8 T H GRADEUS HISTORY

MRS. NIPPER

Unit 1Colonization (1600-1750)

Brain Storm!! (not in your notes)

If history is why we are the way we are, then why do speak English?

What happened? Who were the first English settlers? Why did they come? What happened after they got here? How did it change North America? How did it affect the natives already living here?

Why did the English Colonize?

Rise of the middle class A joint stock company- a form of business

organization that preceded the present-day corporation

$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ was their goal Investors buy “shares” of the company Gold, natural resources, farmland, etc.

Surplus population in EnglandReligious Freedom

Mercantilism

Building and maintaining wealth through controlled trade.

England wanted to control American Trade

Mercantilism

13 English Colonies

Jamestown and the Virginia Company

King James I allowed the Virginia Company (aka…the London Company) to settle on the James River in Virginia

It was a joint stock company

Jamestown

The settlement in Jamestown was the first permanent English settlement in America.

1607144 English men and boysSettled on the James River (swampy area)

Jamestown, Virginia

Jamestown

Mission=wealthThe colonists were not prepared to build and farm.

Two-thirds died by their first winter.The colonists spent little time farming. Food

supplies dwindled. Malaria (swampy James River) and the harsh winter besieged the colonists, as well. After the first year, only 38 of the original 144 had survived.

Jamestown and John Smith

"Work or Starve”Became leader of Jamestown in 1608The colony may well have perished had it not

been for the leadership of JOHN SMITH. He imposed strict discipline on the colonists. "Work or starve" was his motto, and each colonist was required to spend four hours per day farming.

Starving Time

The winter of 1609-10, known as the "STARVING TIME," may have been the worst of all.

For every six colonists who ventured across the Atlantic, only one survived.

Powhatan and Pocahontas

The POWHATAN CONFEDERACY comprised 30 tribes living along Virginia's coastal plain. CHIEF WAHUNSONACOCK, called Powhatan by Captain John Smith, united the tribes to form the Powhatan Confederacy. At the time of Smith's appearance in Virginia, the Powhatans numbered about 12,000 people.

Tribes of the Powhatan Confederacy are called Algonquian because their languages were based on a large Native American language group called Algonquin.

Powhatan and Pocahontas

Early relationship was good. Natives helped the Jamestown colonists survive their first few years.

Pocahontas (Powhatan’s daughter) befriended John Smith and other colonists

Pocahontas and John Rolfe

Then war raged between the colonists and the Powhatan until 1614 when Pocahontas married an English settler, John Rolfe.

After Pocahontas’s death, conflict started between colonists and the Powhatan in 1622 and lasted for 20 years

John Rolfe and Tobacco

In 1612, JOHN ROLFE thought that Virginia might be an outstanding site for tobacco growth.

Introduces Tobacco from the West Indies and it flourished!

Tobacco saves Jamestown!By 1630, over a million and a half pounds of

tobacco were being exported from Jamestown every year.

Headright System

Virginia Company of London encouraged settlers to expand colonies and bring over more people.

For every person you brought over to the colonies, you received 50 acres of land.

Large Farms emerged (Plantations)

Indentured Servants

 Because tobacco cultivation is labor intensive, more settlers were needed.

Indentured servants became the first means to meet this need for labor. In return for free passage to Virginia, a laborer worked for four to seven years in the fields before being granted freedom.

Signed contractsVery hard work, cruel masters, disease killed

many servants.Only 40% survived their contracts

Slave Labor

The need for more labor in Virginia’s tobacco fields led to importation of African Slaves.

1619- first Africans arrive in Virginia beginning the horrible institution of slavery that lasted until the Civil War.

Bacon’s Rebellion

As plantations grew, poor colonists protested government polices Colonial officials began to tax colonists. Native American policies (they weren’t protected)

Nathaniel Bacon (a former indentured servant) led a rebellion against Native Americans and the governor’s policies in 1676.

He burned much of JamestownIn 1677 he died of fever and the rebellion

soon ended.

The Arrival of Women

By 1609 women began arriving at Jamestown.Families formed and populations grew. Led to Jamestown as a permanent settlement.

House of Burgesses

The House of Burgesses was established in 1619. Members would meet at least once a year with their royal governor to decide local laws and determine local taxation.

The first legislative assembly in the American colonies.

The first assembly met on July 30, 1619, in the church at Jamestown.

Burgesses were elected representatives. Only white men who owned a specific amount of

property were eligible to vote for Burgesses.

Plymouth Colony

Pilgrims wanted to separate from Anglican Church (Church of England).

They left England to escape religious persecution.

1620- About 1oo Pilgrims set across the Atlantic on the Mayflower headed for Virginia. However, they were blown off-course and landed much farther north in Plymouth, Massachusetts

Their charter for Virginia was no good in Massachusetts.

They signed the Mayflower Compact.

Plymouth Rock Colony

Mayflower Compact

Mayflower Compact: legal contract agreeing to have fair laws.

The Pilgrims decided that they would rule themselves, based on majority rule of the townsmen. This independent attitude set up a tradition of self-rule that would later lead to TOWN MEETINGS and elected legislatures in New England.

Like the Virginia House of Burgesses established the previous year, Plymouth colony began to lay the foundation for democracy in the American colonies.

Mayflower Compact

Pilgrims

They arrived in November of 1620.November was too late to plant crops. Many

settlers died of scurvy and malnutrition during that horrible first winter. Of the 102 original Mayflower passengers, only 44 survived.

Again like in Jamestown, the kindness of the local Native Americans saved them from a frosty death.

William Bradford

William Bradford was the leader of the Pilgrims for the first 30 years.

Things improved under his leadership.Relations with the local natives remained

relatively smooth in Plymouth and the food supply grew with each passing year.

Native Americans

MASSASOIT, the chief of the nearby Wampanoags, signed a treaty of alliance with the Pilgrims in the summer. In exchange for assistance with defense against the feared Narragansett tribe, Massasoit supplemented the food supply of the Pilgrims for the first few years.

Squanto

Squanto taught the Pilgrims to fertilize the soil with dried fish remains to produce a stellar corn crop.

Thanksgiving

By autumn of 1621, the Pilgrims had much for which to be thankful. After the harvest, Massasoit and about ninety other Indians joined the Pilgrims for the great English tradition of HARVEST FESTIVAL. The participants celebrated for several days, dining on venison, goose, duck, turkey, fish, and of course, cornbread, the result of a bountiful corn harvest.

Thanksgiving

The Plymouth Pilgrims simply celebrated survival, as well as the hopes of good fortune in the years that lay ahead.

(It was President Lincoln who declared Thanksgiving a national celebration in 1863. )

Puritans- Massachusetts Bay Colony

Puritans were dissenters who disagreed with official opinions and church actions in England.

They wanted to “purify” or “reform” the Anglican Church of England

Many thousands left England in Great Migration from 1629 to 1640.

Puritan colonists went to Massachusetts to seek religious freedom.

Established Massachusetts Bay Colony.

John Winthrop

Puritans were led by John Winthrop "We shall be as a city upon a hill, the eyes of

all people are upon us.“ "A Modell of Christian Charity"

Puritan Beliefs

Predestination- This doctrine holds that God is all-powerful and all-knowing; therefore, the fate of each individual soul is known to God at birth. Nothing an individual can do or say could change their ultimate fate. 

Everything revolved around Church and religion

Non-tolerant of other religions/faithsStrict in their beliefsWork hard, no vanity, no frivolous activities

(dancing/card playing/etc.), read Bible daily, thrifty

Puritan Life

Life-expectancy roseHigh Literacy rates- community schools establishedMale dominated society- Women did not participate

in town meetings and were excluded from decision making in the church. Puritan ministers furthered MALE SUPREMACY in their writings and sermons. 

Church attendance was mandatory. Those that missed church regularly were subject to a fine.

Harsh punishment was inflicted on those who were seen as straying from God's work (hanging and stockades)

Puritan Punishments

Puritan Theocracy

Puritan religion and their government were closely linked. Religious leaders advised and influenced political leaders and government laws and policies revolved around religious thoughts and beliefs.

Town Meetings

Meetings held in center of townWhite, landowning men would gather to

discuss issues and problems of the town.Elected local representativesEarly form of democracy and self-rule

Puritan Dissent

There was not too much room for religious disagreement in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. 

Their devotion to principle was God's work; to ignore God's work was unfathomable. When free-thinkers speak their minds in such a society, conflict inevitably results.

Anne Hutchinson- 1638

Spoke against Puritan Church ideasLed religious discussions in homeArrested for Heresy and convictedBanished from Massachusetts Bay ColonyFormed Providence Colony

Roger Williams- 1636

Believed in separation of Church and State and religious freedom

Also, Williams claimed taking land from the Native Americans without proper payment was unfair.

He was banished from Massachusetts Purchased land from the Native Americans

and established colony of Rhode Island

Thomas Hooker and Connecticut

Thomas Hooker left Massachusetts and formed Hartford settlement- which became Connecticut to made government more democratic

More political freedom (for non-church members)In 1639, the citizens of Connecticut enacted the first

written constitution in the western hemisphere. The Fundamental Orders of Connecticut called for an elected governor and a two-house legislature.

It served as a model for other colonial charters and even future state constitutions after independence was achieved.

Father of American Democracy

Salem Witch Trials

In 1692, 20 women and 2 dogs were executed for being “witches”

Hysteria ran wild when young girls accused women in town of witchcraft with made them throw “fits”

Puritans believed that to become bewitched a WITCH must draw an individual under a spell. The girls could not have possibly brought this condition onto themselves. Soon they were questioned and forced to name their tormentors. Three townspeople, including Tituba, were named as witches. The famous Salem witchcraft trials began as the girls began to name more and more community members.

Salem Witch Trial

New Netherland/New York

Dutch West India Company in 1621 founded New Netherland

Trading post on Hudson River (New Amsterdam –now, New York City)

Dutch bought Manhattan Island from Natives for $24 millions

Very Diverse populationsThe most famous governor of the colony, PETER

STUYVESANT, ruled New Amsterdam with an iron fist.When a powerful English military unit appeared in New

Amsterdam, Governor Stuyvesant was forced to surrender and New Netherland to the English and it became New York.

The Patroon System

The patroon system was established by the Lords Nineteen in 1628 to try to stem the tide of returning colonists and to encourage settlement in New Netherland. Patroons--or "patrons"--were wealthy Dutchmen who were given extensive tracts of land, powers of local government, and some participation in the fur trade in exchange for settling fifty colonists in New Netherland.

Pennsylvania

Established by William Penn as a safe haven for the religious group, Quakers

Religiously tolerantBelieved in equality between men and womenAnti-slaveryNon-violencePhiladelphia “City of Brotherly Love”Drew diverse populations because of

toleranceRespect and fair treatment of Native

Americans

Pennsylvania Quaker-William Penn

Georgia

John Oglethorpe established Georgia as a safe place for “debtors”

Buffer zone between Spanish Florida

French Exploration and Colonization

SAMUEL DE CHAMPLAIN led a group of French colonists through the mouth of the ST. LAWRENCE RIVER to found QUEBEC in 1608. 

The fur trade led fortune seekers deeper and deeper into North America. 

By 1700, France had laid claim to an expanse of territory that ranged from Newfoundland in the Northeast, down across the Great Lakes through the Ohio River Valley, southward along the Mississippi River to the Gulf of Mexico. (New Orleans/Louisiana)

French Protestants- Huguenots- settled for religious freedom

French Exploration

French Influence

French cultural contributions are still felt in the modern United States. CAJUN and CREOLE food draw from French culinary traditions. We need look no further than the map: DES MOINES, DETROIT, ST. LOUIS, GRAND TETON, and NEW ORLEANS, to see but some of France's enduring influence.

Colonization of North America

Great Awaking