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UGLY BABY DevelopmentKohlbergFreudEricksonPiaget STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT By: Schavion Smith 12.9.2014 Human Development Annette Miles, PhD.

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Cognitive Development Practical in understanding and communicating with children, particularly in the field of education Enhanced teaching Customized learning Constructivist learning and scaffolding Pros Psychosocial Theory Guide for study examining psychological forces that underlie human behavior, feelings, and emotions Stressed the importance of early childhood experiences. Psychosexual Provides a broad framework from which to view development Emphasizes the social nature of human beings and the importance of social relationships inters of development, identify, and identity-formation. Moral Development Development of moral thought helps individuals to develop a greater understanding of the norms of society.

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Cognitive Development Does not account for variability in child development. The ability to solve conservation tasks vary across individuals by several years. Modern research indicate cognitive capacities of infants is most likely far greater than Piaget theorized. Emphasizes physical environment and not the social environment Emphasize children and not all learners Cons Psychosocial Theory Focused too much on pathology No empirical research to back up ideas Emphasized the role of sexuality in personality development Did not explain the role of the environment in shaping personality. Psychosexual Theory Exact mechanisms for stage transitions are vague. Fails to detail experiences necessary to transition and resolve conflicts to move to the next stage. Moral Development Moral reasoning does not necessarily lead to moral behavior. Duty vs. Actual Actions Overemphasis on justice when making moral choicesother factors exist Compassion, caring, and other interpersonal feelings Overemphasize Western philosophy Individualist cultures emphasize personal rights while collectivist cultures emphasize society and communities. Thus collectivist cultures espouse to different moral outlooks that Kohlberg does not account for.

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Sensorimotor Recognizing the world through movements and sensations. Object Permanence. Cause and effect. Birth Trust vs. Mistrust Primary interaction with the world is via oral stimulationtasting and sucking. According to Freud, if needs are not met an oral fixation exists later in life Index-finger sucking Smoking Fingernail biting I was eating solid foods by 1 year Key Task: Weaning from the breast/bottle Oral Stage I had a lot of trust at this age. I felt secure Preconvention Stages included: Obedience and Punishment Individualism and Exchange Judging actions by the direct consequences of such.

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Sensorimotor cont Learning occurs through Assimilation Accommodatio n Experiences 1-3: Big Family Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt I was toilet trained, but I still wet the bed. I am both extremely organized and messy. Sometimes my behavior is destructive Key Task: Toilet training Anal Stage Developed a greater sense of personal control. Toilet training. Older siblings Large family Obedience and Punishment Children see rules as fixed and absolute. Obeying the rules is important because it is a means to avoid punishment.

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Preoperational I began to think symbolically and began to use pictures to represent things. In terms of egocentricity, I was probably a little bit past this at this age. 3-7 Years: Socialization Outside Initiative vs. Guilt Primary focus of the ids energy is on the genitals. Oedipal/Electra Complex Attraction to opposite sex parent Not true for me. Key Task: Identifying with adult role models. Phallic Stage My power was in being sweet and a good child. As long as I stayed in my lane and did what I was told, I could do whatever I wanted. Individualism and Exchange Children account for individual points of view and judge actions based on the idea what is in it for me. Reciprocity is possible, but only if in ones interestsI am told I was very reciprocating, so I must have really enjoyed my family

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Concrete Operational Children begin to think logically about concrete events. Understand concepts of conservation. Begin using inductive logic from specific information to a general principle. 5-11 Years: Awkward Industry vs. Inferiority During this stage, the superego continues to develop while the ids energies are suppressed. Children develop social skills, values, and relationships with peers and adults outside of the family. Key Task: Expand social contacts Latent Stage Children begin to develop a sense of pride in their accomplishment s and abilities via social interactions. Conventional Morality Includes stages:

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Formal Operational The adolescent or young adult begins to think abstractly and reason about hypothetical problems. 12-15 years: First Friends Identity vs. Confusion The onset of puberty causes the libido to become active once again. During this stage, people develop a strong interest in the opposite sex. If development has been successful to this point, the individual will continue to develop into a well-balanced person. Key Task: Develop intimate relationships/contribute to society via work Genital Stage Develop a sense of self. Interpersonal Relationships Where there is a focus on living up to societal expectations and roles. Emphasis on conformity, being nice, and consideration of how choices influence relationships.

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Formal Oper cont Abstract thought emerges Teens think about moral, philosophical, ethical, social,, and political issues Begin to use deductive logic from general to specific information. 16-21 years: First Relationship/Experiment Intimacy vs. Isolation Early adulthood where people are exploring personal relationships. Maintaining Social Order Begin to consider society as a whole when making judgments. Focused on maintain law and order by following the rules, and doing ones duty and respecting authority.

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21-50 years: Experience, Reflection, Duty Generativity vs. Stagnation During this stage, the superego continues to develop while the ids energies are suppressed. Children develop social skills, values, and relationships with peers and adults outside of the family. Latent Stage Adulthood where people continue to build lives focusing on family and career. Post- Conventional Morality Individuals live by their own ethical principles even if inconsistent with the rules of law. Rules maintain general social order and protect human rights Rules are not absolute Elevate ones one moral evaluation over social conventions.

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50+ Not There Yet Integrity vs. Despair The onset of puberty causes the libido to become active once again. During this stage, people develop a strong interest in the opposite sex. If development has been successful to this point, the individual will continue to develop into a well-balanced person. Genital Stage Occurs in old age and is focused on reflecting back on life. Social Contract and Individual Rights People begin to account for the differing of values, opinions and beliefs of other people. Rules of law are important for maintaining a society, but members of the society should agree upon the standards.

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Peaking Universal Principles Final level of reasoning based upon universal ethical principles and abstract reasoning. People follow these internalized principles of justice, even if they conflict with laws and rules.

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Conclusions

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Stages of Development