twitter as a data source for (socio)linguistic research
DESCRIPTION
Talk on the potentials of Twitter data for linguistic research held at the Freiburg Institute for Advanced Study (FRIAS) on invitation from Christian Mair. Thanks for having me!TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Twitter as a data source for (socio)linguistic research](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051411/54787a925906b5aa318b47a1/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Twitter as a data source for (socio)linguistic research
Cornelius PuschmannBerlin School of Library and Information Science /
Humboldt Institute for Internet and Society
Universität Freiburg, 29. November
![Page 2: Twitter as a data source for (socio)linguistic research](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051411/54787a925906b5aa318b47a1/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
2. A very brief introduction to Twitter
1. Framing the issue: Big Data in the Humanities and Social Sciences
3. Technical requirements
4. Legal and ethical issues
5. Sample data: a corpus of Nigerian pidgin
This talk
![Page 3: Twitter as a data source for (socio)linguistic research](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051411/54787a925906b5aa318b47a1/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
"Big Data"
The proliferation of social media makes large volumes of data available to researchers, leading to new approaches:
• digital methods (Rogers, 2009)
• cultural analytics (Manovich, 2007)
• computational social science (Lazer et al, 2009)
![Page 4: Twitter as a data source for (socio)linguistic research](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051411/54787a925906b5aa318b47a1/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Examples of "Big Data"-style research
• artistic trends in online art communities (Manovich, 2011)
• cooperation and collaboration in Wikipedia edit wars (Yasseri, 2012)
• tracing the geographical spread of neologisms via Twitter (Eisenstein et al, 2012; 44 mio tweets, 500k users)
![Page 5: Twitter as a data source for (socio)linguistic research](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051411/54787a925906b5aa318b47a1/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
![Page 6: Twitter as a data source for (socio)linguistic research](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051411/54787a925906b5aa318b47a1/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
![Page 7: Twitter as a data source for (socio)linguistic research](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051411/54787a925906b5aa318b47a1/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Features of Twitter
• messages restricted to 140 characters
• semi-synchronous
• mostly public
• content presented as stream
• used to spread news, have (semi-)public conversations
• native features: retweeting, hashtags, @ messages, picture linking
![Page 8: Twitter as a data source for (socio)linguistic research](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051411/54787a925906b5aa318b47a1/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Application Programming Interface (API)
HTTP request
return all data from a given user/hashtag/geolocation/...
Data*
Extracting Twitter data
![Page 9: Twitter as a data source for (socio)linguistic research](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051411/54787a925906b5aa318b47a1/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
![Page 10: Twitter as a data source for (socio)linguistic research](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051411/54787a925906b5aa318b47a1/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Software
Collection:
• The Archivist (Windows desktop software)
• yourTwapperKeeper (webserver required)
• 140kit.com (web-based plaform for researchers)
Analysis:
• Excel, Open Office Calc, SPSS, R, Google Docs..
Visualization:
• (Excel, OO Calc, R), Gephi, NodeXL
![Page 11: Twitter as a data source for (socio)linguistic research](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051411/54787a925906b5aa318b47a1/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Legal and ethics issues
• Consider ethical issues when collecting(cf. AoIR Ethics Guidelines)
• Anonymize all data(cf. European Data Protection Directive)
• Don‘t share raw data(cf. Twitter Terms of Service)
• Publish only excerpts/summary statistics
![Page 12: Twitter as a data source for (socio)linguistic research](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051411/54787a925906b5aa318b47a1/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Example: A Twitter corpus of Nigerian pidgin
• collected data since August 17th
• used tweets from and to three users based in Abuja, Nigeria
• 8,151 tweets from 357 different users
• corpus contains both language data and social graph
![Page 13: Twitter as a data source for (socio)linguistic research](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051411/54787a925906b5aa318b47a1/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
wiztalib@USER: @wiztalib lolz,make I do leave dat town jor..BM no dey exist again u think so,I miss oooooRT @USER: Som pple ask me, whr av bin l8ly, de tot I fell off, nobody can save me, de playn in d backgrnd, I don't backdwn, so dnt ...
albertteslim@USER d same tin we'v bin hearin...'xamz till further notice'...@USER mai fada nd mai moda
lil_tenucheLMFAO @USER: @lil_tenuche I wan enter keffi 2day sef... I wan write my exams dia since unibuja dey dull meRT @USER: Retweet If you are proud of ur language ☺
Sample tweets
![Page 14: Twitter as a data source for (socio)linguistic research](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051411/54787a925906b5aa318b47a1/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
@USER guy u be fool o.dey use my acct tweet rubish ba....ur brain dy shake abi@USER: @USER abi,hw is lifefyn sweet ow jtownAbi@USER: Wish her well bruv....RT @USER: A wish?@USER: Watch out ppl! Goin to be performing wit Wizzy tonyt :DIf you don't know won't you shut up?abi are u a learner@USER loool....abi, when u dey commot that side?U wey knw@USER: Hmmmm!!! D usual abi?@USER: This night.....Lol...abi@USER: Take cover!! RT @USER: Watchu gon' do when shit hits the fan?Lol...just missing u@USER: *raised eyebrow* kabir?? One can now follow twice? Abi what? RT @USER: @USER pls ff bck dear :DI wish o@USER: Kissed u n neva called?@USER: Do u knw wat he did?@USER: Abi...@USER: Oya frgive jorAbi...@USER: Oya frgive jor@USER: @USER I'm really angryLol...abi@USER: Na Ideba tinz oh@USER: Ileya ti ya oLol abi@USER: A 100% is much,at least 50% will do.@USER: Never trust a human being 100%Hmmm okies@USER: Not really @USER: I see u've joined #TeamNoSleep abi @USERI see u've joined #TeamNoSleep abi @USERLoool@USER: Tweetpic my boobs abi? U wee tey for thereAbi@USER: 3 jst in one nyte. Wow dats splendid.RT @USER: @USER yaaaaaaaay...pls ff @USER ...she's our bday mateAbi...@USER: @USER saying nothing, and wishing you had?Abi@USER: I can't dull myslf gaskiyaHmmm dats true o! Lemme see ur hand sef@USER: @USER lol...why dnt u believe me, abi u see ring 4 my hand?Yes o! :D@USER: U abi?@USER: Okene ben 10@USER: @USER abi,hw is lifefyn sweet ow jtown@USER abi,hw is lifeAbi..RT @USER: @USER its dirty!!!U ̶̲̥̅̊ dnt knw abi RT @USER: @USER but y?
Sample tweets (with abi)
![Page 15: Twitter as a data source for (socio)linguistic research](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051411/54787a925906b5aa318b47a1/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
ELELBKDELEW\,VODPLF7KLQNLQJ
ODKBEHHE
EHQM\UXOH]�,FH4XHHQ�SULQFHVVQKDMDO
\KZL]WDOLEFRRO
P]HHBPXQD
DWZL]WDOLEODKBEHHE�]RQH�
/2/�MD7ZHHWV
NDLBBZDPVPRQH\
RSV\VZHHW
KDVVDQDEGXO�52&ERLBVDLGVR
/DXJKERRN
4XLUN\4XRWH
FKHHN\WR
OLOBWHQXFKH
/0)$26WHIDQB��$ILDB-U
$PHQZL]WDOLE
7HHB6WHYHPLVBDYL
%$*%2,SURPR
DEPDOHHTB�JXG
VLUBGHHTXH%DUFOD\V/HDJXH
,WV)XQQ\/LIH
PX]\�O\I
RPRMXZD
IDOHHHODD
(PDQXHOOVRQ
VLORDPBVFKRRO
IZUHVKSZULQFH
UXWKOHVVKDQV0]BDWLPDK
0DNH8V'UHDP�OXNV\����&HVDUB*.)5SULQFHVVUXNN\
GLQVWRWV
LEURVSHFLDO��
ZL]:DOH
DOEHUWWHVOLP
EXEHUXOHV
PRGDULXV�
5XWK.DND�
EDFN�ULFN\UR]D\
PVFKHHZZZZ ZL]WDOLEMXGLWKEIO\ZL]WDOLEPLVV
%HOWUDQV0ROH��
�&RPSDUH$)ROORZHU7R$)RRWEDOOHUZL]WDOLE
6%&B&KHGGDK
\XNKDQGK\
YL]]OH�VXUH
5D\0KHGRSHBPRL
ILUHORUGQHGXP
DEGXOUDKLP���W2BB2Q\
6WHIDQB��GBFKLHIZLS
JSJSHDFKEHHQZL]WDOLE
IDWHHDEX0KL]B]HH
/DG\/HE]
7DUEHHWDBWREDGW0,66B$%80867<
<DUQHOONOWWF
H//FO\GHZL]WDOLE,GDKZL]WDOLEQRWWQ
ZL]WDOLEYDQPDFLYHU
&KDSS\��WK
HPWHH���
HWHMLOHKDVDO���0DOLNDWB6DED��/XSH)LDVFREDUND
VDOODKODKBEHHE
DOEHUWWHVOLPVDPH
EHHOHHNLVV\RX
FRROW\IDKGLQRBPHOD\H
0VVB5HHGDK
NDII\N��KDOLPDEXEDNDU
P]HHBPXQDQ
NHP]HHBPXQD
\LQNDRZROHZD
0DUWBED\.DELUX6KXDLEX�
OHDUQHUDOEHUWWHVOLP
(EXND
'DPQORO0]%UDZQ
KWWS��WFR�D\.6N)I.*ED*DXQ'HWH&WRU
7KH<DKRR)DFWV
ULFN\UR]D\
SHHSVPX]\�O\I
2OLYHOHHPDK
QDXZL]WDOLEJRRRRRRRRRRQVVVVVZKDWV�LOH\2J
$ULHV:H$UH%HVWRI$ULHV
DQLOLFLRX[[
*,YHUVRQL�
SDUW�OLOBWHQXFKH
LBDPBZL]WDOLE/\QDWBO\QDW
0]4XHHQHWK
KDVV\BOL\X
7KDWV$&UD]\/LIH
VHFUHW]PHH
HPDBEHOO]
;6752/2*<
D[LDOOBPLL
7ZLW\WZLUD
1DQD-XOLHWWH
QHYHUNQRZQIDFWV
RRRROLOBWHQXFKH
SKDHH[DK
LDP$27((
7KXQGDKDUW
QHZVFLHQWLVW
IO\ERLBPR
57GDUHDOBLE
PLPLOLYHV��
/DXJKRU<DZQ
LSKLHWHDQHU
6XQQL'D]H���
L6H[VWURORJ\
UHNZRQXXUPRQHLBLVPLQH
WRSJHH���
QLNV\H�QGH
\RXQLTXH���
ODIIRU\DZQF\PHOHY�
$QLEDVD(
3ZHHW\VPLOHV
187(00<
JHH\QDD��
'DW6ZLW*XUO
PDU\DPDUPL\DX
WKLQQ\NHDP
EDUELHFUD\VKL]O$PDB6WXQQHU
6DQQD0DOLNN
)XQWRSHSSD
PLPLOLYHV
(KBVDL
PHHQH[FUX]��
PDVWDOLOBWHQXFKH
OLOBWHQ
SLQN\BNXOX
HULJJDQHZPRQH\
0]BSRUWD\EOH
0]B&URQLF
$VWUR.KHOV
;HH]DBOXY
GDFXWH�
7XSDF/\ULFV
7KHVH'DPQ4XRWH
PLVVLQJODKBEHHE
SZHHW\BHERQ\B
NH]LB���
$NSRV7KH&RPHGLD
$ULHVB'UHDPV
+RQH\B1XXXXWERRNRIUHWZHHWV
0LVVB7LQX
'DLO\/RYH6FRSHV
$ULHV&RUQHU
/HPPH3XOO<D+DLUJROGHQZXUD
.OLQW7KH'UXQN
3LND�6KRH=
1RQQ\'DQLHO]
QLJJLVIO\ERLBPR
7KH5HDOB*RRGDV]
7KH)LUH6LJQV
PVBSHHHR\L]D���
WRPJXQQHU��
BFUHDP]IXQQ\SDJH
&RGHG&RGH]
0]BNLSLQFKL
YDWBVNLQQ\BFKLF
,B*2B'<(
HOKDUVK
2UDQXP����
EDEPDOHHTB�JXG
VDOODKOXNV\���� 2]R�1DLMD
GUBNKDOLG]
/LPDQLWDBB
OLOBWHQXFKHOXNV\����
7KNHUQ\%HOVLDP
8NDVKPRQH\$ODULZR$IULFD
FKL]ULFNV
ODZDOMDPLOD $OO$ERXW$ULHV
=RGLDF3RVWV
NSHVN\ERL
3ZHHW\BSKZHVK
/DB+RWBFUHDP
JX\OXNV\����
3+$50$&<���
&+(:B$<(B6((
UXSS\UDVK&RPHG\7UXWK
0DULDP$ERNR
OHSDWRKEDKG
$ULHV'DLO\6FRSH
6LJQRV$ULHV
3HUGHU0L$PRU
0LQPLH���
=RGLDF=RQH 0DNH0H%LWH0\/LS%DKMDORYHV[R
VLOYHUQRQIHURXV
WROXVD\R
6XPHHHH\
MRML[[[
$EXMDB)DFWV
DJDLQLBDPBZL]WDOLE
&HFLOBEHH
0LVV-$*
WHDPOLOBWHQXFKH
'UDNHHB<0&0%&\UXV$552:*$1*
/ZNPGDOEHUWWHVOLPNZLQQHWK�
(OOD-RKQVRQ�
VFDUIDFHBKDZWLH ,VODP$QG/LIH
WRQ\HZLOODPV
/LN0HOLNH$EOXQW
FODLUHGLNH
QH\H��
SU�ZWLBIOLQ]
,0622B683(5%
IDWLPDKDD
FUHPHSLQN\B[[8.:HHG7ZHHWV
81&/(58&.86B%'
HQQL](B2IDELHFODLUH
GWZLVWHGPH
PV3XUH*ROG
NLGDZKL]]��-RQ&KXPD
HQQLHRODXSOHYHOB����
VNDJEDOD\D
VNDJEDOD\DVPK
VSDUNOLQJWL
7ZDLFHH��
0LFN\VPDOO]
8QLODJB/DVWPD
4XRWLQJ-RNHV'�DUZLLHH
HVWHOOHWRKEHKG
MLPED\ED\
7KXJ3LFNOHV
'UHDOIHOL[
(QLWDQ����
YLDQFDQG\
ZDNDQ2BRFD
*UDQGDG-)UHHPDQ
0]BNU\VWOHR
RGDORSHWHU
0]BNU\VWOH
)DFWV)RU*LU,V
,DPIUHH]EOLQNV
$JRGVRQ�
)/((&(%221'2&.6
+H\,WVBL%UHH]H
0VB&DUWHU,9
0XPX)DFWV
0HHN0LOO
ODB+RWBFUHDP
,WV-XVWB1D\
HUHZL]WDOLEVH[\SZHHW\
PFNHQEHUU\
QDZL]WDOLE
)DFWV1LJHULDQ
FKHUU\OXY]ELHE]
,B/89B,6/$0
+LV%UDYHKHDUWLBJRBNUD]LH
5X1LBDPBZL]WDOLE
0VFKHZZZPVBHJRR
VHULRXVPVBHJRR
PRQGD\KHKHKHKHOLOBWHQXFKH
7UH\6RQJ]
'UDNH
6KDUHOXNV\����
LW'OLOBWHQXFKHWKLHIOXNV\����
'OXNV\���� SLQNHW�
7KH7XPEOU3RVWV
/0)$2DEPDOHHTB�JXGDOLYHDEPDOHHTB�JXG
.HHSQ,W5HDONHVK
)LQHVVLQB2Q*R
0HRYR[R���
QZSLQNLFHBMRVV\
'DPQWLQ\BFKHHN\
EHFN\BULFK
ERVVEHQM\UXOH]
PDEHQ]�
,WWVB/DVWKRRG
VH[\BW
PH0]BFROGIHHW
PLG�SRRSOXNV\����
SUHHW\EDPWLPHSUHHW\EDP
PXVLFVOHHNBGLYD
0]BPLGH
57OLOBWHQXFKH
LPDJLQH0]BPLGH
VKLIWSLQNLFHBMRVV\
EHOOHSLQNLFHBMRVV\
NH0]BNLSLQFKL
ENKHKHKHKHOLOBWHQXFKH
ROXNV\����
6HQVHLKDIDDOEHUWWHVOLP/(((.(((6
LJHWODXJK
WKU/LPDQLWDBB
)LOWJHUDOG
$ELUXWKOHVVKDQV
ZLVK/LPDQLWDBB S/LPDQLWDBB0L[[B0LVWLTXHR/LPDQLWDBB
$UFJRRODQHHELOOBW\P��KDVVDQIDULG�
ZLO]DK
'VDPFKDE]]
VDPFKDE]]
<HDK$0(1DOLY\DK
DOLY\DK
:DVKHUHB+LJKB2QHB
B+LJKB2QHB
LWB+LJKB2QHBPHKQLBDPBZL]WDOLE
KDSSHQLQJB+LJKB2QHBERG\LBDPBZL]WDOLE
/ROIO\ERLBPR
\HWIO\ERLBPR
ZD\IO\ERLBPR
VXFUHZK\WH�
%XUEHUU\B'XGH
VLUH-$<B67,.=
DJDLQIO\ERLBPR
9HFWRU<6*
EDXJRSLWWD
$PHQ/\QDWBO\QDW
TXHHQHVD�
XJRSLWWD
%UZQ%DUE]TORYH���
NQRZIZUHVKSZULQFH%ORZMREOLOBWHQXFKH
X&XWHFKLFN�X
.XVK10XVLFV%HVWRI/LEUD
&KRLOPIDRVLQ]XEDE\
+PPPPVH[\BW
ZD\0L]BFKXFKX
R0VBWHHGROO 0L]BFKXFKX
<HVVVOLOBWHQXFKH0DVVDJH0L]BFKXFKX
%HOODKBNUDLQ
ȍOLOBWHQXFKH
'DPQ'DUKBPHH
�IDFWOLOBWHQXFKH
-HVXV'DUKBPHH
EUXY,WWVB/DVWKRRG
/ROVVFU[
3UR0HWK���
<HVVLUGRSHBPRL
���JWJWOLOBWHQXFKH
,P7UDF\0RUJDQ
<HVVLU%LJVWDQ/H\�
HQ\RPL
0]BFROGIHHW
PDUYLQ[QRHO
GHDU0VBWHHGROO
SULQFHVVVVXS0VBWHHGROO
OLOBWHQXFKH/RO0VBWHHGROO
QDDOLY\DK
PDVVDJHDOLY\DK
XKPHHH
QDXKPHHH
$[HXUGDGG\
XKPHHH
�WUXHVWRU\VHZHOLFLRXV
PRBGROO
WKHPLBDPBZL]WDOLE
JRȢʄȢODKBEHHE
IHDUVHZHOLFLRXV
PRQH\GRSHBPRL8ZHOFRPHDOLY\DK
DOLY\DKP
MHOOVRUDQGRP
0HQ+XPRU
<HDKKKKK$VWUR.KHOV
/ROB+LJKB2QHB�7BPRQDH\
278+OXNV\����
7BPRQDH\
VFKIZUHVKSZULQFH
QRVHHQQ�PDROLOBWHQXFKH
)ZUHVKIZUHVKSZULQFH
/0)$2UXWKOHVVKDQV/0)$2OXNV\����
HYHU\GD\OXNV\����
/ROUXWKOHVVKDQV
([]DYLD55
VKH\ OLOBWHQXFKHHKQ([]DYLD55
LIHBB
UDDPLOV
'/LVQLH\
GRQW0]BPLGH
OROOLOBWHQXFKH
MDUH0]BNLSLQFKL
WRROLOBWHQXFKHX0]BNLSLQFKL:RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR:OLOBWHQXFKH
0VBWHHGROO
*UDYBQDWLRQ��
GDQJHURXVEULL[[
LDPBEROD
FFP]HHBPXQD
WDNHKDZWBP]EHUU\
KDZWBP]EHUU\
VHZHOLFLRXV
PLONORO]OLOBWHQXFKH
4XHVWLRQHUU
MRLQW4XHVWLRQHUU
'4XHVWLRQHUU
R2]R�1DLMD
GHP0]BSRUWD\EOH
KDSSHQ2]R�1DLMD
2II4XHVWLRQHUU
'UDPD4XHVWLRQHUU
<HVYHU\4XHVWLRQHUU
+PPP0VBWHHGROO
FF/LPDQLWDBB
WU\LQJ4XHVWLRQHUU
1LJKW4XHVWLRQHUU
SZHHW\BPXQD��NQZEHQM\UXOH]
GHDUDQLOLFLRX[[
)LQDOO\GDLO\BWUXVW
NDQ\LQVRODJLUO
HEE\BRQZH
X0L]BFKXFKX
'DPQ0L]BFKXFKXGLVWDQFH0VBWHHGROO
WU\Q0VBWHHGROO
LW0VBWHHGROO
PDPVBHJRR
EUXY2]R�1DLMD
GHDUUXWKOHVVKDQV
GHDUHQ\RPL
OXYDQLOLFLRX[[PL]B)DQW$BVHD
$\GL]]\/0)$2/LPDQLWDBB
/RO/LPDQLWDBB
FKDLQV\XNKDQGK\
XUVSULQFHVVQKDMDO
Q\WOLOBWHQXFKH
DPDOEHUWWHVOLP
SDVVDOEHUWWHVOLP
UHDOSLQN\BNXOX
'EHQM\UXOH]KDQGOH2B2%LUGLH2B2%LUGLH
DELOLOBWHQXFKH 6H[)DFWV2I/LIH
0]BNLSLQFKL
WKU)LOWJHUDOG
/ROWDUDSDWURQD
EODFKHL
'0VB'ROFKH
%XVVLHEHHH
WDUDSDWURQD
/LNHKDZWBP]EHUU\
EFN0]BSRUWD\EOH
6PRNH\)UP)ULGD\
DPVDPFKDE]]
IDDEPDOHHTB�JXG
DVWHUL[�SP
9LYB��
WLQ\BFKHHN\
GDWVEREE\�MDSRHW
RP]KDSSXFK
0]%UDZQ
'DPQ0]BNLSLQFKLDXWRFRUUHFWVUHVSRQVLEOHDOEHUWWHVOLP
�VWDQO\
NR/$<G]
PHKQ$VWUR.KHOV
RVKRVVV
.SLQNHW�ZDW$VWUR.KHOV
'DPQSLQNHW�
SUR3UR0HWK���+H\7KHUH'-
KHOSSULQFHVVQKDMDO
'WLQ\BFKHHN\
QLJJD\XNKDQGK\
,WV5HWDUGHG0XP
/ROPGWRSV
REHQM\UXOH]
LBDPBZL]WDOLEOXNV\����
QZPGWRSV
RYR[R���
*ZDJ]B)DFWV
RWKHURYR[R���
'RYR[R���
�VDOXWH$VWUR.KHOV
,76.81/(
/R5'B$UV(Q25XGHIDEV
L+DWHB'RP
UHDOO\ZLQGVZHSWKHDG
ȍL+DWHB'RP
VVFU[
MRUKDVV\BOL\X
XOLOBWHQXFKH
$ZZZZ/LVQLH\
KXQJU\KDVV\BOL\X
0VFKHZZ$VWUR.KHOV
ZLQGVZHSWKHDG
ZKDWVDSSVVFU[
OLVWEXEHUXOHV
/ROIZUHVKSZULQFH
JRRGXSULQFHVVQKDMDO
UXOLOBWHQXFKH
GHDUSULQFHVVQKDMDO
ɻRPRMXZD$UDDEPRRQH\
���GJUHDW&OXWFKLH1*
FUD\IO\ERLBPR
WKDW0]BNLSLQFKL
/0)$22]R�1DLMD
/RODELVDPFKDE]]0,$LBDPBZL]WDOLESSOHLBDPBZL]WDOLE
DOEHUWWHVOLPODKBEHHE
,BDPB0]B)ODLUORQHO\TXDFN
L%OHHGBB3LQN
SL%OHHGBB3LQN
/RRROL%OHHGBB3LQN
0GQHOO\
FRYHUDJH{{��������������ȒVRIVRF����\DKRRFRP
7HDP6DGLHH
MRU2]R�1DLMDOLWHSLQNHW�
EHOOHSLQNHW�
PVVBSLQNLHH\
7KLHISULQFHVVQKDMDO
:KDW7KH))DFWV
PXIWLPHQN
+HKHKHDOEHUWWHVOLPXODKBEHHE
.RUUHFWREHQM\UXOH]/RO]OLOBWHQXFKH
%DVNHW0RXWKB
/RODEPDOHHTB�JXG
H[LVW$EXMDB)DFWV
EXNREV
7LWOHGOXNV\����
RZLO]DK
RPL]B)DQW$BVHD
6ZHHHHHHHHWXUVPL]B)DQW$BVHD
WZHHWLHPL]B)DQW$BVHD
MRUPL]B)DQW$BVHD SSOHOXNV\����
VLUDOEHUWWHVOLP
QDDOEHUWWHVOLP
HQGDOEHUWWHVOLP
RDOEHUWWHVOLP
WKR\XNKDQGK\
VR\XNKDQGK\
'/LPDQLWDBB
DJDLQ0L]BFKXFKX
FDQH OLOBWHQXFKH*RRJOH0L]BFKXFKX
X\XNKDQGK\
.DOEHUWWHVOLP
XDOEHUWWHVOLP
'0L]BFKXFKX
XKPPOLOBWHQXFKHQZ0L]BFKXFKX
R0L]BFKXFKX
WKLV0L]BFKXFKX
KRPH
ERVV)LOWJHUDOGRFFXSDWLRQFFOXNV\����
PXDKKKKKP]HHBPXQD
$PHQVVFU[
'P]HHBPXQD
$\RROD\RXQJ
VHI$NSRV7KH&RPHGLD
<HVVLULBDPBZL]WDOLE
MDUH/LVQLH\
DI/LVQLH\/LVQLH\
/RROIZUHVKSZULQFH
ULFHIZUHVKSZULQFH
'DPQIZUHVKSZULQFH&RNH/LVQLH\
VROXWLRQVXKPHHH
�JEDPLDPBEROD
PRUQLQJ0]BPLGH
/RROOXNV\����
KXQWHOODJDGJHWV
<HS0]BNLSLQFKL
6HHQKXQWHOODJDGJHWV
0V'HHB$
:HLUGB*LGLERL
XQGHUVWDQGDEPDOHHTB�JXG
/RRROKDEDOXNV\����
HUD\WLH
GH\ODKBEHHE
DPODKBEHHE
KXQWHUOXNV\����
/0)$2ODKBEHHE
WLQVODKBEHHE
MRUODKBEHHEDJDLQXKPHHH
XXKPHHH
0XDKKKKKKEDUELHFUD\VKL]O
DZDNHPHGLBYD
/PIDROXNV\����
�ZRUGPVVBSLQNLHH\
EDMLGHDFH
RKKVQDSLWVNDLW
$PHQ0]BPLGH
NZDOLPDEHQ]�EUXYPDEHQ]�
'RQHPDEHQ]�
'OLOBWHQXFKH
MRU0]BPLGH
,WV5HDO3ULQFH
HKQPVFKHZ0LVB$KB/RZ
XPLHHPLPDPL
OLOBWHQXFKHZDVXS
���*UDQG]]
6DPLUD7KLQNV
'DUNVNLQ
PLHHPLPDPL
ZHHNHQGEDUELHFUD\VKL]O
/ROEDUELHFUD\VKL]O
/ROWUXH0L]BFKXFKX
1RSH)/((&(%221'2&.6
KHOODOXXWUDFHBXKPP\
6WDOHPD\WH
WUDFHBXKPP\
KHOSWLQ\BFKHHN\
DKNLORGH0]%UDZQ
VR)LOWJHUDOG
QD)LOWJHUDOG
X)LOWJHUDOG
<DDDD\IDKWHHPDK IDKWHHPDK
$ZZZ IDLQWV IDKWHHPDK
VZRUG IDKWHHPDK
+HKHKHKH0PHPVKLPD
0PHPVKLPDRVLUBGHHTXHH\H VLUBGHHTXH
JRLQJ0PHPVKLPD
DVKRHELDOEHUWWHVOLPUHTXLUHPHQWVIDKWHHPDK
PHIDKWHHPDK
HDWQOLOBWHQXFKH
EDOROLDPBEROD
*UDFHBB.LWW\
6PLOH6PLOH��
PRMLWRUR[
QD0(VLUBGHHTXH
%ODFNBB0RQURH
PHSZHHW\BPXQD��
JRQHSZHHW\BPXQD��
SDVV-DPVFRWWURF��
0KL]B]H
+2%VLUBGHHTXH
.XVK-RLQW
RIZUHVKSZULQFH
FRPHIZUHVKSZULQFH
DEGXOVZDJJVDLVKDVKDLEX
VRODBFUHDWLYHB2
PGWRSV
MRULBDPBZL]WDOLE
UHPL[�*�<ND\OLOBWHQXFKH
0DULHVDBH\HPXEDUDN5DPLH5DPODDK
\DIXQOLOBWHQXFKH\DIXQOXNV\����'%URZQ6XJDUU��
%URZQ6XJDUU��
RVDPFKDE]]XDOLQDW��
DOLQDW��
KDPLQDH
/DB+RWBFUHDP/\QDWBO\QDW
+DGLWKRIWKHGD\
<D*LUOOOOB%
VZHHWEDUELHFUD\VKL]O
:RU,G+XPRU
LDPBDQGU\EDQNVFXWHBVKDGG\
HP.XVK.LVVHVVV
VPRNLQJOXNV\����
0D%URZQ6XJDUU��
'FXWHBVKDGG\
W\W/DB+RWBFUHDP
KHDU7KH3OHWKRUD1HZV
+LODULRXVB,GLRW
FRQYREHQM\UXOH]/0)$20,1'%/2:O1*
ȍPMNFM
PH%URZQ6XJDUU��
PDWLOGD���
GLGWDUDSDWURQD
JXUO:HHG
:K\PHGLBYD
/RROIO\PXUIXFND
&KRLORRROHVTEHDWV
R'21-$==<
DPHWK\VWLWL
/RRRROLBDPBZL]WDOLE
*HQWOHORRN]
ER\OXNV\����GLHOXNV\����
JHWOXNV\����
/0)$2%UDXZQVXJDUB
UDP%UDXZQVXJDUB
RRROLOBWHQXFKH%UDXZQVXJDUB
WRZQ��X&DULVVD(PV9LGH
WKRWDUDSDWURQD
VDUFDVPVWZHHWVX/(((.(((6
QZ/(((.(((6
/RO6%&B&KHGGDK
NQZ6%&B&KHGGDK
MRUVLUBGHHTXH
RNODQGPX]\�O\I
$NLQIDODELB,%
ILJKWHUWDUDSDWURQD
5LRB2VK
PHDWOLOBWHQXFKH
QDOROLDPBEROD
PRUQLQJVLQ]XEDE\
+PPPEDUELHFUD\VKL]O,$PB$NLQ
VXUHDOEHUWWHVOLP
WKUDOEHUWWHVOLP
WUXWKPVVBSLQNLHH\
0UBSRSXODU
ȍ(URWLF6H[)DFWV
WROLOBWHQXFKH
R/DB+RWBFUHDP
R0]BPLGH
&<'0SZHHW\BPXQD��
XSZHHW\BPXQD��
/ROSZHHW\BPXQD��
0,B$EDJD
S0]BNLSLQFKL
0VFKHZZZZOLOBWHQXFKH
VKLIW0]BNLSLQFKL
ZRXOGQWVVFU[
XWRILDDOEHUWWHVOLP
�-XQNLH�KHKHKHKHOLOBWHQXFKH
,DPGUHDOSULQFH
'DOEHUWWHVOLP
'UHVRPHV
<HVVLUIZUHVKSZULQFH
PHDW0DULHVDBH\H
NDPVKDKHHQ
KXONVKDUH
ODHULBDPBZL]WDOLE
VGSKDIDLBDPBZL]WDOLE
RLBDPBZL]WDOLE
\RXOLOBWHQXFKH
�JEDPWDQNX����
GLHWDQNX����
GDQLHOOHVEFKHUHEXEHUXOHV
OLOBWHQXFKH�7HDP+2%�
�����WDQNX����
IDWDQNX����
QLDOEHUWWHVOLP/LEUDVB5B8V
0DULD1HGHYD�
LWV7('SDJH5D\7DSK(UD
<HVVLUXJRSLWWD
VEDUELHFUD\VKL]O
QRQLEDUELHFUD\VKL]O
RSDEORIUHHPDQ,,
FDOOHG0]BNLSLQFKL
GLGOLOBWHQXFKH
$ELEHQM\UXOH]
QLJJD DOEHUWWHVOLP
MRU0]BNLSLQFKL
VRUU\0]BNLSLQFKL
)ODPH6WDUWD
6.�DOHV([]DYLD55:K\OXNV\����
GLHEDUELHFUD\VKL]O
QLJJDVOLOBWHQXFKH
�RVKDPR%URZQ6XJDUU��
/RORN0L]BFKXFKX
ZLWK0L]BFKXFKX
REDUELHFUD\VKL]O
XS6PRNH\)UP)ULGD\
VKLW$VWUR.KHOV
6W�Q�UB%DE\\
NKDOLGB\DVLQ
WKDWOXNV\����
RYHUEDUELHFUD\VKL]O
RPX]\�O\I
WLQVEDUELHFUD\VKL]O
,OOB7KULOO]
OH[VRGDPQ7UHDO
&XWHFKLFN�X
'%XVVLHEHHH*RWWD/RYHB'DZQ
/LFN0\&KHFN%RRN
PDKQ\XNKDQGK\'DUKBPHH
/22/0VBPDOOHDT
PHOLWWOHBGHHYDK%FOLS]
VHH*UDYBQDWLRQ��
PL]]NLPPLOXY
/RROWDQNX����
QDWDQNX����
KRS2))EXQQLH
3UHWW\ODG\DQL
VDUDKFKLOXY
KHUHODKBEHHE
QZ/LPDQLWDBB
7UXH7BPRQDH\
+HKHKH/LPDQLWDBB
EXP/LPDQLWDBB
&OLQWRQ6SHO
X]D\$S
WUXHWDUDSDWURQD
/ROFRROWDUDSDWURQD
IRUWDUDSDWURQD
6DOO\\YRQQH5H[
&KDLVXFUHZK\WH�
+LDQVXFUHZK\WH�
5W:L]B$LND\
VLQDBPDQLBGRBLWBJRRG
RVLOYHUQRQIHURXV
VDQGUDBGDYLGV
9HU\OXNV\����
MRUOXNV\����
]L]D7DVK
IZHVKL-DZJLUO
<($+6DOO\\YRQQH5H[
9HU\FKLTBPDJQHW
'$U\HHVKDK
GH\$VWUR.KHOV
VXFUHZK\WH�
5WOLOBWHQXFKH
5W$U\HHVKDK
VRODKBEHHE
RODKBEHHE
WDONODKBEHHE
\VWGDLLBDPBZL]WDOLE
ERVV6%&B&KHGGDK
+DKDKDKDKDKKDOXNV\����
DQ\RZODKBEHHE
[[[$O\*DW2U[[[
VWDVKOXNV\����
'$'$VWUR.KHOV
6KH\HHDK
7RQWROHWV
EDLBDPBZL]WDOLE
PL]3UHPD
VRVBEDZVV
0XH'HDQ
����OXNV\����
/RODELDEPDOHHTB�JXG
RKOLOBWHQXFKH
�PRUQLQJJORU\ILUVWLBDPBZL]WDOLE
QZSULQFHVVQKDMDO
RNPRMLWRUR[
DURXQGORZNH\/LPDQLWDBB
FKURQLNTXRWHV
PFVKDGRZSDXO
QD&XWHFKLFN�X
5HGVVFU[
'VVFU[
6ZHHHHHWVVFU[
QZIZUHVKSZULQFH
KDQQDKPRVHEHVWW
$PHHQELELBKDELEW\
QZVRVBEDZVV
<B8B122B/$))
IUDQN\VH[[
WKLQJEDUELHFUD\VKL]O
VOLPWHDB
QZ0]BPLGH
W\WKDZWBP]EHUU\ :HHG7ZHHWVB
L6SHDN0DULMXDQD
4XHVWLRQV2Q/LIH
&RROVOLPWHDB
/0)$2DOEHUWWHVOLP
'DPQVOLPWHDBRII &D3W$L1V0D&N'D7
AAOLOBWHQXFKH
WKHQVOLPWHDB
VOLSQOLOBWHQXFKH
3OHL%RLB6RQ-RH
0VB'ROFKH
VLUBGHHTXH,
ERVVEDUELHFUD\VKL]O
GDW5\W.LG'UHDO\X\X,G�B%RVV0RQH\*
0UB/LEDDO
RPDUMXQLRU��\XQJVKHULII
EUXYOXNV\����
X�VWDQO\
JRRGVDPFKDE]]
KHBLVBGRSH
VOHHSVOLPWHDBQDZLO]DK
'RSHVWGLYD
&RQILUPOLOBWHQXFKH(YHU\WKLQJ/LEUD
GMNKDOHG
PRPHQWODKBEHHE
[LBDPBZL]WDOLE
ZDVXSOLOBWHQXFKH
XP]KDSSXFK
RNKDZWBP]EHUU\
%RZHQOLOBWHQXFKH
GDWKDZWBP]EHUU\
6NRROOLOBWHQXFKH
/RO0VB'ROFKH
RP]HHBPXQD
JRP]HHBPXQD
<RSP]KDSSXFK
GHELQVNLL
WHQLRODJLUO
KLGHFXWHHEOLQ[.EZDK
GROLOBWHQXFKH
FXWHHEOLQ[
XZEDUELHFUD\VKL]O
HP0VBPDOOHDTIDKDGZD]LUL
0VBPDOOHDT
7ULVKD����
QDEDUELHFUD\VKL]O
HKQKDZWBP]EHUU\
VLFNOLOBWHQXFKH
HYHU\ZKUKDZWBP]EHUU\
0]B,IH2OXZDQL
6WDU%523(
/RROEDUELHFUD\VKL]O
R'DUKBPHH
KOSPDUYLQ[QRHO
6\Q6LPPD
KHUHWDUDSDWURQD
JWJWJWJWVVFU[WDUDSDWURQD�DOZD\VNHHSRQHUROOHG
VRPDUYLQ[QRHO
DGHDOEHUWWHVOLP
<HVVLUEHQM\UXOH]
PH/ROOLOBWHQXFKH
\HVEHQM\UXOH]U\WOLOBWHQXFKH
QH[WVVFU[
&RROSULQFHVVQKDMDO
�SULQFHVVQKDMDO
0V
6ZD\\\\0VB'ROFKH
EUXYSRRWRU��
7KDW5HWDUGHG0RP
IXQN\FREDLQ
-WRZQPDQLH
WRVLQDGHGD
�*ZDJV&LW\OLOBWHQXFKH
VR:HLUGB*LGLERL
�JEDPSLQNHW�
GRHVQW0VB'ROFKH
&$7/LPDQLWDBB
QZODKBEHHE
RSULQFHVVQKDMDO
QD/LPDQLWDBB
NZHVL����
N\OHGUL]LL
/D*R6XUHODNHV\GH��
ODSDPSHU��/,\DZQ
ORYHNRVLEKLH
0DDDDPLHH'ODKBEHHE
GRLBDPBZL]WDOLE
2IIRU+DUULVWROVORYHV
XUVOLOBWHQXFKH
JRLQJWROVORYHV
KDSSHQEHQM\UXOH]
<HVVLURVKRVVV
WZHHSVFDOOPHB&$(6$5NXQOHP\N
PXEDUDNODKBEHHEGXQLFH��
7XB%OLVV
DEL([]DYLD55
WKQ[PRMLWRUR[
9LYD/D&(,
XPRMLWRUR[
NOLQF\�VKL]OH
8QGHQLDEO\B/RYH
EUXY:HLUGB*LGLERL
VOHHS/(((.(((6
RNLHVWROVORYHV
7KQNVWROVORYHV
ERVVSLSSRKTDVK
-%2;-2+1621
2YHU'RVHB'UHH
QD0]%UDZQ
BBWD\ORUMD\
)UDQFHVFD+REEV�
+PPPPVVFU[
PHVH[\BW
DWWHQWLRQ2B2%LUGLH
8P<R9LWDPLQB&
�ZRUGRVKRVVV�WUXHWDON48((1�)7:((7
/RRRORVKRVVV$OXX48((1�)7:((7
ȍ=RGLDF)DFWV
RUDDPLOVLWUDDPLOV
-(GZDUGV�
20*UDDPLOV
6LUB.DEHHU
WXVKPDQQHTXLQ
2JDB&KDLU0$1
'<D*LUOOOOB%
2PHL]D<D*LUOOOOB%
<HSEDUELHFUD\VKL]O
:DVWHGOLOBWHQXFKH
DJDLQOLOBWHQXFKH
HKQVWLJH]
PH0]BNLSLQFKL
SO]]/LPDQLWDBB
TXHVWLRQOLOBWHQXFKH
:KHQ/LPDQLWDBB
ZLOO0VBWHHGROO
KHKHKH0VBWHHGROO
ROROEDUELHFUD\VKL]O
TXLQHHSRUVK
DVDSLBDPBZL]WDOLE
\/LPDQLWDBB
SRWDWH/LPDQLWDBB
'WDUDSDWURQD
\HVWHUGD\WDUDSDWURQD
-XQNLHOLOBWHQXFKH
JZDJVDEPDOHHTB�JXG
SDUU\,BDPB0]B)ODLU
HVTEHDWV
EHOGHHYD
%LUWKGD\OLOBWHQXFKH
EORRG6WHIDQB��
GHDULH0DULHVDBH\HEUXY2IIRU+DUULV8Z/\QDWBO\QDW7KDQNVOLOBWHQXFKH
EDUELHFUD\VKL]O
EUXYGRSHBPRL
GHDUP]KDSSXFK
**08%OLOBWHQXFKH
QZP]KDSSXFK
LP]KDSSXFK
ELUWKGD\P]KDSSXFK
QLJDOLOBWHQXFKH
ERVVPX]\�O\I
VKOGOLOBWHQXFKH
OLOBWHQXFKHP\
OXYMXOLDEHOOV
MXOLDEHOOV
/ROWKLHIXKPHHH
DPLOOLHB+LJKB2QHB
GHDUZKLWHFKRTRZKLWHFKRTREUXYIZUHVKSZULQFH
KROPHVOXNV\����
0]BPLGH
EUROLOBWHQXFKH
EHDW0]BNLSLQFKL
'2B2%LUGLH
QZ0VBPDOOHDT
ELUWKGD\SLQN\BNXOX
PHKQPXVWDIL]OH
EUX]PDUYLQ[QRHO
GHDU0VBPDOOHDT
VVFU[
GHDUSUHWW\BPLPLL /LPDQLWDBB
ERVV7HHB6WHYHEUXY0UB.DVSD
EUXYVDPFKDE]]
LWVVFU[
48((1�)7:((7
QDWW\GRHVGUXJV
'SUHWW\BPLPLL
20*0VBPDOOHDT
0HVVL OLOBWHQXFKH
YLYFXWHV\
KLP0]BNLSLQFKL
3RZ3RZ7KHH(QG
PH)22/&KLP]\3R%
1HQQ\8N
6HHQWKDQNVPRMLWRUR[
XLBDPBZL]WDOLE
:KU&KLP]\3R%
LWVBRVXRILD
EUXY/(((.(((6
PRQNH\ODKBEHHE�JEDPDEPDOHHTB�JXG
6OHHSW\WVOHHNBGLYD
UDFLVWLBDPBZL]WDOLE
VZHHW0DULHVDBH\H$OUHDG\0DULHVDBH\H
QDLBDPBZL]WDOLE
SLBDPBZL]WDOLE
ERVVVDPFKDE]]
QD0VBPDOOHDT
\LPX /LPDQLWDBB
KLD/LPDQLWDBB
ZHOO/LPDQLWDBB
*/LPDQLWDBB6/LPDQLWDBB
'PHGLBYD
EDE\$\R&X]]LQB
+HKHKH0DULHVDBH\H
LW0DULHVDBH\H
QZ0DULHVDBH\H
QDEHQM\UXOH]
)UHVKOLOBWHQXFKH
EXLOGLBDPBZL]WDOLE
XS OLOBWHQXFKHFUDVKLBDPBZL]WDOLE
0VFKHZZZZZLBDPBZL]WDOLE
B3OHDVXUH0H
'RQHOXNV\����
NQZOXNV\����
6TXLGZDUG7ZHHWV
MDUHUDDPLOV
PRLPRMLWRUR[
IUDQ�GHH
ERVV0,B$EDJD
QZLBDPBZL]WDOLE
SUHHHLW\P
E�SUHHHLW\P
ȍ/LEUDVB5B8V
'DPQ)/((&(%221'2&.6
KHUEVOXNV\����
0]BNLSLQFKLV
'8QGHQLDEO\B/RYH
/HZLVIURPIRHVL[
2YLH2
IDLUVVFU[
LW8QGHQLDEO\B/RYH
ZHGQHVGD\)/((&(%221'2&.6
JERVD OXNV\����
FDVLQZLVN\
RVDOREXZDWDQNX����
GH\VLUBGHHTXH
GE(PM�
<HVVLUVLUBGHHTXH
XVLUBGHHTXH
DJDLQODKBEHHE
QZSUHWW\BPLPLL
PDWWHU/LPDQLWDBB
PDUULHG/LPDQLWDBB
6723ODKBEHHE
EUXKOXNV\����
ID/LPDQLWDBB
GHDU/LPDQLWDBB
VLU'DFFRK
IOHHFHERRQGRFNV
GDLO\BWUXVW
$PHQSUHWW\BPLPLL
([DPSOHBRI
6WLN\$NRK
KDSSHQLQJ%UDXZQVXJDUB
SUHWW\BPLPLL
DVNLQJLDPBEROD<OLOBWHQXFKH
RNLDPBEROD1RS323OLOBWHQXFKHEGD\LDPBEROD
NQRZHULJJDQHZPRQH\
\XPOXNV\����
QLJJDVHULJJDQHZPRQH\
8Z0]BNLSLQFKL
VZWKUWOLOBWHQXFKH
<HVVR0]BNLSLQFKL
/RYHO\/DB+RWBFUHDP
VDQG\'$EOXHV
/PIDR0]%UDZQ
8P]\XKPHHH
�OXNV\����
&KXFNOHERRN
/RONRUUHFWOXNV\����
0UB.DVSD
%RVVOXNV\����
<HVVLU0UB.DVSDVOLPEODFNVWRUP'DQGLVODZ
VHIOLOBWHQXFKH
ODHUVLUBGHHTXH
%RVVVVLUBGHHTXHVLUODKBEHHE
GXOOQJOLOBWHQXFKH
MR\0]BPLGH
57KRWPLFV
LQYROYHGOLOBWHQXFKHOXNV\����DEPDOHHTB�JXG
PHOXNV\����
ZKLFKOXNV\����
WRR0]BNLSLQFKL
LWOXNV\����
GROXNV\����
5R%OXNV\����
RHULJJDQHZPRQH\
R0]%UDZQ
:25.DEPDOHHTB�JXG
0HOXNV\����
PHGLBYD
KXQJU\PHGLBYD
GHDUPHGLBYD
/RRO0VBPDOOHDT*ED*DXQ'HWH&WRU
ERQG/LPDQLWDBB
2KKKKK/LPDQLWDBB
5DEELW/LPDQLWDBB
WKUPRMLWRUR[
DPVLUBGHHTXH
/RO0]BNLSLQFKL
NQZOLOBWHQXFKH
ZDODKL0]BNLSLQFKL
NUD]\FHQW
KHDU/DB+RWBFUHDP
FRXOG/DB+RWBFUHDP
'RQHLDPBEROD
QZ0VB'ROFKHQDOLOBWHQXFKH
.'ROO)DEXORVLW\
BSRNHVPRNHU
ERPDUTXHP]BQRWVRSRSXODU
$YULODPRL
,WV6DUFDVP%LWFK
8FKH1HOR
VZHHWQRVHHQQ
/ROPRMLWRUR[
<D\VVFU[
DEHJODKBEHHE
<HVVLUVLQDBPDQ
WRROXNV\����
QD\XNKDQGK\
ERL]OLOBWHQXFKH
VHHWLQ\BFKHHN\
UHDG\\XNKDQGK\
/RO0]%UDZQ
ODGLHV2IIRU+DUULV
R\XNKDQGK\
ZL]WDOLEOPDR
/PIDRHEE\BRQZH
ORQJ&5($0<J\DO
GHEELHZLOOV���
)ULVN\BEXR\
/RRRO0VB'ROFKH
Q\W&5($0<J\DO
%266GRPR0$&
S%UDXZQVXJDUB
=RGLDF3DJH
LDPFDVVHWWH
:DUULER\DPHULJJDQHZPRQH\
/LOO7XQHH&KLB
(UL*RGIUH\
6OHHSWRVLQ2OXGDUH
3LFVERRN
ILUVWZRUOGIDFWV
LDP,FHEHUJ
PHKQ0UB.DVSD
6OHHHP���FXWHNLGBVPDU<HVVLU\XNKDQGK\
/RROUDDPLOV
XQGHUVWDQGODKBEHHE
PDQVLUBGHHTXH
'DPQWKDBUHDOBDGH
5XNN\EHQM\UXOH]
021,48(,$0
<HVVLUOXNV\����
D\LQNHEHUU\OLOBWHQXFKHWRQLSD\QHF\QWLFOHPVFZD]\BGLWDGDYHDPLQJR'21-$==<L$P7%HFNV,BDP
HKQ,BDPB0]B)ODLU
R,BDPB0]B)ODLU
/PIDREODFKHL
1RERG\EODFKHL
7KH3V\FKR,RJLVW
$ELEODFKHL
EH0VBPDOOHDT
DKEODFKHL
QHZEODFKHL
VKL]]\,BDPB0]B)ODLUVPK0VBPDOOHDT
WZHHWLH0VBPDOOHDT
ELUWKGD\,BDPB0]B)ODLU
GHDU0]BNLSLQFKL
ELGH[PLPL
&ODLUH0RQDH
VWDUWOXNV\����
8UN7KH-HUN:,8
QLNNLBZLWKBORYH
NLOOHU0VBPDOOHDT
%LQWDB%B
PRLOXNV\����
'RSH2U)XQQ\
UHSHO%266GRPR0$&
EHOOHOLOBWHQXFKH
VXUH0]BNLSLQFKL
+RPHU-6LPSVRQ
+DKDKDKDKDKDOXNV\����
.RJL)DFWV
ZD\ OXNV\����
\OXNV\����
'RQHVDQG\'$EOXHV
$XGX
D\RURWLPL
7HOO]\
WZHHWVBE\B5L
6H[[\KRUQ\VOXW
FXWHB\DVPLQR
KLD KXJV UDDPLOV
DJDLQUDDPLOV
&KXFN'DPQ1RUULV
NQRZEHQM\UXOH]
ZK\PRMLWRUR[
QDIUDQ�GHH
=D\=D\'DNR
QDPRMLWRUR[
/RO2VKRV��ZHHN'UDNHHB<0&0%
WLUHGOLOBWHQXFKH
<HV4XHVWLRQHUU
RVOLPWHDB
.RUH%URZQ
P\VHOI9LFWRU
WZLHQHUJ\
HID\FDYDOOL
:K\PRMLWRUR[
PDQEHQM\UXOH]YLGHROLOBWHQXFKH
+RUQ\)DFWV
PHUF\EHQM\UXOH]0HUF\EHQM\UXOH]ZRUGSLQNHW�
5HODWDEOH4XRWH
SXVV\:LQL3XQDQL
'DPQEHQM\UXOH]
WLPHOLOBWHQXFKH GDWSLQNHW�
DJDLQOXNV\����
VKDZW\JLQJHU
6ZHHHWDGPLUDEOH&ODVV\
LL5HVSHFWB:RPHQ720EODFKHL
2NLHV6DOO\\YRQQH5H[
+LJKVLUBGHHTXH
EURVVLUBGHHTXHMHGL0]BPLGH
QDYLNWDXU����
ZHUHOLOBWHQXFKH
WUDQVIRUPHU0]BNLSLQFKL
FHOHEUDWHIUDQ�GHH
RHVTEHDWV
QDVLUBGHHTXH
0LFDKMQU
�B)XFNVB*LYHQB
YLNWDXU����
VLQ]XEDE\
LGLPE
,VVRU\WEHQM\UXOH]
DOUG\OLOBWHQXFKH
IRUEHQM\UXOH]
RIUDQ�GHH
X\LBEDQNV
DP3LQN5XEELH]
<HVVLUVRVBEDZVV
PHDOEHUWWHVOLP
*ORU\OXNV\����
R2VKRV��
.XVKOLOBWHQXFKH
/RRROIUDQ�GHH
+PPPPVLUBGHHTXH
VHIOROIUDQ�GHH
'VLUBGHHTXH
�IDFWEHQM\UXOH]
E\WDQNX����
ER\0VB'ROFKH
WDQNX����
7,6$BHFW
$ELIUDQ�GHH
%LJ6HDQ/RYHV<RX
&3ORFD
0711*
071���
071B1LJHULD
2ODEDPLMLBPH
KDOOEODFKHL
40B�
VKL]]\ZL]WDOLE
OWV.DQ\H:HVW6KHB5LGH7KH:DYH
$ELUDDPLOV
ZDQW/LPDQLWDBB
QNR/LPDQLWDBB
1HYHU/LPDQLWDBB
$OKDPGXOLOODKUDDPLOV)DFW-RXUQDO
OLQDVKDQWL
+PPP0]%UDZQ
'0VBPDOOHDT
WRRPHGLBYD
%DG4XHVWLRQHUU
VREODFKHL
PLFKHOOHRJR
VPRNLQJaaJWOLOBWHQXFKH
'0]BNLSLQFKL
ORYHPHGLBYD
QD%UDXZQVXJDUB
\XQJEDVVH\
VFKZDU]HQHJJHUOXNV\����
+PPPP0VBPDOOHDT
VTXHH]H 0]BNLSLQFKL
<HVEHQM\UXOH]
VREHQM\UXOH]
<HVVLUDOEHUWWHVOLP
QZEODFKHL
R0]BNLSLQFKL
2ORGROLOBWHQXFKH
VO((N7RK%DG
GH<VLUBGHHTXH
GD\/DB+RWBFUHDP
X/DB+RWBFUHDP
]RRPVLUBGHHTXH
+H\/DB+RWBFUHDP
+DKDKDKDKDKDKGDPQVLUBGHHTXH
\RXVLUBGHHTXH
.DWW:LOOOLDPV
ODG\EODFKHL
HQDSH��
PDLQJLUO���6XQQ\MQU
.RXWXUH59
&F7HHB6WHYH
/ROEODFKHLVOLPEDEDM
KDSSHQZL]WDOLE
)ROORZB0\B/HDGB�JEDPEODFKHL
:HHG:L]GRP
DOUHDG\VLUBGHHTXH
VVXSWROXVD\R
/RO6DQWRODG�
/LO0VV&KLHYRXVEDUDTDWBK
+LODULRXVSRVW
6DQWRODG�
VO\+++
4XRWHVRID6WRQHU
LWVUHDO7('
WDONLQJ0]BNLSLQFKL
VZLWLHHOLOBWHQXFKH
ILQH(YHU\WKLQJ/LEUD
QDL�MDFULWLFVEUDXZQVXJDUB
NHJRGGDPQDOEHUWWHVOLP
OXY%UDXZQVXJDUB
.%PHGLBYD
DPHGLBYD
NLPJDUVW
QDPHGLBYD
/PIDREHQM\UXOH]
1I0]BNLSLQFKL
VOHHS0UB.DVSD
VHH0]BNLSLQFKL
NQZDOEHUWWHVOLP
:KRBLVB+2'
PDQDOEHUWWHVOLP
/ZNPDOEHUWWHVOLP
FRPH0]BPLGH
R�XB
=RGLDF+\SH
PLNH\BIWP
6QRRS'RJJ
WKH6(;ZL]DUG 6KDYH7KDW0RQNH\
QZUDDPLOV
GRUDDPLOV
:7)8EHU)DFWV
'$0,$QB,,
/ZNPOXNV\����
18ZDNZH
VHIDEPDOHHTB�JXG
WUXHGUBNKDOLG]
1DWH0XVLF��
-XOLXV&RPHGLDQ
57LVUDHORQD
KHUH/DB+RWBFUHDP&KRL6FRILHOGB%DUFD
DIULNXQOH\
LQVWHDG/DB+RWBFUHDP
<HDK4XHVWLRQHUU
ORO/\QDWBO\QDW
/R/\QDWBO\QDW
-D]]\B1FODVV\
QDWRVLQ2OXGDUH
MXLFH2VKRV��
QXGH0VB'ROFKH
FROOHFW/\QDWBO\QDW
QDLMDUHYROWV
'DPQ/\QDWBO\QDW
/ROXKPHHH
RN/DB+RWBFUHDP
QZVLUBGHHTXH
XSWR/DB+RWBFUHDP
VKDDOEHUWWHVOLP/RRRODOEHUWWHVOLP
ODQHDOEHUWWHVOLP
VHI/DB+RWBFUHDP
ZLQNV /DB+RWBFUHDP
VLQJOH/DB+RWBFUHDP
/RO/DB+RWBFUHDP
\D/DB+RWBFUHDPQZ/DB+RWBFUHDP
'DUH/DB+RWBFUHDPILUVW/DB+RWBFUHDP
SOD\/DB+RWBFUHDP
EUREODFKHL
JRLQJ2VKRV��
OLIHFKLMLRNHMR
JXG2VKRV��
X2VKRV��WKLQJVXUV/DB+RWBFUHDPPRUQLQJ/DB+RWBFUHDP
PXMLEXOODK��
6LUQHH6G��
OLPDQ���
DEXPXVW\�
%LJB0VD\
NDELU\DUR$EGXOMD\
7DUJHW���
0LQLNDERL7]B6ZD'HV
QZ0]%UDZQ
*�Q\W/DB+RWBFUHDP
FDWDOEHUWWHVOLP
/PDRUDDPLOVSUDDPLOV
+DKDKDDOEHUWWHVOLP
'WRVLQ2OXGDUH
MRNLQJP]HHBPXQD
/PIDRDEPDOHHTB�JXG
UPH P]HHBPXQD
/RODOEHUWWHVOLP
JRWP]HHBPXQD
GDWSUHWW\BPLPLL
GH\P]HHBPXQD
<RX/DB+RWBFUHDP/RRRRO%URZQ6XJDUU��
RQHKDSS\VWRQHU
'DPQWRVLQ2OXGDUH
0LOZDXNHH-LPER
,//80O1$7,
B7KH/LIH2I.LRQD
KHUHOLOBWHQXFKH
NLOODEPDOHHTB�JXG
RDEPDOHHTB�JXG
<HVVLUDEPDOHHTB�JXG
VWLOOEODFKHL
)OLS%DQNUROO
+RH,WV%DUELH
ORDGLQJZL]WDOLE
MRUPHGLBYDXPHGLBYD
<HVVLU*L]�U
SDSHUHVTEHDWV
0U$GYHQWXUHJX\
$UJJKKKKK0]BNLSLQFKL
SXOHDVHHHH0]BNLSLQFKL
ZKRPHGLBYD
/RRO%UDXZQVXJDUB
WD\DOLOBWHQXFKH
LWPHGLBYD
QNRVOLPWHDB0LVVB5D\FKHOGQHPP\
RODG\EODFKHLPRL18ZDNZH
VFDU\0]%UDZQ
'18ZDNZH
QZOXNV\����
\HDKX0]BPLGHWZHHWKUW0]BPLGH
GHDUVO((N7RK%DG
GLGOXZHO��
WKRVO((N7RK%DG
$ZZZZUDDPLOV
Q\WVO((N7RK%DG
$WZHHW)RU$OODK
VWLOOEOD]LQJWKR
.ULV&URVVBB
,DP6K\BB
5HDO-D\0LOOLRQ]
KHUH0]%UDZQ0H0]%UDZQ
ILUVWOLOBWHQXFKH
MDP0]BNLSLQFKL
6HHOYDK
KDSSHQV0]BNLSLQFKL
RGUBNKDOLG]
RVLWDOLOBWHQXFKH/LIH
DIOXNV\����
/RRRRO0]BNLSLQFKL
\D0]BNLSLQFKL
KHDGOLOBWHQXFKH
-RKQB3236B6SRRQ
\RORMRNHVVB
%HORZ7+O6
X6PRNH\)UP)ULGD\
KHQU\WXQHFKL���
\XQJ�L[.+B3KHQRP
LDPJUDQGNLQJ
*R]LH6DOYDUGRU
LDPB+�
/PIDRPDUYLQ[QRHO
EUXKEHQM\UXOH]
RPHL]DEHQM\UXOH]0DVFRW/RO]ORODIORUHQFH��
$\R$MXOR
RMLPDKFRPH/'HH7KH'RQ+RH+ROG7KLV'LFN
/LF
<HVVLUHQDSH��
W�BB�Q\
�2OGW2BB2Q\
LDPBNXQOHK
ZL]WDOLEZDVVRS
57ODKBEHHE
KHUHSULQFHVVQKDMDO
\KZL]WDOLE
<X&$57(5QXV
GRQGH[\
ZL]WDOLEZKU
PVTXDULVK
VPRNLQJaa!OLOBWHQXFKH
IHUDUL��
EXGG\5XWK.DND�
YDODULHKRIIPDQ�
PRPDEEH\JDO
ODOD����
NHQ]REOLQJ
WLQVZL]WDOLEʄZL]WDOLE
EP]HHBPXQD
6KXNKUDQZL]WDOLE
QRZZL]WDOLE
7LJHUB/LO\B7LII
+D]\'D\6R:DVWHG
/PIERZL]WDOLEQDXZL]WDOLE
,PPRUWDO7HFK
'RQHDOEHUWWHVOLP
+D\RUGHOHYLF
X*,YHUVRQL�
HYHU0]4XHHQHWK
FDWORODOEHUWWHVOLP
QHZVDOEHUWWHVOLP
7Q[ʄDOEHUWWHVOLPER\VDOEHUWWHVOLP/PDRDOEHUWWHVOLP
1IIDOEHUWWHVOLP
GXQQRDOEHUWWHVOLP
FDUHVDOEHUWWHVOLP
FXWHBVPDUWLHV
(K\DVDPHDOEHUWWHVOLP
SUREOHPDOEHUWWHVOLP
/RO]DOEHUWWHVOLP
BKL*KB;L&NB
'RQHLDP$27((
GRDOEHUWWHVOLP
ȍDOEHUWWHVOLP
:DGXSDOEHUWWHVOLP
57DOEHUWWHVOLP
+HKHDOEHUWWHVOLP
$KPDG(OGHU8BND\KK
LWDOEHUWWHVOLP
VOLSDOEHUWWHVOLP
VRUU\DOEHUWWHVOLP
RIIDOEHUWWHVOLP
&-DFREJ��
LBDPBPHVK
7DDOEHUWWHVOLP+DKDKKDKDKDKDKDDOEHUWWHVOLP
OLOBWHQXFKH57
ʄDOEHUWWHVOLP
1RWKLQJDOEHUWWHVOLP
6PKDOEHUWWHVOLP
EUR$VWUR.KHOV
<H]]XU$VWUR.KHOV
QDX'SULQFHVVQKDMDOODQUH�FXWH
/LQNDVSDDOEHUWWHVOLP
2N'DOEHUWWHVOLP
DOEHUWWHVOLPSHLQDOEHUWWHVOLP
LQLWLDOL]LQJOLOBWHQXFKH0,$VLUBGHHTXH
7DQNVDOEHUWWHVOLP
RRRRDOEHUWWHVOLPX57DOEHUWWHVOLP
ILUVWDOEHUWWHVOLP
KDUGH\ERLL
PVVBMHHGGDUK
EUDLQDOEHUWWHVOLP
PDVWHUDOEHUWWHVOLP
VLFNDOEHUWWHVOLP
ZRUVHDOEHUWWHVOLP
����FDUGDOEHUWWHVOLP
DOEHUWWHVOLP
E�DOEHUWWHVOLP
2NDOEHUWWHVOLP��DOEHUWWHVOLPJX\DOEHUWWHVOLP
UROOLQJ DOEHUWWHVOLP
57P]HHBPXQD
:DLWLQDOEHUWWHVOLP
RRDOEHUWWHVOLPKHUDOEHUWWHVOLPQNRDOEHUWWHVOLP7HVOLPDOEHUWWHVOLPJRLQDOEHUWWHVOLP
DDOEHUWWHVOLP
ZKDWDOEHUWWHVOLP
2XW DOEHUWWHVOLP
ORODOEHUWWHVOLP
NQRZQDOEHUWWHVOLP
XV6%&B&KHGGDK
6OHHSDOEHUWWHVOLP
$PHQDOEHUWWHVOLP
0VFKHZDOEHUWWHVOLP
*PDOEHUWWHVOLPLVDOEHUWWHVOLP
QZDOEHUWWHVOLP
JXGOXFNDOEHUWWHVOLP
GLVDOEHUWWHVOLP
QRVHDOEHUWWHVOLPLPXDOEHUWWHVOLP
FU\DOEHUWWHVOLP
SUHVHQWDWLRQODKBEHHE
JULQGOLOBWHQXFKH
GHDUP]HHBPXQD
+DKKDKDKKDDOEHUWWHVOLP
$/21(DOEHUWWHVOLP<HV�B�IHPLBPRPRQH\
6KLIW�B�IHPLBPRPRQH\
IHPLBPRPRQH\
QLKDEDDOEHUWWHVOLPPLQHDOEHUWWHVOLPZKHUHDOEHUWWHVOLP
OROLQDOEHUWWHVOLP
&HFHB.XVK
DOEHUWWHVOLPDEHJ
GHPOLOBWHQXFKH SDUNDOEHUWWHVOLP
+DKDKDKDKDKKDKDKDOEHUWWHVOLP
OXNV
DVNDOEHUWWHVOLP
FXWHNLGBVPDUW)%.B6HQHUR
0RUQLQJDOEHUWWHVOLP
:K\DOEHUWWHVOLP
RRRWDQNVDOEHUWWHVOLPIO\DOEHUWWHVOLPQDDDOEHUWWHVOLP
GBGHOLULRXV
6LUB1RQVR
;B2SU�ZWLBIOLQ]
NLVVJX\
7KDQNVDOEHUWWHVOLPWKRDOEHUWWHVOLP
OKDUROXSXQGLW
QRZDOEHUWWHVOLPDJDLQDOEHUWWHVOLP
EDKEHKFKL
6RZLHIDELHFODLUH
$IILUPDWLYHIDELHFODLUH
NDWW'LLYD
VL]V]\FLW\OLOZL]DUG���
.$%$',=
NDRGLQVL
2PR$NLQB
&RGHG6OLPULWHVSDUNOLQJWL
JXLOW\/\QDWBO\QDW
EHGDOEHUWWHVOLP
/LOBIL]B��
5RWIOVSDUNOLQJWL
8ZFDOEHUWWHVOLP$LLWHDOEHUWWHVOLP
0L]]B$66RPHBRELRUDB
6H[\0DGDP]
GXDOEHUWWHVOLP*RRGXDOEHUWWHVOLP
(VKH\DOEHUWWHVOLP
0FUR\�� )UHQ]\B$GO
B,DPBWROX
EKRUELH
DGGLFWDOEHUWWHVOLP*EDJDXQB0RQLWRU
SRLQW5($=21
GLH7ZHHWFXEH\
ȍ)ODPHNHHG
DFFLGHQWDOEHUWWHVOLP
)ODPHNHHG
7ZHHWFXEH\
SKDWHHHHHPDK
0DE[[\
0U9RFDO3URZHVVND\IEHDW]
GHMLORUG
SDSLFKXB��
3HUIHFW1HUGB
RKLPDL���
*DGHPDOEHUWWHVOLP
FUDVKDOEHUWWHVOLP
ZD\OLOBWHQXFKH
PVBHJRR
SLQNLFHBMRVV\
/ROVOLOBWHQXFKH
*RGOLOBWHQXFKH
DKOLOBWHQXFKH
-$<B67,.=
VROGLHUOLOBWHQXFKH
DJDLQIO\ERLBPR+DKD
L]XZL]XK
6DEL0DQOLOBWHQXFKH
ZDLWLQJ OLOBWHQXFKH+PPOLOBWHQXFKH
$WXPH[
R0]BFROGIHHW
%LJVWDQ/H\�
1IIOLOBWHQXFKH
GRZQLBDPBZL]WDOLE
*XQOROOLOBWHQXFKH
EURDEPDOHHTB�JXG
GHDULBDPBZL]WDOLE
KDMLD0]BNLSLQFKL
6PKOXNV\����
)QNVVOLOBWHQXFKH
&RUH\TMQQ��
3HUU\B&DVWLQJ
��WKOLOBWHQXFKH
KDVVDQDR]L
G�PDWUL[
JDQOLOBWHQXFKH
QRQLOLOBWHQXFKH
VKDDDDOLOBWHQXFKH
6PKODKBEHHEND�BPRL
*UHHQNXVKMRLQW
EDGOLOBWHQXFKH
LDPVORZ]]
WKQJ]]]OLOBWHQXFKH
PKHQOLOBWHQXFKH
+DKDKDOLOBWHQXFKH
PHOLOBWHQXFKH
ZZZBWLQLHBVW
GDW���FKLFNBPR
MRUOLOBWHQXFKH
P]KDSSXFK
WKREHQM\UXOH]
�OLOBWHQXFKH
+HKHKHOLOBWHQXFKH
RKOROOLOBWHQXFKH
QDKOLOBWHQXFKH
'RQHOLOBWHQXFKH
/RRO$VWUR.KHOV2ZND\OLOBWHQXFKHERUHGOLOBWHQXFKH
GXQQROLOBWHQXFKH
EORRGOLOBWHQXFKH
/RRO2]R�1DLMD
LWOLOBWHQXFKH
GBPNR
0LVB$KB/RZ
OLOBWHQXFKHNXO
-RVK-LJV
WKRXOLOBWHQXFKH
QRZ$VWUR.KHOV
OLOBWHQXFKH
OLOBWHQXFKHZH
ʄOLOBWHQXFKHPRKBJULQ
�QGD\\\,DPB\HPPLH
2RQGXQOLOBWHQXFKH
.XVK.LVVHVVV
GHPOXNV\����
P\WRZQ��X&DULVVDIRUOROWDUDSDWURQD
��X&DULVVD
(PV9LGHR,QYLWH
���M%ULDQD
.DQ\HV1HZ9LGHR
SDEORIUHHPDQ,,
IHHOLQJOLOBWHQXFKH
9L9DB/DB&KD&KD
$U\HHVKDK
5W$VWUR.KHOV
]RROLOBWHQXFKH
*�XQLWODKBEHHE
6LUOLOBWHQXFKH
KDSSHQOLOBWHQXFKH
+DKDDDOLOBWHQXFKH
JX\VEDUELHFUD\VKL]O
NULGOH\��
*ZDJVB8SGDWH
NHOLOBWHQXFKH
WZHQG\OLFLRXV
VKRRWV KDZWBP]EHUU\
NLGGLQ'OLOBWHQXFKH
SRRWRU��
R\HWL
ZHLUGBJLGLERL
)DWLPD��J\[
3HUU\&DVWLQJ
2XWOLOBWHQXFKH
+4OLOBWHQXFKHSVOLOBWHQXFKH
PXVWDIL]OH
V\GOLOBWHQXFKH
<HDOLOBWHQXFKH
RROLOBWHQXFKHOLFLRXVFUDFNLWW
WKHP$VWUR.KHOV
7UL[[BJLQMDK
SLSSRKTDVK
VWLJH]
2ZRDGH$GHZX\L
MRNHEDUELHFUD\VKL]O
)LUH/RUGOLOBWHQXFKH
/LNH0]BNLSLQFKL
SOHQW\RVKRVVV
+HKHKHKHOLOBWHQXFKH
%URZQQ]XJDU
ŎŎOLOBWHQXFKH
PDNDPD��
50$0VBPDOOHDT
�6DOXWHOLOBWHQXFKH
(KHQOLOBWHQXFKH
IUHHOLOBWHQXFKH
OXNV\����KRXVH
&KLP]\3R%
FRPSRXQGOLOBWHQXFKH
QDLBDPBZL]WDOLEQRU0DULHVDBH\HKPPPPP
KRVWOLOBWHQXFKH
HQGOLOBWHQXFKH
-D\PH/DQJIRUG�PHOBJRWBSURPR
FROGDVVBQLJJD
UDVKRQQDPRRUH
&DOL*,5/BB
�ZRUG&DOL*,5/BB
HKQ$VWUR.KHOV
EOD\]H%266HERQ\FXW\\\
.DFK\B'DQ\
UHDFK0]%UDZQ
EHLBDPBZL]WDOLE
WZLWWHUUDDPLOV
<HDKUDDPLOV
6NVDPFKDE]]
PH0]%UDZQ
RXJRSLWWD
/0)$2WLQ\BFKHHN\
HJZXHQX
(;75(0(/<\XNKDQGK\
1ROLOBWHQXFKH
ED0]BNLSLQFKL
- . OLOBWHQXFKH
VRUU\WLQ\BFKHHN\
KDQJRYHUOLOBWHQXFKH
JRLQJWLQ\BFKHHN\
RZQOLOBWHQXFKH
VR$VWUR.KHOV
X$VWUR.KHOV
/PDROLOBWHQXFKH
KDSSHQWDOLEURPHRRULJLQDOOLOBWHQXFKH
0VFKHZZZZ0]BNLSLQFKL
VNLOODOSKDK
+PPPRNLHV<D*LUOOOOB%
3OLOBWHQXFKH
20*0]BNLSLQFKL
DGGLFWOLOBWHQXFKH
S8P<R9LWDPLQB&
VHI0]BNLSLQFKL
DZDNHOLOBWHQXFKH
KHUH8P<R9LWDPLQB&
QZ'DUKBPHH
WRZQHQ\RPL
SODFHHQ\RPL
WRHQ\RPL
EHHQHQ\RPL
XHQ\RPL
'EDUELHFUD\VKL]O
�WLPHV'OXNV\����
DVVOLOBWHQXFKHEXP0]BNLSLQFKL
BHDVWODQG��
ZHOFRPHKRS2))EXQQLH
6DQWDOXNV\����
SPHGLBYD
'RQHGH\WDK\RU
0L]B7ULFLDGH\WDK\RU
DNDQEL$VWUR.KHOV
<HDKHFREDQNOPIDRDEPDOHHTB�JXG
0VBWHHGROOFRV
ERVVXJRSLWWD
/RORNLHV6DOO\\YRQQH5H[
VZHHW6PLOH6PLOH��
UHP%UDXZQVXJDUB DOO
IXQQ\OLOBWHQXFKH
FKRNOLWBFKLF
+HKHOLOBWHQXFKH
MRUEHQM\UXOH]
VWDUWHGVH[\BW
FRROD\���
QZ2IIRU+DUULV
JX\UDDPLOV
WRVLQ2OXGDUH
RRK FU\LQJ OLOBWHQXFKHRWRVLQ2OXGDUH ZL
$LLOLOBWHQXFKH
DPVWHUGRQ
6DOXWHPUBNDVSDGDQGLVODZ
0HOLJDMRVK
5DEELWOLOBWHQXFKH
VXPILQOXNV\����
%LJKHDGOLOBWHQXFKH
'QHOLOBWHQXFKH
12%877216:$67('
WHPLVUDHO���
WKDBUHDOBDGH
OLOBWHQXFKH\
RIIRU+DUULV
,BDPB0]B)ODLUSOV
KXJV OLOBWHQXFKHVRUU\OLOBWHQXFKH
$PHERIZUHVKSZULQFH
OLOBWHQXFKHGHUH
$EHJLOLOBWHQXFKH
VKDOLOBWHQXFKH
3DWB5LFNR\LQBNH]]
2VKRV��
ZKROLOBWHQXFKH
DGPLUDEOH&ODVV\
6R0LQG%ORZLQJ
6RIVRF����
\QN[DEOHUHELUWKIUQGOLOBWHQXFKH
VRXSOLOBWHQXFKH
<H]]LUOLOBWHQXFKH
'DUQLVKDB*2GGHVWB*RGGHVV
6H[\O\FL
VROLOBWHQXFKH
.XVKDQGZL]GRP
VHVVLRQOLOBWHQXFKH
$ELOLOBWHQXFKH
UHDOZL]NKDOLID
NLOOZDOOVB
HULQP\KHDG
0HHQDKB-D\
6GSOLOBWHQXFKH
VWHDG\OLOBWHQXFKH )%,BPHWDOLNNV��MRLQOLOBWHQXFKH
VZLWHHVKD
8VV\.RPH
EGBEDQJ]
ZKL]]\GRXFK
)DOX\L(PLLIH
VD\VOLOBWHQXFKH
6KLWOLOBWHQXFKH
MLGHM\GH
LBDPBP]BIODLU
MRVKEHDW]<B%B0B+
0WFKZZOLOBWHQXFKH
+HDGOLOBWHQXFKH
FKDORR�6FRILHOGB%DUFD
<2/2OLOBWHQXFKH
FKLMLRNHMR
XUDDPLOV$EXPXVW\
6PKOLOBWHQXFKHQZOLOBWHQXFKH
VHHOLOBWHQXFKH
ZHOOOLOBWHQXFKH
*L]�U
+PPPOXNV\����
+HKHKHKHKHKHOLOBWHQXFKH
7ZLWBDGLFN7
PRQH\ODZG
RRODQUHZDMXB
OXZHO��
DQ\PRUHOLOBWHQXFKHFRZOLOBWHQXFKH
QHONDQ��
ULFNSLQ]RQ����
*EDPOLOBWHQXFKH
ROLOBWHQXFKH
/LFN0\3LHUFLQJV
WHPP\��VH[\
ZL]WDOLE
conversational network between three users
![Page 16: Twitter as a data source for (socio)linguistic research](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051411/54787a925906b5aa318b47a1/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Summary
• Twitter can be used to collect language data from a variety of sources
• Combination of linguistic, demographic and interactional data enables new forms of research
• technical challenges must be overcome
• legal/ethical issues should be carefully considered from the onset
![Page 17: Twitter as a data source for (socio)linguistic research](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051411/54787a925906b5aa318b47a1/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Thank you for your attention!