unit 1 chemicals are found all around us investigating ... 1-4...investigating properties of matter...

Unit A - Student notes.notebook

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March 03, 2015

Jan 10-3:12 PM

UNIT 1

Investigating Properties of

Matter

Understanding Matter

Jan 10-3:14 PM

Chemicals are found all around us

Ex. Soap, bleach, windex, chlorine

etc.

Chemicals can be safe or dangerous

ex. chlorine, lye

Chemicals must be stored and

disposed of in a safe way

Jan 10-3:17 PM

WHMIS: Workplace Hazardous

Materials Information System

Gives workers and employers key

safety and handling guidelines

Jan 28-11:21 AM

WHMIS Examples

1. Oxygen cylinders, spray cans, Carbon Dioxide cylinders

2. Cyanide, acetate, chlorine (pool chemical - dry)

3. Peroxides, acids

4. Methanol, paint thinners, sulphuric acid

5. Acetone, gas

6. Salmonella bacteria (raw chicken), E- coli (hamburger)

7. Battery acid, lye soap

8. Asbestos, acetone


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March 03, 2015

Jan 28-11:21 AM

Hazards

1. heat or dropping may cause container to explode

2. may react with water to release a gas, or explode

3. may cause fire or explode

4. may be fatal if inhaled or swallowed

5. may catch fire or explode when exposed to heat, flame

or water

6. may cause illness or death

7. causes eye or skin irritation. Damages metal

8. poisonous, repeated exposure nay cause illness or

death

Jan 10-3:19 PM

Household Hazardous Safety Symbols:

danger caution

warning

Symbols should be identified in two

ways 1. shape and 2. picture inside

shape. ex. danger flammable

Jan 10-3:20 PM

danger

warning

caution

Jan 28-11:22 AM


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March 03, 2015

Jan 28-11:24 AM Jan 10-3:21 PM

Has mass and takes up space

Particle Theory of Matter

1.All particles in a pure substance

are the same

2. There are spaces between

particles

3. Particles are always moving

4. Particles of a substance are

attracted to one another

Jan 10-3:25 PM

: closely packed particles that

move very little (vibrate) ex. Sugar

crystals, metal, wood

: particles are packed together,

particles move around (slip and slide

past one another). ex. Milk, water, oil

: loosely packed particles which

move freely. More space between

particles. ex. hydrogen, oxygen,

helium

: electrically neutral medium

of unbound positive and negative

particles. ex lightning, northern

lights, neon lights

Jan 10-3:31 PM

Physical: characteristics or qualities

ex. Shape, color, state, freezing

point, boiling point, texture,

hardness, smell, magnetism,

conductivity, flexibility, density

Chemical: how substances react ex.

change in color smell, temperature,

ease of catching fire and burning,

reactions, production of a new

substance


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March 03, 2015

Jan 10-3:33 PM Jan 10-3:34 PM

Pure substance: made of only one

type of particle, can not be separated

into components, includes

(oxygen) and ex.

Distilled water, baking soda, sugar

a material that cannot be broken down

into any simpler substance.

when two or more elements combine.

Jan 10-3:41 PM

Examples of Elements

Examples of Compounds

Jan 10-3:37 PM

Mixture: contains more than one type

of particle, can be separated into

components.

Two types of Mixtures

1. Homogeneous Mixtures (solutions)

- mixture looks like one type of

substance (chocolate milk)

2. Heterogenious Mixture

(mechanical mixtures) ex. choclolat

chip cookie dough


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March 03, 2015

Jan 10-3:56 PM Jan 10-3:58 PM

Developed by Dimitri Mendeleev in

the 1800s

Organized elements from lightest to

heaviest as well as by properties

Predicted the location of missing

elements that were not yet

discovered

Jan 10-4:02 PM Jan 10-4:05 PM

Columns are referred to as groups

Columns are arranged according to

the physical and chemical properties

of elements

Rows are called periods

Rows are arranged in order of

increasing mass

Three main groups: metals, non-

metals and metalloids


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March 03, 2015

Jan 10-4:16 PM

Shiny (lustre)

Easily shaped (malleable)

Solids (except mercury)

Good conductors of heat and

electricity

Dull, various colors

Brittle

Solids or gases (except bromine)

Poor conductors of heat and

electricity

Chemical element with properties

between those of metals and non-

metals. ex. B, Si, Sb, Ge, As, Te, Po

(add) Solid

Metallic Lustre

Brittle

Semi-conductive

Jan 19-1:12 PM

Made up of two or more elements

Example: water (H2O) is made up of

hydrogen and oxygen, salt (NaCl) is

made up of sodium and chloride

Compounds can be broken down by a

decomposition reaction

Aluminum oxide is broken down into

aluminum and oxygen

Jan 19-1:32 PM

The name includes both elements in

the compound, with the name of the

metallic element first.

The non-metallic element is second.

Its ending is changed to

Example: CaCl2

1. calcium (M) and chlorine (NM)

2. calcium chlor

Jan 19-1:36 PM

Print the metal element’s symbol with

its ion charge. Next to it, print the

non-metal element’s symbol with its

ion charge.

Balance the ion charges. The positive

ion charges must balance the

negative ion charges.


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March 03, 2015

Jan 19-1:37 PM

Example: calcium chloride

1. Ca2+ and Cl1-

2. Ca 2+ = Cl1- Cl1-

2+ = 2-

3. CaCl2

Sodium bromide

K2O - _____________________

Jan 21-11:00 AM

– Write the entire name of the first element

– Change the ending of the second element to

– Use a prefix to indicate the number of each type of element in the

formula.

mono = 1

di =2

tri = 3

tetra = 4

Penta =5

hexa = 6

e.g.

carbon monoxide (CO)

Naming Molecular Compounds

Jan 21-11:08 AM

Write the symbols for the elements in the same

order as they appear in the name.

Use subscripts to indicate the numbers of each type

of atom.

Example:

1. carbon dioxide

2. C and O2 CO2

Example:

1. phosphorus trichloride

2.

Jan 21-11:15 AM

N2O

Example


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March 03, 2015

Jan 10-4:18 PM

Baking soda NaHCO3

Salt NaCl

Methane CH4

Carbon dioxide CO2

Sugar (glucose) C6H12O6

Rubbing Alcohol C3H8O

Water H2O

Hydrogen Peroxide H2O2

Jan 10-4:32 PM

Compound

FormulaElements

# of

Atoms

Total

number of

atoms

NaHCO3

NaCl

CH4

CO2

H2O

C6H12O6

H2O2

Jan 10-5:00 PM Jan 10-5:04 PM

Mechanical Mixture: you can see the

different parts

Examples: Orange juice with pulp,

cement, mixed nuts


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March 03, 2015

Jan 10-5:07 PM

Solution: when two or more

substances combine to form

something that looks the same

throughout

Contains two or more substances,

but you can only see one

Examples: shampoo, pop, vinegar,

dish washing soap, syrup

Jan 10-5:10 PM

Solute: the substance that dissolves

Solvent: the substance that the solute

dissolves in

There is usually less solute then

solvent in solution

In salt water; salt is the

________________ and water the

_________________.

To tell if something is a mechanical

mixtures or solution you can try to

separate it using a filter

Jan 22-11:38 AM Jan 22-11:39 AM

Describes how easily a solute will

dissolve in a solvent

When a substance will dissolve in a

solvent we say it is soluble

If a substance will not dissolve it is

insoluble

Sugar is very soluble in water

Rocks are relatively insoluble in water


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March 03, 2015

Jan 10-5:28 PM

When you increase temperature of

substances, solubility increases

This is because at higher

temperatures particles are moving

faster and there are more spaces

between them that solute molecules

can fill

Example: more sugar will dissolve in

boiling water then in room

temperature water

Feb 13-9:57 AM

Feb 24-11:52 AM Jan 22-11:35 AM

The amount of solute in a solution

Expressed in g/L

Example: roundup is a solution of

glyphosate and water that is used to

kill weeds, it contains 7.0 g/L of

glyphosate meaning that there are

7.0 g of glyophosate in 1L of

roundup


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March 03, 2015

Jan 22-11:44 AM

Orange juice can be purchased in a

concentrated form where you need to

add water, this makes the orange

juice more dilute

Instant coffee comes in a powdered

form, to make a cup you must dilute

the powder by adding water

Some people add milk (dilute it) to

their tea when it is too strong

Jan 22-11:49 AM

Mechanical Mixtures can be

separated using a variety of

methods:

- pick out the different substances

- filters

- magnets

- sieve

Jan 22-11:58 AM

Homogeneous Mixtures (solutions) can also

be separated.

- evaporation - The solvent turns into a

vapour and leaves the solute behind.

- distillation - solution is boiled, the solvent

evaporates and can be retrieved by cooling

the vapours (condensation). The solute

(residue) is left behind.

Jan 23-1:07 PM

Water treatment plants make sure

water is safe to drink

They can add alum to impure water

which makes bacteria, viruses and

dirt stick to the alum making them

heavy and resulting in them sinking

to the bottom, allowing separation

Charcoal filters can also be used to

clean water


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March 03, 2015

Jan 23-1:09 PM

Concentrated product: a lot of solute

per solvent ex. frozen juices

Large containers of ready made juice

are dilute, they have less solute

compared to solvent, and thus have

high water content

Dilute solutions require more

packaging

Jan 23-1:16 PM

Examples: instant coffee, soups,

salad dressing

These all come in small packages

They are all dried

The solvent is usually water, but it

can be oil or vinegar

Jan 23-1:24 PM

Paper and yard waste make up a

large percent of garbage

Packaging is useful, it protects items

during transport, prevents spoilage

and contamination as well as can be

childproof

Jan 23-1:32 PM

Acids

Corrosive

Sour tasting

Turns blue litmus paper red

React with metals

pH less then 7

Neutralize bases

Conduct electricity


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March 03, 2015

Jan 23-1:37 PM Jan 23-1:37 PM

Base

Bitter tasting

Turns red litmus paper blue

Feels slippery

Corrosive

Neutralize acids

Conduct electricity

pH greater then 7

Jan 23-1:39 PM

Indicator: used to identify acids and

bases, are natural substances which

change color in the presence of an

acid or base

Litmus paper is a common indicator

Jan 23-1:41 PM

pH tells you how acidic or basic a

substance is

Goes from 1-14

Acids have a pH less then 7

Bases have a pH greater then 7

pH of 7 is neutral


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March 03, 2015

Jan 23-1:43 PM Jan 23-1:43 PM

Substances at both ends of the pH

scale are corrosive, they can burn

skin and other body tissues

Corrosion is the wearing away of

materials by chemical action, it is

also known as rusting

Oxygen is the primary cause of

rusting, but acid rain and salt speed

up the process

Jan 23-1:46 PM Jan 23-1:48 PM

Acid rain has a pH lower then 5.6, it

is created when pollutants from the

burning of fossil fuels react with

water in the air to form acid rain

Acid rain can corrode metal, stone

and plants

Salt from seawater causes corrosion

of cars, buildings and ships

Fresh coins are clean and shiny but

when they contact air, sweat etc they

become dull and discolored

unit 1 chemicals are found all around us investigating ... 1-4...investigating properties of matter...

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