unhrc s.p.i.t mun guide

8/13/2019 UNHRC S.P.I.T MUN GUIDE

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HUMAN RIGHTS COUNCIL

STUDY GUIDE

AGENDA: THE HUMAN RIGHT VIOLATION OF IDPs(INTRNALLY DISPLACED

PERSONS) IN SYRIA.


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LETTER FROM THE CHAIR,

"It is a great honour and privilege to welcome you to the first edition of the S.P.I.T MUN in 2014.MUNning in my humble opinion is a great way to augment ones interpersonal skills, increaseawareness of global issues and make memories that will last a lifetime. In a city like Mumbai where

MUNs happen almost every other weekend, the organizing team at S.P.I.T has managed to ensure

that S.P.I.T MUN stands out, as is evidenced by all the hard work they have put in; most of whichhappened behind the scenes and will go unappreciated.

The Human Rights Council is an integral part of the United Nations, and after replacing the erstwhilehuman rights commission has made massive progress in addressing and resolving human rightsviolations globally.

I along with my co-chair, and close friend Mohak will be happy to clear any doubts you may have withregards to procedure or anything else, so please feel free to reach out to the executive board or thesecretariat for anything that you may need.

Ankit Bansal(Chairperson of UNHRC)

[email protected]

ALLDELEGATES MUST NOTE:

The study guide is ONLY for reference and SHOULD NOT be cited in the committee during the MUN.All REUTERS and UN REPORTScan be cited and referred to. Thank You.


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. THE ORIGIN OF SYRIAN CIVIL WAR

II. KEY PLAYERS

RUSSIA

IRAN

CHINA

U.S.A

ISRAEL

TURKEY

III. A BRIEF TIMELINE

IV. THE RESOLUTION OF UNHRC OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN SYRIA

V. HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATION

IDPs

ATTACKS ON JOURNALISTS

ATTACKS ON LOCAL CHRISTIANS

USE OF CHEMICAL WEAPONSVI. REFERENCES


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Origin of Syrian Civil War:

President Bashar al-Assad's f ather, who came from a poor Alaw ite family, seized power in a 1970 coup. Hafez al-Assad ruledSyria with a firm hand and was accused of numerous human rights abuses over the years.Bashar Assad presented himself as

a reformer when he succeeded his father in 2000. But critics have called any changes largely superficial, and Assad'scrackdown on protests in March 2011 sparked the current civil war.Support for Bashar Assad has held f irm among the Alawiteminority, w ho make up about 12 per cent of the country's population. Much of the Christian minority have also backed Assad inthe past, preferring his secular rule to an Islamist alternative.

The Syrian uprising started as a reaction to theArab Spring,a series of anti-government protests across the

Arab world inspired by the fall of the Tunisian regime in early 2011. But at the root of the conflict was anger

over unemployment, decades of dictatorship, corruption and state violence under of the Middle Easts most

repressive regimes.

KEY PLAYERS:

RUSSIA:

Why it cares:

Two main reasons: One has to do with economics; the other with ideology.

a) Economics: Russia is one of Syria's biggest arms suppliers.Syrian contracts with the Russian defense industry have likely exceeded $4 billion.

b) Ideology: Russia's key policy goal is blocking American efforts to shape the region.

Russia doesn't believe revolutions, wars and regime change bring stability and democracy. It often points to

the Arab Spring and the U.S.-led war in Iraq as evidence.

Russia also doesn't trust U.S. intentions in the region. It believes humanitarian concerns are often used an

excuse for pursuing America's own political and economic interests.

Why it matters:

Russia is a permanent member of the U.N. Security Council. It has the power to veto Security Council

resolutions against the Syrian regime and has done so repeatedly over the past two years. So, if the United

States and its allies are relying on a U.N. mandate to greenlight a military strike, they may be waiting a long

time.

IRANWhy it cares:
http://middleeast.about.com/od/humanrightsdemocracy/tp/Arab-Spring-Uprisings.htmhttp://middleeast.about.com/od/humanrightsdemocracy/tp/Arab-Spring-Uprisings.htmhttp://middleeast.about.com/od/humanrightsdemocracy/tp/Arab-Spring-Uprisings.htmhttp://middleeast.about.com/od/humanrightsdemocracy/tp/Arab-Spring-Uprisings.htm


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Iran and Syria are bound by two factors: religion and strategy.

a) Religion: Iran is the world's most populous Shiite Muslim nation. The Syrian government is

dominated by Alawites, a Shiite offshoot, and the rebels are dominated by Sunnis.

b) Strategy: For Iran, Syria is also a strategically key ally. It's Iran's main conduit to the Shiite militia

Hezbollah in Lebanon, the proxy through which Iran can threaten Israel with an arsenal of short-range

missiles.

CHINA

Why it cares:

China's relationship with Syria is more nuanced.

China has said foreign countries shouldn't meddle in Syria's internal affairs -- and perhaps for good reason.

China has had its own share of international controversies over its policies with Tibet as well as allegations of

human rights violations.

Why it matters:

China is a permanent member of the U.N. Security Council. And like Russia, China has repeatedly blocked

sanctions attempts against the Syrian regime -- leading to a perpetual stalemate at the U.N. body to take any

serious action on Syria.

U.S.A

In the early weeks of the Syrian civil war, the U.S. chose not to respond to apparent abuses of peaceful

demonstrators by Syrian security forces. Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton referred to Assad as a

"reformer" in late March 2011 and said the U.S. believed he would respond appropriately to the demands of his

people.[22] As the situation in Syria deteriorated and the government resorted to increasingly desperate

measures to crush the protest movement, Washington's patience flagged, and by mid-August 2011, President

Obama stated plainly his belief that Assad should step down. The U.S. pushed strongly for the United Nations

Security Council to pass a resolution condemning the crackdown and adopting economic sanctions against

Syria in late September and early October 2011, and when Russia and the People 's Republic of China wielded

their veto power to block the proposal, Ambassador Susan Rice expressed "outrage".

Relations have been further strained by Syrian security forces' failure to protect Robert Stephen Ford, the U.S.

ambassador to Syria, from being attacked by pro-Assad mobs on at least two occasions, as well as to preventvandalism of the U.S. embassy and diplomatic property.

ISRAEL

Hostility between Syria and Israel goes back to the countries creation in the late 1940, driven by Syrias

support for the Palestinian resistance against the new Jewish state. On 30 January 2013, war planes were

reported to have attacked deep within Syrian territory - an alleged Israeli air force operation. The United

States believed the target was a convoy carrying sophisticated antiaircraft weaponry outside Damascus that

was going to be given to the Hezbollah Shiite militia in Lebanon, but Syrian authorities denied this.

TURKEY

The Syrian civil war began to impact Turkey when at least 3,000 Syrian refugees fled crackdowns by the Syrian

Army . NATO allies backed keeping Patriot missiles in Turkey on Wednesday, agreeing with Ankara that threats

from the civil war in Syria remained serious.

A Brief Timeline:

February 22, 2011

Inspired by the uprisings in Tunisia and Egypt, 15 teenagerswrite anti-regime graffition the walls of Dara, a

small town in southern Syria. They are arrested and thrown into prison.

March 25, 2011

Syrian troops fireinto a reportedly peaceful demonstration over the teens' February arrests. Several people are

killed.
http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/03/17/us-syria-crisis-uprising-idUSBRE92G06420130317http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/03/17/us-syria-crisis-uprising-idUSBRE92G06420130317http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/03/17/us-syria-crisis-uprising-idUSBRE92G06420130317http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/26/world/middleeast/26syria.html?pagewanted=allhttp://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/26/world/middleeast/26syria.html?pagewanted=allhttp://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/26/world/middleeast/26syria.html?pagewanted=allhttp://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/26/world/middleeast/26syria.html?pagewanted=allhttp://www.reuters.com/article/2013/03/17/us-syria-crisis-uprising-idUSBRE92G06420130317


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May 18, 2011

The United Statesimposes sanctionson Syria after a month of violent crackdowns by the Assad regime against

protesters. Activists say at least 700 people have been killed.

July 31, 2011

Tanks roll into the central city of Hama,launching an attackbefore the first day of Ramadan that activists say

kills 80 people, bringing back memories of the1982 massacreof 20,000 people in the same city by Assad'sfather.

August 18, 2011

"For the sake of the Syrian people, the time has come for President Assad to step aside," says President Barack

Obama. The leaders of Britain, France, and Germanyjoin the United Statesin calling for Assad to resign.

November 12, 2011

The Arab League, which includes Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and 20 other countries,votes to suspendSyria's

membership and threatens to impose economic and political sanctions if it doesn't stop the ongoing attacks

against protesters.

February 4, 2012

International officialscondemnthe "massacre" in the city of Homs after an estimated 300 people are killed bya barrage of artillery fire from Syrian government forces. Shortly thereafter, China and Russiaveto a

resolutionby the U.N. Security Council backing an Arab League peace plan for Syria.

August 21, 2012

President Barack Obama says Assadusing chemical weaponswould be a "red line" that would "change [his]

equation" on Syria. Opposition activists put the death toll in the conflict at 20,000.

March 19, 2013

Rebels and the Assad regimeaccuse each otherof using chemical weapons to kill 25 people in the Khan al-

Assal region north of Aleppo. The White House announces there will be "consequences" if the Syrian

government is guilty of the attack. More than 6,000 peopleare killedin March alone, activists say, making it

the bloodiest month since the conflict began.

April 25, 2013

The White House says, with "varying degrees of confidence," thatit believesthe Assad regime "used chemical

weapons on a small scale" on March 19.

June 13, 2013

The Obama administration announces it willsend small armsand ammunition to Syrian rebels. The decision is

later debated by Congress over fears that the United States could be arming al Qaeda-linked opposition groups

like the Al-Nusra Front.

July 25, 2013

The United Nationsannouncesthat 100,000 people have been killed and 1.7 million people have been forced to

become refugees as a result of the violence.

August 21, 2013

Opposition forces claim thathundreds of people are killedin a chemical weapons attack in the Damascus

suburb of Ghouta, putting pressure on Obama to act on his "red line" comment. The Syrian government denies

using chemical weapons.

August 26, 2013

Secretary of State John Kerry says there isenough evidenceto "strongly indicate" that the Syrian government

had used chemical weapons in Ghouta, calling the attack a "moral obscenity."

2013September - UN weapons inspectors conclude that chemical weapons were used in an attack on the

Ghouta area of Damascus in August that killed about 300 people, but do not explicitly allocate responsibility forthe attack.
http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/05/18/us-syria-idUSLDE73N02P20110518http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/05/18/us-syria-idUSLDE73N02P20110518http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/05/18/us-syria-idUSLDE73N02P20110518http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/07/31/us-syria-idUSTRE76T02020110731http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/07/31/us-syria-idUSTRE76T02020110731http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/07/31/us-syria-idUSTRE76T02020110731http://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/from-the-archive-blog/2011/aug/01/hama-syria-massacre-1982-archivehttp://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/from-the-archive-blog/2011/aug/01/hama-syria-massacre-1982-archivehttp://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/from-the-archive-blog/2011/aug/01/hama-syria-massacre-1982-archivehttp://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/aug/18/syria-assad-must-resign-obamahttp://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/aug/18/syria-assad-must-resign-obamahttp://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/aug/18/syria-assad-must-resign-obamahttp://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/13/world/middleeast/arab-league-votes-to-suspend-syria-over-its-crackdown-on-protesters.html?pagewanted=all&gwh=D1310140D39484D6B8BDBDF0475849B5&_r=0http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/13/world/middleeast/arab-league-votes-to-suspend-syria-over-its-crackdown-on-protesters.html?pagewanted=all&gwh=D1310140D39484D6B8BDBDF0475849B5&_r=0http://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/feb/05/syria-homs-hundreds-dead-barragehttp://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/feb/05/syria-homs-hundreds-dead-barragehttp://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/feb/05/syria-homs-hundreds-dead-barragehttp://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/05/world/middleeast/syria-homs-death-toll-said-to-rise.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/05/world/middleeast/syria-homs-death-toll-said-to-rise.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/05/world/middleeast/syria-homs-death-toll-said-to-rise.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0http://www.cnn.com/2012/08/20/world/meast/syria-unresthttp://www.cnn.com/2012/08/20/world/meast/syria-unresthttp://www.cnn.com/2012/08/20/world/meast/syria-unresthttp://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-21841217http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-21841217http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/2013/04/02/syria-death-toll.htmlhttp://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/2013/04/02/syria-death-toll.htmlhttp://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/2013/04/02/syria-death-toll.htmlhttp://bigstory.ap.org/article/hagel-syria-has-used-chemical-weaponshttp://bigstory.ap.org/article/hagel-syria-has-used-chemical-weaponshttp://bigstory.ap.org/article/hagel-syria-has-used-chemical-weaponshttp://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/14/world/middleeast/syria-chemical-weapons.html?pagewanted=allhttp://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/14/world/middleeast/syria-chemical-weapons.html?pagewanted=allhttp://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/14/world/middleeast/syria-chemical-weapons.html?pagewanted=allhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-23455760http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-23455760http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-23455760http://uk.reuters.com/article/2013/08/21/uk-syria-crisis-idUKBRE97K0AJ20130821http://uk.reuters.com/article/2013/08/21/uk-syria-crisis-idUKBRE97K0AJ20130821http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-250_162-57600143/kerry-use-of-chemical-weapons-in-syria-a-moral-obscenity/http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-250_162-57600143/kerry-use-of-chemical-weapons-in-syria-a-moral-obscenity/http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-250_162-57600143/kerry-use-of-chemical-weapons-in-syria-a-moral-obscenity/http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-250_162-57600143/kerry-use-of-chemical-weapons-in-syria-a-moral-obscenity/http://uk.reuters.com/article/2013/08/21/uk-syria-crisis-idUKBRE97K0AJ20130821http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-23455760http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/14/world/middleeast/syria-chemical-weapons.html?pagewanted=allhttp://bigstory.ap.org/article/hagel-syria-has-used-chemical-weaponshttp://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/2013/04/02/syria-death-toll.htmlhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-21841217http://www.cnn.com/2012/08/20/world/meast/syria-unresthttp://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/05/world/middleeast/syria-homs-death-toll-said-to-rise.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/05/world/middleeast/syria-homs-death-toll-said-to-rise.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0http://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/feb/05/syria-homs-hundreds-dead-barragehttp://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/13/world/middleeast/arab-league-votes-to-suspend-syria-over-its-crackdown-on-protesters.html?pagewanted=all&gwh=D1310140D39484D6B8BDBDF0475849B5&_r=0http://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/aug/18/syria-assad-must-resign-obamahttp://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/from-the-archive-blog/2011/aug/01/hama-syria-massacre-1982-archivehttp://www.reuters.com/article/2011/07/31/us-syria-idUSTRE76T02020110731http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/05/18/us-syria-idUSLDE73N02P20110518


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2013 October - President Assad allows international inspectors to begin destroying Syria's chemical weapons

on the basis of a US-Russian agreement.

2013 December - US and Britain suspend "non-lethal" support for rebels in northern Syria after reports that

Islamist rebels seize some bases of Western-backed Free Syrian Army.

The resolution of UNHRC on Human Rights in Syria:

A resolution was passed by the Human Rights Council on Human Rights in Syria on 25th September 2013.

The summary of the report is as follows:

The present report reflects the status of implementation of Human Rights Council resolution 19/22 of 23 March

2012, following the first report of the Secretary-General

thereon (A/HRC/20/37), which covered the period up until 11 May 2012. The present report contains

information on relevant developments up until 20 July 2012, a summary of the information submitted by the

Government of the Syrian Arab Republic in notes verbales addressed to the Office of the United Nations High

Commissioner for Human Rights during the reporting period,as well as information on measures and actions

taken by relevant international stakeholders.

The ceasefire that came into effect on 12 April 2012 held for several days. From 16 April until early May 2012,

the cessation of armed violence was not fully respected, although a general reduction in violence was reported,

including in the use of heavy weaponry. The presence of observers of the United Nations Supervision Mission in

the Syrian Arab Republic in some areas appeared to have a calming effect. Since 10 May, the situation has

deteriorated with a surge in the use of improvised explosive devises. At the same time, there were reports of

intermittent fighting between the parties and the use of heavy weapons by Government forces. Late in May,

conditions further deteriorated, with a rise in attacks by Government forces on population centres using heavy

weapons and mechanized infantry as part of a campaign to clear anti-Government armed groups. Theseattacks were accompanied by an increase in attacks by anti-Government armed groups on

Government security forces, as well as Government and civilian infrastructure, using small arms, improvised

explosive devices and rocket-propelled grenades. The continuous fighting between the parties, the use of

heavy weapons by the Government and the increase in the use of improvised explosive devises resulted in

heavy civilian casualties and mass displacement of civilians inside and outside the country.

The full resolution can be found at : http://daccess-dds-

ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G12/172/59/PDF/G1217259.pdf?OpenElement

Human Rights Violation:

Pro-reform demonstrations in Syria developed into mass protests in the spring of 2011 after security forces used

grossly excessive force against people calling for the release of children who had been detained. More than 10,000

people reportedly died during or in connection w ith the protests and during funerals of demonstrators. Most of those

killed w ere apparently shot by members of the security forces, including snipers. Tanks were used in military

operations in civilian residential areas. Some members of the security forces were also killed, some allegedly for

refusing to fire on protesters and others in attacks by defecting soldiers and other individuals who joined in opposition

to the government. According to the UN, Syrian armed and security forces have been responsible for: unlawful killing, including of

children (mostly boys), medical personnel and hospital patients ("In some particularly grave instances, entire families

were executed in their homes"); torture, including of children (mostly boys, sometimes to death) and hospital patients,

and including sexual and psychological torture; arbitrary arrest "on a massive scale"; deployment of tanks and

helicopter gunships in densely populated areas; heavy and indiscriminate shelling of civilian areas; collectivepunishment; enforced disappearances; widescale and systematic destruction and looting of property; the systematic

denial, in some areas, of food and water; and the prevention of medical treatment, including to children.


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Except for those hand-picked by the government, journalists have been banned from reporting

in Syria. Those who have entered the country regardless have been targeted. Within a month of

the protests taking off, at least seven local and international journalists were detained, and at

least one of these was beaten.

Attacks on Local Christians:

Local Christian minorities are also facing many human rights violations. Christians in Syria are

under increasing attack by Muslim rebels -- the same rebels fighting against President Bashar al-

Assad's regime.

Use of Chemical Weapons:

Chemical weapons were likely used in five out of seven attacks investigated by U.N. experts in

Syria, where a 2 1/2-year civil war has killed more than 100,000 people, according to the final

report of a U.N. inquiry published on Thursday.

U.N. investigators said the deadly nerve agent sarin was likely used in four incidents, in one case

on a large scale.

Hundreds of people are believed to have been killed in an apparent gas attack on rebel-held

parts of eastern Damascus that is thought to be the most significant use ofchemical

weapons since thousands of Kurds were gassed by Saddam Hussein in Halabja 25 years ago.

Reference:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Human_Rights_Council

http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-22557347

http://uk.reuters.com/article/2013/11/13/uk -syria-turkey-nato-idUKBRE9AC10220131113

http://www.cbc.ca/news2/interactives/syria-dashboard/

http://www.freedomhouse.org/article/syrian-crisis-case-greater-us-involvement

http://abcnews.go.com/International/key-players-syrian-civil-war/story?id=20108422

http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-25100122 http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/04/01/204552.html

http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/14/world/middleeast/white-house-pushes-back-on-bill-

clintons-syria-remarks.html

http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/who-are-the-foreign-fighters-in-

syria

http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/thomson-reuters/130421/lebanon-border-area-

mired-syrian-conflict

http://www.timesofisrael.com/fierce-battles-in-syria-us-to-raise-aid-to-rebels/
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