types of work (seated and standing)

8/11/2019 types of work (Seated and Standing)

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Colegio de San Juan de Letran Calamba

School of EngineeringIndustrial Engineering Department

Research StudyErgonomics Laboratory

1. Seated repetitive work with light parts2. Seated work with larger parts

3. Seated control work

4. Standing work

5. Standing for heavy lifting and/or carrying work in one

place or in motion

6. Work with hands above chest height

7. Work with hand tools

Submitted by Group no. 7

MANALO, MARIA ISABEL E.

RIVERA, RACHEL ANN G.

SANTOS, JOMAR R.

Submitted to:Engr. Ma. Cecilia L. Capistrano, PIEDate Submitted: January 22, 2014


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Seated Repetitive Work with Light-Weight Parts

This type of work can produce more physical stress than you may suspect. Back, neck,shoulder, and lower leg pain are commonly associated with this type of work. Some ofthe problems associated with seated repetitive work are the result of the nature of the

job. The fixed work position and repetitive motion can contribute to ergonomic problems.To solve these problems, it may be necessary to modify both the job and theworkstation. Improvement strategies include the following:

Include other work tasks to break the monotony of repetition. Use job rotation, with workers rotating from one or more different jobs. Adjust the height of the work surface and/orposition. Use an adjustable chair equipped with hand, wrist, or arm supports as appropriate. Make sure that there is sufficient legroom (height, width, and depth). Use ergonomic devices to adjust the height and angle of work.


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Seated Work with Larger Parts

This type of work, which involves interacting with objects that may be too large tomanipulate manually, is associated with assembly and welding jobs. Problemsassociated with this type of work are typically related to posture, illumination, reach, and

lifting. Ergonomic strategies for improving work conditions include the following:

Use technology to lift and position the work for easy access that does not requirebending, twisting, and reaching.

Use supplemental lighting at the worksite.

Use adjustable chairs and work surfaces as appropriate.

Seated Control Work

This type of work involves sitting in one location and using wheels, levers, knobs,handles, and buttons to control a process, system, or piece of equipment. The physicalstress associated with seated control work is typically the result of excessive vibration orbending and twisting to achieve better visibility.


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Adjust the angle of work to reduce stress

Ergonomic strategies for improving work conditions include:

Use an adjustable swivel chair with inflatable back and seat support. Keep both feet on the floor. Provide comfortable and convenient locations for control devices. Sit with a straight back and shift positions frequently. Use control devices that meet two standards: finger control systems that do not requiremore than five newtons (1.1 pounds); hand levers that do not exceed 20 newtons (4.5pounds). Position the control seat so that a clear line of sight exists between the work and theperson controlling it. Get up and walk around on a regular basis. Provide a ladder if the workstation is more than 14 inches above ground.

Bad Design Good Design Good Design


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Use adjustable work surfaces to reduce

stress.

Standing Work

Standing work can be categorised based on leg

movements such as dynamic activity (with leg movements), static activity (with less or

no leg movements), and a combination of dynamic and static actions.

This category includes most jobs that are performed while standing. Such jobs do notinvolve a great deal of repetitive motion but do involve handling medium to heavymaterials.

An example is a machine operators job (lathe, mill, drill, punch, saw, and so on).Physical stress associated with this type of work includes leg, arm, and back strains.Occasionally, side strains occur when bending and twisting are necessary.Ergonomic strategies for improving work conditions include the following: Use adjustable machines and work surfaces to ensure the optimum height andposition. When the machine height cannot be adjusted, portable platforms can serve thesame purpose. When purchasing new machines, make sure there is a recess at the bottom for feet. This will allow the operator to stand close to the machine without having to bend over.

Also, look for machines that have easily accessible controls that fall within a comfortablereach zone for operators. Provide ample free space around machines for moving material in and out and to allowfor ease of movement in servicing machines.


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Examples of standing workstations are:

Assembly tasks such as medium or heavy work.

Packing tasks such as grocery, warehouse work.

Molding tasks such as feeding or receiving materials.

Photocopy work. Kitchen tasks such as washing utensils, meal preparation and cooking.

Some types of standing work are not

considered as standing workstations

because the employees do not have

a fixed workstation and their activities

involve dynamic legwork and they

move around in the workplace.

Examples of work that are not

considered as standing workstations

are:

Construction work such as wall

painting, brick laying, erecting

scaffolds.

Policeman controlling traffic at

a road junction.

Oil rig work.

Baggage handlers at the

airports.

Good Design


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Standing for heavy lifting and/or carrying work in one place or in motion

This type of work involves heavy lifting and moving material while standing. Lifting and

moving may be a relatively small part of the job but are required somewhat regularly.The physical stress most commonly associated with this type of work is back andmuscle strains resulting from improper lifting. Falls can also be a problem. Ergonomicstrategies for improving work conditions include the following: Eliminate manual lifting to the extent possible using various lifting and hoistingtechnologies. Where manual lifting is necessary, train workers in proper lifting techniques. Provide sufficient room around all objects to allow lifting without twisting. Supply the appropriate personal protection equipment such as sure-grip shoes andgloves. Keep floors around materials to be lifted clean and dry to prevent slips.

Do not allow manual carrying of heavy objects upstairs. Stairs increase the physicalstress of carrying and, in turn, the potential for injury.

Work with Hands above Chest Height

This type of work can be done in either a standing or sitting position. It may or may notinvolve material handling. Physical stress associated with this type of work includesneck, upper body, and heart strain. Of these, the most potentially dangerous is heartstrain. Prolonged work with the arms above the shoulder level requires the heart to workharder to pump blood to the elevated areas. Ergonomic strategies for improving workconditions include:

Eliminate manual lifting to the extent possible by raising the work floor using liftsand various other technologies.

Use extension arms or poles when the work floor cannot be raised. When purchasing new machines, look for machines with controls that are easily

accessible below the horizontal plane of a workers shoulders.


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Work with Hand Tools

All the types of work presented in this section may involve the use of hand tools to someextent. However, because hand tools introduce a variety of potential hazards that areindigenous to their use, they are best examined as a separate work type. Physicalstress associated most commonly with the use of hand tools includes carpal tunnelsyndrome (CTS) and muscle strains of the lower arm, hands, and wrist. Ergonomicstrategies for improving the work conditions focus primarily on improving hand positionsduring the use of tools, enhancing the workers grip on tools, and minimizing the amountof twisting involved. Following are some of these strategies:

Select tools that are designed to keep hands in the rest position (palm down,gently curved, thumb outstretched, and knuckle of the index finger higher thanthat of the little finger).

Reduce stress on the hand by selecting tools that have thick, rather than thin,handles (a good range for the diameter is 0.8 to 1.2 inches).

Select tools that have enhanced gripping surfaces on handles such as knurling,

filing, or other enhancements. To the extent possible, eliminate twisting by selecting tools designed so that the

direction of movement or function is the same as the direction in which force isapplied or by using technology (for example, power screwdriver).

For tools that do not involve twisting, select handles that have an oval-shapedcross section.

Select tools with handles made of hard, nonpermeable materials that will notabsorb toxic liquids that could beharmful to the skin.

Do not use tools with spaces that can

catch fi ngers or f lesh.


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Machine Controls

Control switches, levers, and knobs also need to be designed with the worker and thetask in mind. Here are some guidelines for the design of controls:

Control switches, levers and knobs should be within easy reach of the machineoperator from a normal standing or sitting position. This is particularly importantfor frequently used controls.

Select controls that are appropriate for the job task. For example, choose handcontrols for precision of high-speed operation and foot controls, such as pedals,for operations that require more force. Two or more pedals should not be usedper operator.

Design or redesign controls for two-handed operation. Triggers should be operated by several fingers, not just one. It is important to show a clear distinction between emergency controls and those

which are used in normal operations. Such distinctions can be marked by

physical separation, colour coding, clear labelling or machine guarding. Design controls to prevent accidental activation. This can be done by proper

spacing, adequate resistance, recesses or shields. It is important that operating procedures for controls are easy to understand

using common sense. Common sense reactions may differ among countries andthese differences should be taken into consideration, especially with importedequipment.

types of work (seated and standing)

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