two states of matter they didn’t teach you about in school… until now!
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Two states of matter they didn’t teach you about in school… Until Now!. Plasma. Bose-Einstein Condensate. We all know about:. SOLIDS. LIQUIDS. GASES. Lower Temperature. Higher Temperature. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Two states of matter they didn’t teach you about in
school…Until Now!
Plasma
Bose-EinsteinCondensate
We all know about:LIQUIDSSOLIDS GASES
Higher Temperature
Lower Temperature
But what happens if you raise the temperature to super-high levels…
between 1000°C and 1,000,000,000°C ?
Will everything just be a gas?
NO!If the gas is made up of particles which carry
an electric charge (“ionized particles”), but the entire gas as a whole has no electric charge, and if the density is not too high, then we can get
The 4th state of matter:
PLASMA
Some places where plasmas are found…
1. Flames
2. Lightning
3. Aurora (Northern Lights)
4. Neon lights
5. Stars
Stars make up 99% of the total matter in the Universe.
Therefore, 99% of everything that exists in the entire Universe is in the plasma state.
The Sun is an example of a star in its plasma state
6
6. Clouds of gas and dust around stars
So now we know all about four states of matter:
LIQUIDSSOLIDS GASES
Higher Temperature
Lower Temperature
PLASMAS
(only for low density ionized
gases)
But now what happens if you lower the temperature way, way, down to
100 nano degrees above “Absolute Zero” (-273°C)
Will everything just be a
frozen solid?
Not Necessarily!In 1924 (82 years ago), two scientists, Albert
Einstein and Satyendra Bose predicted a 5th state of matter which would occur at very very low temperatures.
Einstein Bose
+
The 5th state of matter: Bose-Einstein Condensate
Finally, in 1995 (only 11 years ago!), Wolfgang Ketterle and his team of graduate students (like me) discovered the 5th state of matter for the first time. Ketterle and his
students
In a Bose-Einstein condensate, atoms can no longer bounce around as
individuals.
Instead they must all act in exactly the same way, and you can no longer tell
them apart!
Here is a picture a computer took ofBose-Einstein Condensation The big peak
happens when all the atoms act exactly the same way!(We can’t see Bose-Einstein condensation with our eyes because the atoms are too small)
Some other computer images of Bose-Einstein Condensates…
To really understand Bose-Einstein
condensate you need to know
Quantum Physics
In 2002, Ketterle and two other scientists received the highest award in science for
discovering Bose-Einstein condensate:
The Nobel Prize
The five states of matter:
LIQUIDSSOLIDS GASES
Higher Temperature
Lower Temperature
PLASMAS
(only for low density ionized gases)
BOSE-EINSTEIN
CONDENSATE