THE EXPLORERS AND MILITARY PEOPLE

Unit #1 Lesson #2

Activating Prior Knowledge

Triple Wheel Organizer & Map of Canada

What places did Jacques Cartier explore?

What do you know about scurvy? How do we prevent it today?

If you were Jacques Cartier, how would you ensured good relations with the First Nations? Brainstorm 3 ways.

Before the Newcomers

For Thousands of years, First Nations peoples had lived on the North American continent They were self-sufficient with complex

societies Close relationship with the land which they

believed was theirs to use NOT own Relied on the land for food, clothing, shelter,

transportation and medicine Understood and respected animals, weather,

seasons, land and water

Societal Structure of First Nations

Elders were the leaders and made all decisions

Traced their ancestors through their mothers and the oldest woman of the group was responsible for the clan

Also had their own spirituality Had stories explaining creation of the world,

gave thanks to the Great Spirit (Creator)

Jacques Cartier

In 1534, Francois I, King of France send Jacques Cartier on a voyage of exploration

He wanted him to find 2 things A shipping route to the Orient to allow French

traders to import silk and other fine products to Europe

Precious gems and metals such as gold to make France rich

Jacques Cartier Continued

A month later Cartier set up a large cross at Pointe-Penouille on the Gaspe Peninsula to show France’s claim to this new land

Chief Donnacona recognized the importance of this and tried to protest

The French convinved Donnacona to let Cartier take two of his sons back to France to show the King.

Trip to France and back

When they returned a year later they explained how well they were treated

This established a positive relationship between Cartier and the St. Lawrence Iroquois

The two sons learned to speak French and they served as interpreters on later explorations

1534 Trip Map

Questions

Why would finding a shipping route to the Orient be important to the French?

Why was trade so important to France?

Was Cartier close to find the Orient?

Jacques Cartier 1535-1536

Cartier explored the St. Lawrence River, still searching for a passage to the Orient.

Donnacona told him of a faraway land, The Kingdom of Saguenay where he would find precious metals

He did this because he wanted to STOP Cartier from travelling toward Hochelaga

Donnacona wanted to control the trade between France and New France. If Cartier made friends with the Hochelaga community it would threaten Donnacona’s control

Cartier 1535-1536 Continued

Cartier against Donnacona’s wishes passed Stadacona (Quebec City) and went as a far as Hochelaga (Montreal)

At Hochelaga, Cartier was stopped by rapids in the river, which he name Lachine (“China”) Rapids. He believed China was not far away.

Scurvy

Cartier spend the winter near Stadacona but almost all of the 110 crew became sick with scurvy

Scurvy is a diseases caused by lack of vitamin C

Through the Iroquois, Cartier learned that drinking a tea made from the leaves of the Northern White Cedar Tree would cure Scurvy

Only 25 people died during the winter

Spring of 1536

Cartier sailed back to France He wanted to show the King that it was

worth the effort to explore Canada so he captured Donnacona, his sons and several other Iroquois and took them back with him

He hoped Donnacona would tell his story of riches and gold

1534 Trip Map

The Final Voyage 1541-1542

Donnacona and all but one Iroquois captives died

Relations with the First Nations people had suffered after Cartier ignored Donnacona’s wishes and explored the St. Lawrence

This time he found what he thought was diamonds and loaded his boat with them He realized when he returned to France that

they were not diamonds but instead rocks

1534 Trip Map

Cartier in a nutshell

Cartier DID NOT find riches for France He did not find a passageway or route to

the Orient ……….He never explored for France again

What should have Cartier done?

Looking at your maps of the World

What should Cartier have done in order to get to the Orient?

What would be the best way to sail? East or West?

Samuel de Champlain

Samuel de Champlain originally set out to find riches for France and a route to the Orient

From 1603 to his death in 1635 Champlain crossed the Atlantic Ocean many times

He was a cartographer (map-maker) Provided detailed maps of the Atlantic coast Waterways of the St. Lawrence View of the interior of the continent (not

previously available to Europeans)

Samuel de Champlain Continued

Founded a settlement at Quebec City This was the first permanent settlement for

Europeans in what was to become Canada Established a military alliance with the

Huron People In 1609 he joined them in an attack near a

lake that would eventually bear his name He used his arquebus (early type of shotgun)

killing two Iroqouis Chiefs and causing the Iroquois to retreat

Champlain – “Father of New France”

Over the next 20 years Champlain built a colony for France

By his death he established the basis for a successful colony

His legacy is known as the “Father of New France”

Soldiers

In 1665, the Carignan-Salieres regiment arrived to defend the colony from the Five Nations Iroquois, who were attacking it.

The regiment consisted of 1200 soldiers and 80 officers

After a series of battles New France signed a peace treaty with them in 1668

More than 400 soldiers stayed behind under the King’s wishes to populate the new colony They were given money to do this from the King They added strength and optimism to the new

colony

Etienne Brule

Read Heroes and Villains on page H9 and summarize who Etienne Brule was

Do you think she was a Hero or a Villain?

Thinking it Over

1. What two things did Francois I order Jacques Cartier to find on his voyages?

2. Why did France continue to send explorers after Cartier’s first trip failed?

3. How did the French explorers get along with the various First Nations peoples? How important was it for the French to have a good relationship with them? Why were Huron people eager to cooperate with the French?

4. Were the Carignan-Salieres defenders of New France or invaders in First Nations Territory?