AIM: How successful were the revolutions in Latin America?

European Empires: European Empires: 1660s1660s

Mercantilismpolicy by which a nation sought to export more than it imported in order to build its wealth

Which diagram shows the correct social hierarchy of Spain’s colonial empire in the Western Hemisphere?

SOCIAL HIERARCHY

P

C

M & M

I & A

Peninsulares:Native Spaniards

Creoles:People of pureEuropean bloodBut born in theNew World

Mestizos: Indian +European blood

Mulattos:African +European blood

Indians and AfricansCAUSES

16c-18c: 16c-18c: New Ideas Brewing in New Ideas Brewing in

EuropEuropee

Causes of Latin Causes of Latin AmericanAmerican

RevolutionsRevolutions1. Enlightenment Ideas writings of John Locke, Voltaire, & Jean Rousseau; Thomas Jefferson and Thomas Paine.

2. Creole discontent at being left out of government jobs and trade concessions.

3. Inspiration of American and French Revolutions.

4. Preoccupation of Spain & Portugal in fighting the Napoleonic Wars.

Inspiration of American & Inspiration of American & French RevolutionsFrench Revolutions

Declaration of Declaration of Independence, 1776Independence, 1776

Declaration of the Declaration of the Rights of Man & of the Rights of Man & of the

Citizen, 1789Citizen, 1789

Napoleon on the MarchNapoleon on the March

Provides a model & a diversion!Provides a model & a diversion!

Latin American Revolutions!Latin American Revolutions!

I. Simón Bolivar: The “Brains” of I. Simón Bolivar: The “Brains” of thethe

RevolutionRevolution A> “The Liberator” Creole leader of

the revolutions in Venezuela.

B. For 12 yrs. led military campaigns to win independence for Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, New Granada

C. Former Spanish empire divided into separate independent states

Simón Bolivar Meets José Simón Bolivar Meets José de San Martinde San Martin

Bolivar & San Martin Bolivar & San Martin Fight for Independence!Fight for Independence!

Bolivar’s Bolivar’s AccomplishmentAccomplishment

What conclusion can you draw from these maps?

Bolivar’s FailureBolivar’s Failure

D. After uniting Venezuela, Columbia, & Ecuador into Gran Columbia, he left to help free the rest of Latin America.

E. He died a year later, with his goal of uniting all of South America unfulfilled!

II.Toussaint II.Toussaint L’OuvetureL’Ouveture

Leads a RevolutionLeads a Revolutionin Haitiin Haiti

(1804) (1804) A. L’Ouverture was a slave in Haiti

B. Led a slave revolt against France for Haitian independence

C. Eventually gained control of the island and was able to restore order

LatinLatinAmerican American

StatesStatesAfter the After the RevolutioRevolutio

nsns

III. Independence III. Independence for Spanish & Portuguese for Spanish & Portuguese

Latin AmericaLatin America

A. By the mid-1820s, revolts create many newly-independent nations.$ Toussaint L’Ouveture – Haiti$ Bolívar, San Martín, & O’Higgins

in: Paraguay, Argentina, Chile, Uruguay, Peru, Bolivia, the United Provinces of Central America, and Gran Columbia!

No Unity!No Unity!

Failure of Bolivar’s dream for a united South America:$ Many newly independent countries

struggle with civil wars. By 1830s, geographic factors plus

cultural differences defeated attempts at unification.

Independence Brought Independence Brought More PovertyMore Poverty

The wars disrupted trade.

The wars devastated the cities and the countryside.

• A study of the revolutions in Latin America in the 19th century would show that

(1) religion was a major cause of the conflicts(2) Spanish-born peninsulares led most of

the Latin American uprisings(3) nationalism had little influence on the

outcome(4) events in North America and Europe

influenced Latin Americans

• Which statement best describes the concept of mercantilism?

(1) Universal suffrage leads to educated citizens.(2) Controlling trade is a key to increasing power.(3) Only the fittest deserve to survive.(4) Strict social control prevents revolutions.

“. . . Give Venezuela such an executive power in the person of a president chosen by the people or their representatives, and you will have taken a great step toward national happiness. No matter what citizen occupies this office, he will be aided by the Constitution, and therein being authorized to do good, he can do no harm, because his ministers will cooperate with him only insofar as he abides by the law. If he attempts to infringe upon the law, his own ministers will desert him, thereby isolating him from the Republic, and they will even bring charges against him in the Senate. The ministers, being responsible for any transgressions committed, will actually govern, since they must account for their actions. . . .”

— Simón Bolívar, 1819In this passage, which type of government is Simón

Bolívar proposing for Venezuela?(1) theocracy (2) democracy (3) monarchy (4) dictatorship