unit #1 foundations of world cultures and geography
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Global Studies Unit #1TRANSCRIPT
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Global Studies Unit #1Foundations, Tools and Concepts
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What is Global Studies? Why do students have to take it?
• The study of a globe?• A class for freshmen?• A boring class with a boring
textbook?• Something STM students have to
take so that Coach Flo has a job?• I have no idea…….. Why is he asking
me this? Doesn’t he already know?
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Global Studies – A Working Definition
• Global Studies is an in depth study of major regions around the globe that uses geography, history and current events to help students gain a basic understanding of those regions
• Students are able to see how each region and / or country is similar to others
• Students are able to see how each region and / or country is unique to itself
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Our Star: the Sun
• The Sun provides light and the energy needed for life on Earth
• The Earth is 93 Million miles (150 million KM) away from the Sun
• It takes approximately 8 minutes for sunlight to reach Earth
• The Earth travels around the sun in an oval shaped orbit
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Revolutions, Rotations and Seasons• Revolution – one orbit
around the sun (365 ¼ days)
• Rotation – one complete turn of the earth on its axis (24 hours)
• Seasons – caused by the tilt of the Earth and amount of sunlight different parts of the globe receive at different times of the year
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Using Globes and Maps
• Globes• Show the world in
three dimensions• Shows the oceans,
seas and continents much as they are
• Only difference would be the scale, or size
• Problem – can not be both small enough to use and detailed enough to be useful
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Using Globes and Maps
• Maps• Great for showing
details – small pieces can be examined in great detail
• Problem – the Earth is round
• Distortion is a problem
• Mercator Projection Map
• Developed in the 16th century
• “stretches” everything above 70 degrees – makes Greenland huge
• Practically unusable for true distances in northern and southern polar areas
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Longitude and Latitude• Longitude – imaginary lines that go
around the globe from north to south (from pole to pole)
• Latitude – imaginary lines that go around the globe from east to west• Equator – latitude line exactly
halfway between the north and south poles
• Tropic of Cancer – latitude line in the Northern Hemisphere where the sun is directly overhead on June 21/22
• Tropic of Capricorn – latitude line in the Southern Hemisphere where the sun is directly overhead on Dec 21/22
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The Earth Third Rock from the Sun
Physical Geography
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Inside the Earth – Third Rock from the Sun
• The Earth is not a solid rock, but instead consists of layers
• Inner Core – solid iron and nickel
• Outer Core – liquid iron and nickel (contains the basis for our magnetic field – that protects us from most forms of solar radiation)
• Mantle – semisoft melted rock• Crust – thin cooled skin that
“floats” on the mantle – contains cracks and moves
• Movement of the crust causes earthquakes and volcanoes
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Plate Tectonics
• The Earth’s crust is broken into plates
• The plates move along the flowing mantle in different directions
• Pressure between the plates builds up until it is released by an earthquake
• Ring of Fire – hundreds of volcanoes around the Pacific Rim where the Pacific plate interacts with other plates
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Air and Water – Necessary for Life on Earth
• Air• Contained with the Earth’s atmosphere – a layer of gasses that
surround the planet• Actually composed of many different types of gasses
• Nitrogen – about 78% (essential for development of proteins)
• Oxygen – about 21% (essential for respiration)• Others – about 1% combined
• Water• 97% of the water on Earth is found in the Ocean – it’s salty• Only 3% of the water on Earth is fresh
• Mostly found in the polar caps and glaciers (huge ice sheets found on mountains, Antarctica and Greenland)
• Great deal is underground – sometimes miles deep• Very little (0.3%) is at the surface (mostly lakes) and
therefore useable by living organisms – very important to conserve and keep clean what we have
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Water Cycle
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Types of Natural Resources found on Earth
• Recyclable Resources • Recycle naturally through the earth itself• Water, carbon, oxygen and nitrogen• Can refer to items that can be reused without replacing the
resource
• Aluminum • Plastic• Paper
• Renewable Resources• Resources that can be replaced by man• Wood – trees can be replanted• Biodiesel and ethanol – crops can be replanted
• Nonrenewable Resources• Can not be replaced• Important to conserve and use wisely -- they’re no longer being
created• Oil, natural gas, coal, minerals
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Climate vs. Weather
• Climate• Long term average
weather in any one place or region
• “the climate in Jamaica is tropical”
• Largely affected by wind patterns, water currents and major landforms
• Changes take place over years or even millennia
• Weather• Day to day changes in
the air in terms of precipitation and / or temperature
• “It’s 90 degrees today”• Affected by the
movement of storms around the planet
• Changes rapidly over a few days
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Broad Types of Climate on Earth• Tropical
• Low latitudes around the Equator• Generally hot, wet and sunny• Rain forests dominate
• Dry• Different places around the Earth – generally on the opposite side of
mountain ranges from wind flow• Little to rain with sandy soil• Sparse to no vegetation
• Moderate• Found in the middle latitudes (like Connecticut)• Temperatures and rainfall are generally moderate enough every year to
promote agricultural production• Continental
• Hot summers and bitterly cold winters• Generally drier than moderate climates• Large grasslands in some areas and forests in others
• Polar• Found in high latitudes• Cold all year round• Vegetation includes low shrubs, mosses• Very little life found in these regions
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Wind and Water help keep the earth from overheating
• Wind• Hot air rises – so air in the
tropics rises and is carried towards the polar regions
• Cold air in the polar regions sinks to the surface and flows towards the tropics
• Cold air – can not hold much water vapor
• Warm air – can hold more water vapor
• Wind happens when the air flows from the areas where it’s sinking to areas where it’s rising
• The Earth’s rotation helps drive wind direction
• Water• Warm water is lighter
than cold, dense water
• Water in tropical regions flows slowly towards the polar regions
• Cold water in the polar regions sinks to the bottom of the ocean and flows south towards the tropical regions, where the cycle begins all over
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Map showing relative positions of the Gulf Stream and Labrador Current
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Who lives on the Rock?
The Story behind Earth’s Human and Cultural Geography
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Population of the Earth• Now at 6.6 billion (United Nations Study – June 2007)• Growing at a rate of about 75 million per year• Some areas experiencing negative or stagnant growth
• Central and Eastern Europe (due to low birth rates and high rates of emigration to other areas)
• Some regions in Africa (due to the AIDS epidemic)• Western Europe (declining birth rates)
• Some areas experiencing moderate to high growth rates (declining death rates, high birth rates and / or high immigration rates – often coupled with better medicine, industrialization and job growth)• Middle East• Sub-Saharan Africa• Latin America• India• United States (now 3rd largest country in the world with a
summer 2007 estimate of just over 300 million people)
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India and China – Huge population centers
• China• Largest population in the world – 1.3 billion • Largely stable with a small amount of growth• Communist government has a “One Child Policy” which attempts
to curb growth, especially among urban citizens
• India• Second largest population in the world – 1.2 billion• Big rate of growth (almost 25% since 1991), due largely to
industrialization, better medicine and high birth rates• Projected to surpass China in the next 20 years
• Together these two countries have approx. 2.3 billion people• That’s about 1/3 of the world’s population • combine that with the 235 million from Indonesia – the
world’s 4th largest country, and it means that Asia’s “big 3” have almost 4 billion people (remember – the world itself has about 6.6 billion)
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Global Urbanization and Overcrowding of Cities
• As the overall population has expanded, so has the growth of cities around the world
• Industrialization and Modernization have driven people off the farms
• Problem – overcrowding and extreme poverty has forced people into slums
• Urban sprawl is another issue, as is a lack of suitable infrastructure and sanitation
• Picture is of a slum in Jakarta, Indonesia after a heavy rainstorm
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Major Religions of the World
• Western (Judeo-based) Religions•Judaism (15-18 million)•Christianity (2.1 billion)•Islam (1.3 billion – also the fastest
growing religion)
• Eastern (philosophical) Religions•Hinduism (900 million)•Buddhism (400 million)
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Major Economic Systems• Traditional Economy
• Based on local customs and laws• Most often involves trading or bartering of some kind• Oldest form of economy – impractical in the large scale economies of the
modern age
• Market Economy (Capitalism)• Characterized by private ownership of industries• Prices and availability of products are based on supply and demand• High supply + low demand = lower prices• Low supply + high demand = higher prices
• Command Economy (Socialism)• Government control of the economy• Government control of society
• Most economies are a mix of command and market. It just depends how far a country swings to either side• USA – mostly capitalism, but some socialism (welfare and minimum wage)• Italy – High amount of capitalism, but nationalized industries such as
healthcare, telephone company, airlines and others• China – Socialism, but with some private ownership – moving towards
capitalism • North Korea – Hard line Socialism -- resisting capitalism
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Major forms of government around the world
• Monarchy• Old form of government not seen much in the modern world• noble families -- rule generally passes from father to son
• Democracy• Direct – citizens vote on laws – mostly seen today in small
communities• Indirect – citizens vote for representatives – reps vote on laws• True democracy (rule by the people) is rare
• Republic• Representatives (mostly elected, but sometimes appointed) vote
on the laws for the people• Most countries today are republics
• USA – US Congress and the President• China – National People’s Congress
• Dictatorship• Where a person rules through fear and/ or force• Mostly happens when a military general takes over in a coup• Can happen in a republic if the dictator controls the representative
body