tutorial 2 - terrain representation and contour interpretation - black and white

7/21/2019 Tutorial 2 - Terrain Representation and Contour Interpretation - Black and White

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VIDEO CONFERENCE 2 :

TERRAIN REPRESENTATION AND

CONTOUR INTERPRETATION

JMG 213E/4 :

TECHNIQUES IN GEOGRAPHY

ByBy ::

Izham Mohamad YusoffIzham Mohamad Yusoff

School of Distance Education,School of Distance Education,

Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden,Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden,

11800 Penang .11800 Penang .

CONTENTS

CONTOUR LINES AND SPOT HEIGHTSCONTOUR LINES AND SPOT HEIGHTS

HILL SHADINGHILL SHADING

PHYSIOGRAPHIC DIAGRAMSPHYSIOGRAPHIC DIAGRAMS

BLOCK DIAGRAMSBLOCK DIAGRAMS

CONTOUR INTERPRETATIONCONTOUR INTERPRETATION

-- CHARACTERISTICSCHARACTERISTICS

-- ELEVATION ESTIMATIONELEVATION ESTIMATION

-- PROFILING AND VERTICAL EXAGGERATIONPROFILING AND VERTICAL EXAGGERATION

-- DRAWING A PROFILEDRAWING A PROFILE-- SLOPE DETERMINATIONSLOPE DETERMINATION

CONTOUR LINES AND SPOT HEIGHTS

Contour : Primary input of vertical distance to visualize theContour : Primary input of vertical distance to visualize theelevation of an area.elevation of an area.

Topographic Map : Contour lines are represented in series ofTopographic Map : Contour lines are represented in series ofbrown lines with constant value of elevation.brown lines with constant value of elevation.

representation.representation.

The contour interval of a contour map is the difference inelevation between successive contour lines.

Application of contour lines :Application of contour lines :-- Hill AspectsHill Aspects -- Derive SlopesDerive Slopes

-- Hill ShadingHill Shading

-- Producing Digital Elevation Model (DEM) datasetsProducing Digital Elevation Model (DEM) datasets


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CONTOUR LINES AND SPOT

HEIGHTScont

Basic data structures elevation data

Vector (contour

lines)

Raster (digtial

elevation model DEM)

TIN (triangulated

irregular network)


HEIGHTScont

TOPOGRAPHIC MAPSTOPOGRAPHIC MAPS


HEIGHTScont


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HEIGHTScont


HEIGHTScont

Spot Height : Elevation of a certain point above seaSpot Height : Elevation of a certain point above sealevel.level.

Can be converted into contour lines via interpolation.Can be converted into contour lines via interpolation.

y spo e g :y spo eg : use y means o magna on

to achieve topographic surface expression.

Application of spot height :Application of spot height :-- Hill AspectsHill Aspects -- Derive SlopesDerive Slopes

-- Hill ShadingHill Shading

-- Producing Digital Elevation Model (DEM)Producing Digital Elevation Model (DEM)

datasetsdatasets


HEIGHTScont


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HEIGHTScont


HEIGHTScont

Spot height data captured usingSpot height data captured using Light Detection and Ranging(LiDAR), Global Positioning Systems (GPS) device, GeoSARairborne remote sensing solution for mapping large,rugged and

remote regions.


HEIGHTScont

EElevation data have been applied generally for many purposes,E.g. providing flood and landslide risk zone, road corridor

selection including cut and fill estimation, siting proper position

for relay station, etc.

FFor geological interpretation, particularly in terms of

, ,

engineering tasks.

What is DEM data?What is DEM data?DDigital elevation data set recording the topographic surface

expression of any area.

The nature of elevation data is continuous, not discrete.DEM data can be displayed in forms i.e. grid, contour, profile,

and TIN (Triangulated Irregular Network).


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HEIGHTScont


HEIGHTScont









-- DRAWING A PROFILEDRAWING A PROFILE

-- SLOPE DETERMINATIONSLOPE DETERMINATION


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HILL SHADING

Hill shadingHill shading

Hill shading is variation in tone from light to dark to delineatethe form of the land.

The shading should be used to suggest the surface material,such as snow or vegetation.

Contour lines and hill shading are often used togetherbecause they complement each other.

Hill shading gives an overall impression of the terrain butwithout mathematical accuracy while contours give heights

mathematically, but have information gaps.

HILL SHADINGcon t

HILL SHADINGcon t


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PHYSIOGRAPHIC DIAGRAMS

Physiographic DiagramsPhysiographic Diagrams

A small-scale map showing landforms by the systematicapplication of a standardized set of simplified pictorial

symbols that represent the appearance.

An illustration of a shaded relief.

Also known as landform map; morphographic map.

Vertically oriented physiographic diagram basicallyportray the landscape much as would an aerial

photograph or satellite image.

PHYSIOGRAPHIC DIAGRAMScont


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PHYSIOGRAPHIC DIAGRAMScont









-- DRAWING A PROFILEDRAWING A PROFILE-- SLOPE DETERMINATIONSLOPE DETERMINATION

BLOCK DIAGRAMS

Block DiagramsBlock Diagrams

An inclined-perspective block diagram has quite aversatile range of applications in cartography.

The origins of the block diagram were from 18th centurygeological report illustrated with cross sections.

The primary application includes geology,geomorphology, in which a physiographic view is shown

both above and beneath the earths surface.

Other fields that make use of block diagrams :meteorology, oceanography, archeology, architecture and

statistics, which provide 3D views of the subject.


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BLOCK DIAGRAMScont

BLOCK DIAGRAMScont

Block diagram showing the geology of the eastern Tafuna-

Leone Plain and the mountains to the north, Tutuila, AmericanSamoa

BLOCK DIAGRAMScont

Block diagram showing oceanography of terrain around Port-

au-Prince.


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CONTOUR INTERPRETATION

CharacteristicsCharacteristics

Contour interpretation is about relating the contour features onthe map to the real features on the ground (and vice versa).

Response surface plot, with contour layout

CONTOUR INTERPRETATIONcont

CharacteristicscontCharacteristicscont

In gridded form : Digital Elevation Model Bahia, BrazilSeafloor


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CharacteristicscontCharacteristicscont

In triangulated form : Triangular Irregular Network


Elevation EstimationElevation Estimation

Inverse Distance Weighted

Minimum Curvature Spline

Natural Neighbors

Ordinary Kriging

Universal Kriging

Polynomial Trend

Topo To Raster (ANUDEM)


Elevation EstimationcontElevation Estimationcont

IDW NATURAL NEIGHBORS

SPLINE KRIGING


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Profiling and Vertical ExaggerationProfiling and Vertical Exaggeration

Vertical exaggeration (VE) is a scale that is used in raised-

relief maps, plans and technical drawings (cross section

perspectives).

The exaggeration is used to emphasize vertical features,which might be too small to identify relative to the

horizontal scale.


Profiling and Vertical ExaggerationcontProfiling and Vertical Exaggerationcont

A vertically exaggerated mountain. In reality, the terrain would

appear much flatter.


Profiling and Vertical ExaggerationcontProfiling and Vertical Exaggerationcont

DEMO


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Drawing a ProfileDrawing a Profile

DEMO


Slope DeterminationSlope Determination

DEMO


Extensive application of elevation data in RainfallExtensive application of elevation data in Rainfall--runoffrunoff

ModellingModelling

DEMO


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3D Dynamic Simulation of Overland Flow Modelling3D Dynamic Simulation of Overland Flow Modelling

DEMO

ANY QUERIES?

Room No :Room No :

01,01,Cabin B,Cabin B, BangunanBangunan PeSAPeSA

(Behind Student Main Hall),(Behind Student Main Hall),

USM Main Campus, Penang.USM Main Campus, Penang.

EE--mail :mail :

[email protected]@usm.my

H/P :H/P :013013--40583424058342

tutorial 2 - terrain representation and contour interpretation - black and white

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