u2. age of revolution
TRANSCRIPT
THE AGE OF REVOLUTION
End 18th Century – 19th Century
IES CAMILO JOSÉ CELA
Rocío Bautista
INTRODUCTION
At the end of the 18th Century & during the 19th Century, a series of revolutionary processes broke out. They were known as “Bourgeois revolutions” because they were led by the bourgeoisie.
18th Century 19th Century
These revolutions caused a deep transformation of Europe & its colonies.
End of the Ancien Régime:Nationalism
arose & new
countries were
formed:
• American
countries
• Germany
• Italy
PoliticAL CHANGES
End of Absolutism &establishment of
political liberalism
SOCIAl changes
End of stratified
society & rise of
bourgeoisie as
dominant social class
ECONOMIC CHANGES
the Industrial Rev. replaced the
traditional agrarian
economy with a new
industrial economy
ARTISTIC CHANGES
Romanticism &
Realism developed, which set the basis of
the future artistic
“avant-gardes”
The profound changes that these revolutions brought (specially the French Rev. in 1789), justify it as a reference that marks the end of the Modern Age & the beginning of a new historical period, the Contemporary Age.
Prehistory
4,2 m.y.a –3,000 BC
AncientHistory
3,000 BC –476 AD
MiddleAges
476 –1453/92
ModernAge
1453/92 -1789
ContemporaryAge
1789 - today
AMERICAN REVOLUTION
AMERICAN REVOLUTION:
TIMELINE
1765 Stamp Act
1773 Tea Act
1773 Boston Tea Party
1776 Declaration of Independence
1775-83 War of Independence
1783 Peace of Paris
AMERICAN REVOLUTION:
CAUSES
Colonists lacked representation in British Parliament
Dependent on Great Britain for trade
Not allowed to occupy western British territories
VIDEO
https://amara.org/en/videos/4sSRywZE8ufQ/info/no-more-king-
schoolhouse-rock/
ACTIVITY 1
Read your article & highlight/underline the important information.
As a group, create a mini-presentation about your topic. This can take any form—you can act out an event, have an interview, etc.
Groups: Stamp Act Boston Tea Party Committees of Correspondence Thomas Jefferson
CAUSES OF THE FRENCHREVOLUTION
CAUSES OF THE FRENCH REV.
IDEOLOGICAL (new ideas)
ECONOMICSOCIAL
POLITICAL
The French Revolution didn’t broke out due to one
single cause. It was an intricate & multicausal event.
POLITICAL FACTORS:ABSOLUTISM
• Louis XVI ruled France between 1774 – 1789.
• He was an absolute monarch, unaware of the needs
of his subjects.
• People complained about
how France was governed:
• King had unlimited power.
• No Parliament: French kings
hadn’t summoned the
Estates-General since 1614
(Louis XIII).
POLITICAL FACTORS:VOTING SYSTEM IN THE ÉTATS-GÉNÉRAUX
• One vote per Estate, so the
3rd Estate could always be
outvoted. Clergy & Nobles
usually had similar interests
and voted together.
This system was disliked
by the bourgeoisie.
Since they were more
numerous, they argued
for voting per person.
SOCIAL FACTORS:STRATIFIED SOCIETY & THE RISE OF BOURGEOISIE
• The bourgeoisie were rapidly
growing in wealth & number.
Many of them shared a
similar lifestyle to the nobles.
• However, they complained
of the privileges of the nobility & the clergy, and
that they unfairly lacked
political influence. Thus, they
pursued a new social
division based on merit &
social usefulness.
ECONOMIC FACTORS:INCREASING POVERTY
It was a time of economic crisis:
bad harvests, rising unemployment,
rising prices, poverty & hunger.
ECONOMIC FACTORS:GROWING GOVERNMENT DEBT & EXPENDITURE
There was a notable
deficit (government
expenditure
exceeded its
income) due to:
- Expensive external
policy (7 Years war,
American War of
independence…
- Large Royal court
- Debts’ interests
ECONOMIC FACTORS:GROWING TAX BURDEN ON THE THIRD ESTATE
Apart of the feudal
fees & the tithe to
nobility & clergy, the
Third Estate (peasants
& bourgeoisie) had to
pay more & more
taxes to the king to
finance the country’s
high expenses &
debts.
ECONOMIC FACTORS:EXTRAVAGANT & LUXURIOUS LIFESTYLE
OF THE ROYALTY
The kings Louis XVI & Marie Antoinette & the nobility entertained extravagantly at the Court of Versailles at the taxpayers’ expense.
There was a huge contrast between the opulent lifestyle of the French aristocracy & the struggles of the common citizens.
ECONOMIC FACTORS: ATTEMPT TO IMPLEMENT A TAX REFORM
Given the desperate
situation of France’s finances
(the government was
unable to pay national debt
because the state was
bankrupt), the king tried to
make the privileged classes
pay taxes. Obviously, the
nobility & clergy refused to
do so. In this cartoon from the time, Louis is looking at the
cases and asks "where is the tax money?"
IDEOLOGICAL FACTORS:SPREAD OF ENLIGHTENMENT IDEAS
• Criticism of the Ancien Régime (absolutism, stratified society,
religious influence…) & spread of
new ideas:
Separation of powers (Montesquieu)
Freedom & equality of all the
people, popular sovereignty…
(Rousseau)
Freedom of speech & separation of
church and state (Voltaire)
• Belief that it is possible to create a better society & improve people’s
life by means of reason & scientific
advancements.
IDEOLOGICAL FACTORS:AMERICAN WAR OF INDEPENDENCE
• American declaration of independence inspired the French soldiers:
• everyone was born equal
• every man had rights that could not be taken away
• the government should act in the interests of the people
• Some people started to say that a country should be run by the government chosen by the people.
CAUSES OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTON
ECONOMIC
POLITICAL
SOCIAL
IDEOLOGICAL
ACTIVITY 2
Increasing poverty & hunger
Extravagant spending in the Royal court
The spread of the ideas of the “philosophes” (separation of powers, freedom & equality of
all the people, popular sovereignty, freedom of speech, separation of church and state)
Unfair tax structure
États-généraux voting system was unfair (1 vote per Estate outvoted the 3rd Estate)
Rise of the bourgeoisie, who were more numerous & wealthier and demanded a more
equal society.
King Louis tries to tax the nobles
Critical situation of France’s finances (huge deficit).
American Revolution and its ideas of freedom, equality and representation.
Absolute monarch who ignored his subjects’ needs and preferred personal interests to
France’s interests
Parliament had not been called in 175 years
Increased tax burden on the Third Estate, who had to pay more taxes to finance the
country’s high expenses & debts.
Expensive foreign policy & growing government debt
Stratified society, in which the clergy and the nobility enjoyed certain privileges (no taxes,
different laws…)
Bad harvests & bread rising prices
Contrast between the opulent lifestyle of the French aristocracy & the struggles of
the common citizens.
Privileges of 1st and 2nd Estates
Bourgeoisie complained about their lack of political influence
Read the text at the top of
page 37 (“The opening of the
Estates-General”).
Do exercise 4 (p.37)
ACTIVITY 2
THE BEGINNING OF THE REVOLUTION: THE ÉTATS-GÉNÉRAUX OF 1789
• MAY 5th 1789: Louis XVI summoned the Estates-General at Versailles to find
a solution to the financial problems of the French government.
• They sat for several weeks in May-June 1789 but came to a dead end since
they didn’t reach an agreement over the first discussion: whether they
should vote by estate or by person.
Nº of representatives
of each estates:
• Nobility 300
• Clergy 300
• 3rd estate 600
• JUNE 1789: the Estates-General were brought to an end when the
Third Estate formed a revolutionary independent assembly.
• Louis XVI closed the hall where the
new assembly met, so they
moved their deliberations to a
nearby tennis court, where they
swore the 'Tennis Court Oath‘:
agreement not to separate until
they had established a
constitution.
• Most of the clergy & some nobles
joined them because their
immobility had served only to
accelerate events.
THE BEGINNING OF THE REVOLUTION: THE ÉTATS-GÉNÉRAUX OF 1789
PHASES OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION
ETAPA MODERADA ETAPA RADICAL
FIN DE LA REVOLUCIÓN
CONSTITUTIONAL
MONARCHY
(1789 – 1792)
1ST REPUBLIC
(1792 – 1799)
1789 – 1791National Constituent
Assembly
1791 – 1792Legislative Assembly
1792 – 1794National
Convention
1792 – 1793GIRONDINS(moderate)
1793 – 1794JACOBINS(radical)
1795 – 1799 Directory
(moderate)
FRENCH REVOLUTION(1789 – 1799)
Constitution 1791 moderate
Constitution 1793 radical
Constitution 1795 moderate again
MODERATE PHASE (1789 – 1792):
THE CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY
• JULY 1789: the rebels created the NATIONAL CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY. Its
aim was to draw up a constitution for France.
• JULY 14th 1789: STORMING OF THE BASTILLE. Fearing that the
army would dissolve the
National Constituent
Assembly, people attacked
the fortress & prison of the
BASTILLE (symbol of the Old
Regime) to stock up of
weapons & gunpowder.
• Riots & chaos spread across
France. Many nobles, fearing
for their safety, fled away.
LA GRANDE PEUR(THE GREAT FEAR)
Popular peasants’ revolts erupted
across French countryside.
• MEASURES TAKEN BY THE NATIONAL CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY (1789 – 1791):
Abolishment of feudalism: serfdom, feudal fees & the tithe were suppressed.
Church’s property was nationalized and guilds were banned.
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (1789)
• Equal taxes & laws for everyone.
• Freedom & property rights.
Constitution of 1791: 1st French Constitution.
It established political liberalism in France:
• Constitutional Monarchy
• Popular sovereignty
• Separation of powers
• Censitary suffrage: only the wealthiest men
had right to vote.
The 3 estates work together to draft the constitution. The Third Estate is in the centre.
“Declaration of the Rights of Man and of
the Citizen”
CONSTITUTION OF 1791
• Once the Constitution was published, the representatives of the new
Parliament (LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY) were elected to make new laws
for France (legislative power). In this assembly 2 main political blocs
confronted:
GIRONDINS
• Majority
• Moderate revolutionaries
• Represented the high
bourgeoisie
JACOBINS
• Minority
• Radical revolutionaries
• Led by Robespierre
• Represented the petite
bourgeoisie
VS
In 1791, the Legislative Assembly had to face some problems:
APRIL: Attack of Austria & Prussia, who wanted to stop the revolution.
JUNE: Luis XVI tried to flee France, but he was caught.
Despite he had swore the Constitution, Louis XVI and
his family were caught trying to flee France to join
the counterrevolutionary Austrian army.
RADICAL PHASE (1792 – 1799):
THE 1ST FRENCH REPUBLIC
The war & the treason of Louis XVI worsened the situation, so the sans-
culottes (lowest urban classes) who’s problems hadn’t been solved by the
new revolutionary government, increased their violence. In August they
assaulted the Tuileries Palace.
Tuileries Palace (where the King lived since 1789)Sans-culotte
Due to the radicalization of the revolution & the war against European
absolutist monarchies, new elections were called to form a new assembly:
NATIONAL CONVENTION that would held both, legislative & executive
powers.
Measures taken by this
assembly:
1792: the monarchy
was abolished, and
a Republic was
established.
1793: Louis XVI &
Marie-Antoinette
were sentenced &
guillotined.
These events intensified the war against an alliance of European absolutist
monarchies that wanted to reverse the Revolution.
1793: the war threaten the Revolution, so
Robespierre, the leader of the radical bloc
(Jacobins) seized the power of the National
Convention:
Most radical & bloodiest period of the French Revolution: “Reign of Terror”
thousands of nobles were guillotined.
New Constitution (1793) (more radical)
universal male suffrage.
Economic reforms to favour the sans-
culottes.
1794: the moderate bourgeoisie (Girondins), shocked by Jacobin
radicalism, took control again…
Deposed & guillotined
Robespierre & his supporters
Established a more moderate
government. They enacted a new Constitution (1795) re-
established censitary suffrage.
1795 - 1799: the Girondins left the executive power in the hands of a
5-member Directory.
Very unstable & difficult situation since they had to deal with a double opposition:
• Nobles wanted to restore absolutism.
• Lowest classes supported Jacobins.
Carried out numerous military campaigns
against the foreign enemies of the revolution
(Austria, Prussia, Italy…).
In this context of crisis and war, a young &
outstanding general, Napoleon Bonaparte,
seized power in 1799 by a coup d’état. It was
the beginning of the Napoleonic Era.
Do exercise 1 (p.38)
ACTIVITY 3
CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY (1789 – 1792)
National Constituent Assembly (1789 – 1791)
May 5th 1789: Beginning of the Estates-General
July 1789: Creation of the National Constituent Assembly
14th July 1789: Storming of the Bastille
1791: 1st French Constitution
Legislative Assembly (1791 – 1792)
1791 Austria & Prussia attack France & Louis XVI tries to flee France (Flight to Varennes).
1ST REPUBLIC (1792 – 1799)
National Convention (1792 – 1795)
1792: abolishment of the monarchy. The 1st French Republic is established.
1793: Louis XVI & Marie-Antoinette are guillotined. This intensifies the war against an alliance of
European counterrevolutionary monarchies putting the Revolution at risk, so Robespierre (leader
of the radical bloc: Jacobins) seizes power (“Reign of Terror” & new Constitution).
1794: Girondins take control again and guillotine Robespierre & his supporters
Directory (1795 – 1799)
1795: new Constitution.
1799: given the context of war & internal crisis (double opposition: absolutists & jacobins)
Napoleon Bonaparte, seizes power by a coup d’état. Beginning of the Napoleonic Empire.
NAPOLEONIC ERA
(1799 – 1815)
…the final phase of the French Revolution…
1799: Napoleon Bonaparte seized the power by a coup d'état.
PHASES DURING NAPOLEON’S ERA:
a) 1799 – 1804: CONSULATE: power was shared by
3 consuls. However, Napoleon held the position
of “First Consul”, so in fact he held all real
power.
b) 1804 – 1815: THE EMPIRE: Napoleon was
elected “Emperor of the French”, and became
the sole ruler of the French empire.
THE CONSULATE1799 - 1804
MAIN ACHIEVEMENTS
Peace in France
Allowed exiled nobility to return back to France.
He reconciled with the Catholic Church by signing a Concordat
Internal reforms
Civil Code: single set of laws equal for all the French.
Public education system (lycées)
Equal tax system for everyone
These achievements made Napoleon very popular…
1802: Consul for Life
1804: Emperor of the French (ratified by a plebiscite)
CONCORDAT OF 1801 WITH THE HOLY SEE
Agreement through which…
French government: recognized
“Catholicism as the religion of the
majority of the French”
The Catholic Church: recognized the
new French government, and gave up
claiming back the lands confiscated to it
during the French Revolution.
CIVIL CODE (Napoleonic Code)
It guaranteed…
equality upon the law
freedom
individual rights
property rights (economic liberalism)…
separation of Church & State
REFORMS IN EDUCATION (LYCÉES)
Napoleon built many “lycees” (schools for boys age 10 to 16) because he thought education was essential to
produce citizens capable of filling positions in his bureaucracy & military. Although he did not create a system of
mass education, education was more available to the middle class than it ever had been before. He saw
education as a way of indoctrinating "right-thinking" citizens from an early age. At a meeting in 1807 he declared:
“Of all our institutions public education is the most important. Everything depends on it, the present and the future. It is
essential that the morals and political ideas of the generation which is now growing up should no longer be dependent upon
[…] the circumstances of the moment. We must secure unity: we must be able to cast a whole generation in the same
mould.”
PLEBSICITE OF 1804
PLEBSICITE = a direct vote of the people of a country in regard to
some important public question.
Napoleon
became
emperor as
NAPOLEON I
THE EMPIRE1804 - 1815
• Wars between France & other European powers were constantsince the beginning of the French Revolution until 1815.
• France, as the leading country of the Revolutionary process, encouraged people of other countries to rise up against the Old Regime.
• Napoleon’s army freed European people of the chains of the Old Regime… but also subjugated & occupied territories by force, which led to deep nationalist reactions.
Napoleon defeated
several coalitions of
European countries (UK,
Austria, Russia, Prussia,
Spain…).
These victories led him
to control most of
Western Europe & to
create a great empire
that included:
Spain
Netherlands
Italian territories
Holy Roman Empire
The creation of the Empire:
1804 - 1812
Battle of Austerlitz (1805) – in modern day
Czech Republic.
One of the greatest victories achieved by Napoleon. He
defeated a larger Russian-Austrian army (led by Tsar Alexander I & Holy Roman Emperor Francis II)
Entry of Napoleon I into Berlin (1806)
Napoleon military genius made him the master of Europe.
In conquered countries he set up liberal governments (constitutions,
abolishment of feudalism, equal taxes & laws for everyone…) ruled by
members of his family. Ex: Spain José Bonaparte (brother)
The only enemy he
couldn’t defeat was UK:
British victory at the
Battle of Trafalgar
(1805) France &
Spain VS UK.
Unable to defeat Britain at
sea, Napoleon tried to
subjugate it with an
economic block-trade
(prohibition to trade with
UK). However, this system
failed to bring Britain to its
knees.
Trafalgar square (London). In the centre, Nelson's Column to commemorate Admiral Horatio Nelson, who died at this battle.
Napoleon began to suffer important defeats:
Russia (1812)
Spain (Spanish War of Independence 1808 – 1814)
Decline & fall of Napoleon:
1812 - 1815
Instead of giving battle, the
Russians retreated, destroying
everything that could be of use
to the French army (fields,
houses,…). When Napoleon
reached Moscow in September
he found it burning. There was
nothing there which could feed &
house his troops for the winter, so
he was forced to turn back
towards home just as winter was
beginning. His Grand Army ran
out of supplies and soldiers died
of disease and the bitter cold of
the Russian winter.
Russian campaign(1812)
“La carga de los Mamelucos”(“El 2 de mayo de 1808 en Madrid”)
FRANCISCO DE GOYA
“Los fusilamientos del 3 de mayo”
“Esta maldita Guerra de España
fue la causa primera de todas
las desgracias de Francia. Todas
las circunstancias de mis
desastres se relacionan con
este nudo fatal […] esta
maldita guerra me ha perdido.”
Napoleón Bonaparte
1813: Battle of Leipzig, Napoleon’s greatest defeat against
another coalition of European states. After it, the allied
countries entered Paris.
Russian army enters Paris (1814)
1814: Napoleon was exiled to the
island of Elbe & French
monarchy was restored.
1815: he escaped from the island of Elbe & recaptured the
throne for 100 days. However, he was finally defeated at the
Battle of Waterloo & exiled to Saint Helena, where he died
(1821)
Battle of Waterloo (Belgium)
Napoleon exiled at Saint Helena (1815)
Saint Helena islandElbe island
Napoleon’s tomb at
Les Invalides(Paris)
What was the “Consulate”? What were the main achievements of Napoleon in this period?
When & how did Napoleon became emperor?
Napoleon’s conquests had positive consequences for European people because it freed them of the chains of the Old Regime. However, what negative consequence did they have?
What type of governments did Napoleon set up in the conquered countries? Who ruled them? Give an example.
Where is Napoleon buried?
Devise a diagram of Napoleon's Empire. Divide it into 2 periods:
Creation of the empire: 1804 – 1812
Decline & fall of Napoleon: 1812 - 1815
ACTIVITY 4
THE RESTORATION(1815 – 1848)
• The French Revolution & Napoleonic Wars had spread
liberalism through Europe between 1789 – 1815.
• After the defeat of Napoleon (B.Leipzig & B.Waterloo),
the powers who had defeated him met at the
CONGRESS OF VIENNA (1814 - 1815). It led Europe into a
new period Absolutism was restored (temporarily!)
CONGRESS OF VIENNA
(1814 - 15)
PARTICIPANTS powers
who had defeated
Napoleon:
• UK
• Austria
• Prussia
• Russia
AGREEMENTS
Restore the Old
Regime. Absolute monarchies deposed
by Napoleon were
restored, putting an
end to liberal political
systems.
Redraw political map
of Europe (new
boundaries) in order to re-establish
European Balance &
guarantee peace.
They did so ignoring
nationalistic feelings.
Periodic Congresses should be held, to try
to solve problems
between countries
diplomatically
(without wars)
Right to intervene in
another country if it was threaten by
revolution. To do so,
they created several
alliances:- Holy Alliance (Austria,
Prussia, Russia)
- Quadruple Alliance (+ UK)
Example of territorial
changes agreed at
the Congress of
Vienna ignoring
nationalistic feelings,
culture, religion…
- Russia: annexed Finland & part of Poland.- Netherlands: annexed Low Countries.
- Prussia: annexed German territories & part of Poland. - Austria: annexed territories in the north of Italy & other
areas in central Europe.
Caricatures of the Congress of Vienna
(1814-15)
Major powers reshaped
European boundaries to
guarantee balance of power…
but ignored nationalistic
feelings!!!
ACTIVITY 5: Copy & complete
CONGRESS
OF
_________
(1814 - ____)
AGREEMENTS
Restore the _____ _____________. Restoration of ___________ monarchies ____________ by
Napoleon. End of ___________ political systems.
_________ political _____ of Europe (new boundaries) to re-establish ______________
____________. Done ignoring _______________ feelings.
Periodic _____________, to solve problems between countries _______________.
Right to ___________ in another country if it was threaten by revolution. Alliances:
- _______ Alliance (Austria, Prussia, Russia)- _____________ Alliance (Austria, Prussia, Russia, ____)
PARTICIPANTS: powers who
had
____________
Napoleon
_____________
_____________
_____________
_____________
QUESTION: Give 2 examples
of how nationalism was
ignored at the Congress of
Vienna.
THE UPRISING (El motín)
Daumier
Despite the Restoration (1815), the expansion of the new ideas & values
couldn’t be contained…
LIBERAL ideology spread extensively among the bourgeoisie & commoners.
Economics Politics Society
Absolutism
Liberalism
Economics Politics Society
Absolutism
• Government controls
trade
• Nobility owns land
• Common people work
and pay taxes
• Monarch controls the
government
• Stratified society
• Privileges for monarchs,
nobility, and clergy
Liberalism
Absolutism vs Liberalism
Economics Politics Society
Absolutism
• Government controls
trade
• Nobility owns land
• Common people work
and pay taxes
• Monarch controls the
government
• Stratified society
• Privileges for monarchs,
nobility, and clergy
Liberalism
• Individuals have free
trade
• Bourgeoisie owns
land and businesses
• Common people work
for profit and pay
lower taxes
• Government is chosen by
the people
• Separation of powers
• Society based on equality
• Privileges are earned by the
wealthy
Absolutism vs Liberalism
After the Restoration of
absolutism, 3 WAVES OF
LIBERAL REVOLUTIONS took place all across Europe:
1820
1830
1848
Revolutions of 1820
Liberals in Spain, Portugal,
Italy, and Russia rise up
against absolute monarchs.
The bourgeoisie and
common people established
constitutions that gave them
more rights.
After the revolutions, many
monarchs were able to
regain the power they lost.
Revolutions of 1830
France established a
constitutional monarchy and
the trend spread through
Europe, including Belgium,
Germany, Italy, and Poland,
Bourgeoisie leaders
established censitary voting
rights, so wealthy and
educated individuals had
more voting power than
commoners.
Revolutions of 1848
France established a Republic,
and other European nations
were inspired to create
constitutional monarchies or
remove their monarchs from
power completely.
Commoners demanded
popular sovereignty, voting
rights for all men, and social
equality.
• Get into teams of 5. Decide who will study each revolution.
• Separate and get into a Revolution Group to fill in your own section.
• Teams come back together. Teach your team members about your Revolution.
• Answer the questions at the bottom with your team.
ACTIVITY 6
Liberal Revolutions - Who won?
The bourgeoisie gained political power,
wealth, and influence. They had the power
to elect the government and make profits
from their businesses.
Serfdom and slavery was
eliminated in almost every
European country, although
they still had fewer rights
than the bourgeoisie.
Liberal Revolutions - Who lost?
Monarchs lost much of their power in
constitutional monarchies. Nobles &
clergy also lost their privileges.
Commoners did not gain the
power they hoped for. Poor
and uneducated workers had
few voting rights, and their
economic situation was as
bad as before 1789. Women
still could not vote at all.
Consequence…
The Third Estate did not benefit equally from the revolutions…
Bourgeoisie benefited
Commoners did not benefit
≠
CONSEQUENCES OF LIBERAL REVOLUTIONS
MORE FAIR SOCIETY kings, nobles & clergy lost power & privileges.
However, among the former THIRD ESTATE A GAP WAS OPENED:
- Bourgeoisie benefited the most of these revolutions: gained political power & economic liberalism (free trade) enabled them to become richer.
- Commoners failed to achieve deeper transformations (no political rights for them, no improvement in their living conditions…). This made them develop class consciousness & began to organize themselves in order to stand up against the bourgeoisie & the liberal State they had helped create (future “Labour Movement”)
A conservative LIBERALISM WAS ADOPTED
in most European countries:
- Constitutions
- Separation of powers
- National sovereignty (≠ popular sovereignty)
- Censitary suffrage (≠ universal suffrage)
- Equal laws for everyone
- Individual liberty & rights
1) What’s the difference between nation & state?
2) What’s a nation-state?
3) Answer the following questions about NATIONALISM:
What is it?
Why did it arose during the 19th Century?
What consequence did its expansion through Europe & America have?
4) Fill in the chart:
ACTIVITY 7
ITALIAN UNIFICATION GERMAN UNIFICATION
Chronology
Main figures
Stages of the
unification
NATION: community
that share a common
culture (language,
religion, traditions,
history…)
STATE: independent
political entity with clear
geographic boundaries
Sometimes (but not always!), these two entities overlap when a homogeneous group of people with a
common culture have their own independent
government and recognized boundaries, the entity is
called a NATION-STATE.
≠
NATIONALISM
During the 19th Century, nationalistic feelings arose as a
reaction against:
French domination during the Napoleonic invasions.
Artificial boundaries established in the Congress of Vienna.
It spread through different European & American territories and
gave birth to new States.
ITALIAN UNIFICATION
SITUATION BEFORE
THE UNIFICATION: Italy was divided in
several states.
Controlled by Austria or ruled by Austrian princes
Ruled by the Pope
Ruled by the Bourbon dynasty
Ruled by the Savoy dynasty
ITALIAN UNIFICATION
STAGES (1859 – 70):
1) Victor Emmanuel II (king of
Piedmont-Sardinia) defeats Austria
& annexes:
Lombardy
Duchies in central Italy (Parma,
Modena, Tuscany)
ITALIAN UNIFICATION
2) Garibaldi (general
of the kingdom of
Piedmont-Sardinia)
defeats & annexes
the Kingdom of the
Two Sicilies.
1861: with this annexation, the
KINGDOM OF ITALY was
founded.
ITALIAN UNIFICATION
3) Unity was finally achieved with the
annexation of:
Venice
Papal States
1870: after these annexations, the
KINGDOM OF ITALY became a
constitutional monarchy with
capital in Rome under the rule of
king Victor Emmanuel II.
GERMAN UNIFICATION
SITUATION BEFORE THE UNIFICATION: in the
Congress of Vienna
Germany became a
confederation of 39 small
independent states led by
Austria. The main ones
were:
Prussia
Austria
They would
confront to
lead the
confederation
GERMAN UNIFICATION
STAGES (1864 – 1871):
1) Unification of the Northern States:
Prussia defeated Austria (Austro-
Prussian War, 1866), which was
expelled from the Confederation,
now led by Prussia.
WILLIAM I of Prussia (king)
Otto von Bismarck (Chancellor of Prussia)
GERMAN UNIFICATION
2) Prussia annexes the French
territories of Alsace & Lorraine
(Franco-Prussian War, 1870) &
the southern German states.
1871: after these annexations, the
2nd GERMAN EMPIRE (REICH) was
created. It was a constitutional
federal empire under the rule of
emperor (kaiser) William I of
Germany.