the body than another part

• Distal – a boy part that is farther to a point of attachment or farther from the trunk of the body than another part

Superficial vs. Deep

• Superficial – near the surface• Deep – describes where the

internal organ are

CITATION: Retrieved July 2010 from: http://www.nikonianthailand.com/forum/show.php?Category=webboard&No=6752

Body Sections

• Sagittal – diving the body into right and left portions

• Transverse – dividing the body into a top and bottom portion (also called horizontal)

• Frontal – dividing the body into a front and back portion (also called coronal)

CITATION: Retrieved July 2010 from: http://www.apsu.edu/thompsonj/Anatomy%20&%20Physiology/2010/2010%20Exam%20Reviews/Exam%201%20Review/Ch01%20Gen%20Terms%20and%20Gen%20Anat%20Terms.htm

Body Regions

• Epigastric Region – upper region where stomach is

• Umbilical Region – middle portion; intestines behind belly button

• Hypogastric Region – lower region of the intestine

CITATION: Retrieved July 2010 from: http://www.learn-free-medical-transcription.blogspot.com/2008/12/lesson-12-abdominopelvic-regions.html