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Republic of Turkey

Trkiye Cumhuriyeti

Flag

Motto: "Yurtta sulh, cihanda sulh" (Turkish) [1]

"Peace at Home, Peace in the World"

Anthem:stiklal MarIndependence March

Capital Ankara3955N 3250E

Largest city Istanbul411N 2857E

Official languages Turkish

Ethnic groups ( ) 7075% Turks18% Kurds

712% others

Demonym Turkish

Government Parliamentary republic

- Founder of theRepublic

Mustafa Kemal Atatrk

- President Abdullah Gl- Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoan- Speaker of the

ParliamentCemil iek

- President of the

Constitutional Court

Haim Kl

Legislature Grand National Assembly

Succession to the Ottoman Empire- Treaty of Lausanne 24 July 1923- Declaration of Republic 29 October 1923

Area

- Total 783,562 km2 (37th)302,535 sq mi

- Water (%) 1.3

Population

- 2013 estimate 75,627,384[3]

(17th)- Density 97/km2 (108th)

239.8/sq mi

GDP (PPP) 2011 estimate- Total $1.288 trillion[4] (15th)

- Per capita $17,499[5] (52nd)

TurkeyFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Turkey (Turkish: Trkiye), officially the Republic of Turkey ( Trkiye Cumhuriyeti) is aEurasian country, located mostly on the Anatolia in Western Asia and on East Thrace inSoutheastern Europe. Turkey is bordered by eight countries: Bulgaria to the northwest; Greeceto the west; Georgia to the northeast; Armenia, Iran and the Azerbaijani exclave of Nakhchivanto the east; and Iraq and Syria to the southeast. The Mediterranean Sea is to the south; theAegean Sea is to the west; and the Black Sea is to the north. The Sea of Marmara, the

Bosphorus and the Dardanelles (which together form the Turkish Straits) demarcate theboundary between Thrace and Anatolia; they also separate Europe and Asia.[8]

Turkey is one ofthe seven independent Turkic states. The country's official language is Turkish,which is spoken by approximately 85% of the population as mother tongue.[9] The mostnumerous ethnic group is the Turks, who constitute between 70% and 75% of the populationaccording to The World Factbook.[2] Kurds are the largest ethnic minority and, according tothe same source, numberaround 18% of the population while other ethnic minorities are

estimated to be at 712%.[2] The vast majority of the population is Muslim.

Seljuk Turks began migrating into the area now called Turkey (derived from the Medieval LatinTurchia, i.e. "Land of the Turks") in the 11th century. The process was greatly accelerated bythe Seljuk victory over the Byzantines at the Battle of Manzikert in 1071.[10] The Seljuk

Sultanate of Rm ruled Anatolia until the Mongol invasion in 1243, upon which it disintegratedinto several small Turkish beyliks. Starting from the late 13th century, the Ottoman beylik unitedAnatolia and created an empire encompassing much of Southeastern Europe, Western Asia and

orth Africa. After the Ottoman Empire collapsed following its defeat in World War I, parts ofit were occupied by the victorious Allies. A cadreof young military officers, led by MustafaKemal Atatrk and his colleagues, organized a successful resistance to the Allies; in 1923 theyestablished the modern Republic of Turkey, with Atatrkas its first president.

Turkey is a democratic, secular, unitary, constitutional republic with a diverse cultural heritage.Turkey has become increasingly integrated with the West through membership in organisationssuch as the Council ofEurope, NATO, OECD, OSCE and the G-20 major economies. Turkey

began full membership negotiations with the European Union in 2005, having been an associatemember of the European Economic Community since 1963 and having joined the EU CustomsUnion in 1995. Turkey has also fostered close cultural, political and economic relations with the

Middle East, Caucasus, the Turkic states of Central Asia and the African countries throughmembership in organisations such as the Turkic Council, Joint Administration of Turkic Arts andCulture, Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and the Economic Cooperation Organisation.

Turkey's location at the crossroads of Europe and Asia makes it a country of significantgeostrategic importance.[11][12][13] In addition to its strategic location, Turkey's growing

economy and diplomatic initiatives have led to its recognition as a regional power. [13][14][15]

Contents

1 Etymology

2 History2.1 Antiquity2.2 Seljuk Turks and the Ottoman Empire2.3 Republic of Turkey

3 Politics3.1 Foreign relations3.2 Military

4 Administrative divisions5 Geography

5.1 Climate6 Economy7 Demographics

7.1 Language

7.2 Religion8 Culture9 Sports10 See also11 Footnotes12 Citations

[2]

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GDP (nominal) 2011 estimate- Total $774.336 billion[6] (18th)

- Per capita $10,362[6] (61st)

Gini (2008) 39.0[7])

HDI (2011) 0.699 (high / 92nd)

Currency Turkish liraa (TRY)

Time zone EET (UTC+2)- Summer (DST) EEST (UTC+3)

Date format dd/mm/yyyy (AD)

Drives on the right

Calling code 90

ISO 3166 code TR

Internet TLD .tr

a. The Turkish lira (Trk Liras, TL) replaced the Turkish newlira on 1 January 2009.

Portion of the legendary walls of

Troy (VII), identified as the site of

the Trojan War (ca. 1200 BCE.)

The Celsus Library in Ephesus, dating

from 135 AD.

Originally a church, later a mosque,

and now a museum, the Hagia Sophia

was built by the Byzantines in the 6th

century.

13 References14 Further reading15 External links

Etymology

Main article: Name of Turkey

The name of Turkey (Turkish: Trkiye) can be divided into two components: the ethnonymTrkand the abstract suffixiye meaning "owner", "land of" or "related to" (derived from theArabic suffixiyya, which is similar to the Greek and Latin suffixesia). The first recorded useof the term "Trk" or "Trk" as an autonym is contained in the Orkhon inscriptions of theGktrks (Celestial Turks) of Central Asia (c. 8th century). The English name Turkey firstappeared c. 1369.[16] It is derived from the Medieval Latin Turchia, meaning "Land of theTurks", which was originally used by the Europeans to define the Seljuk-controlled parts ofAnatolia after the Battle of Manzikert in 1071; increasingly in common use starting with theCrusades. The Greek cognate of this name, Tourkia (Greek: ) was originally used bythe Byzantines to define medieval Hungary[dn 1][17][18][19] (since pre-Magyar Hungary wasoccupied by proto-Turkic and Turkic tribes, such as the Huns, Avars, Bulgars, Kabars, Pechenegs and Cumans.) Similarly, the medieval KhazarEmpire, a Turkic state on the northern shores of the Black and Caspian seas, was referred to as Tourkia (Land of the Turks) in Byzantine sources.However, the Byzantines later began using this name to define the Seljuk-controlled parts of Anatolia in the centuries that followed the Battle of

Manzikert in 1071.

History

Main article: History of Anatolia

Antiquity

Main article: Classical Anatolia

The Anatolian peninsula, comprising most of modern Turkey, is one of the oldest permanently settled regionsin the world. Gbekli Tepe is the site of the oldest known man-made religious structure, a temple dating to

10,000 BC,[20] while atalhyk is a very large Neolithic and Chalcolithic settlement in southern Anatolia,

which existed from approximately 7500 BCE to 5700 BCE. It is the largest and best-preserved Neolithic sitefound to date and in July 2012 was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.[21]

The settlement of Troy started in the Neolithic Age and continuedinto the Iron Age. Through recorded history, ancient Anatolianshave spoken Indo-European, Semitic and Kartvelian languages, aswell as many languages of uncertain affiliation. In fact, given theantiquity of the Indo-European Hittite and Luwian languages, somescholars have proposed Anatolia as the hypothetical center fromwhich the Indo-European languages radiated.[22]

The earliest recorded inhabitants of Anatolia were the Hattians and Hurrians, non-Indo-European peopleswho inhabited central and eastern Anatolia, respectively, as early as ca. 2300 BC. Indo-European Hittites

came to Anatolia and gradually absorbed the Hattians and Hurrians ca. 20001700 BC. The first majorempire in the area was founded by the Hittites, from the eighteenth through the 13th century BC. TheAssyrians conquered and settled parts of southeastern Turkey as early as 1950 BC until the year 612

BC.[23][24]

Following the collapse of the Hittite empire c. 1180 BC, the Phrygians, an Indo-European people, achieved

ascendancy in Anatolia until their kingdom was destroyed by the Cimmerians in the 7th century BC.[25] Themost powerful of Phrygia's successor states were Lydia, Caria and Lycia. The Lydians and Lycians spokelanguages that were fundamentally Indo-European, but both languages had acquired non-Indo-Europeanelements prior to the Hittite and Hellenistic periods.

Starting around 1200 BC, the coast of Anatolia was heavily settled by Aeolian and Ionian Greeks. Numerousimportant cities were founded by these colonists, such as Miletus, Ephesus, Smyrna (modern zmir), andByzantium (later Constantinople and Istanbul.) The first state that was called Armenia by neighboring peoples

was the state of the Armenian Orontid dynasty, which included parts of eastern Turkey beginning in the 6thcentury BC.

Anatolia was conquered by the Persian Achaemenid Empire during the 6th and 5th centuries BC and later fell

to Alexander the Great in 334 BC.[26] Following Alexander's death in 323 BC, Anatolia was subsequentlydivided into a number of small Hellenistic kingdoms (including Bithynia, Cappadocia, Pergamum, and Pontus),
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tern_European_Summer_Timehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daylight_saving_timehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Timehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_European_Timehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_4217http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_lirahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Indexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Development_Indexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey#cite_note-wb-gini-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_income_equalityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gini_coefficienthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capitahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey#cite_note-imf2-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey#cite_note-imf2-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_product


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Ottoman territories acquired between 1481 and

1683.

The Selimiye Mosque in Edirne is one

of the most famous architectural

legacies of the Ottoman Empire.

all of which became part of the Roman Republic by the mid-1st century BC.[27]

In 324, Constantine I chose Byzantium to be the new capital of the Roman Empire, renaming it New Rome (later Constantinople, modern Istanbul.)Following the death of Theodosius I in 395 and the permanent division of the Roman Empire between his two sons, Constantinople (Istanbul) became

the capital of the Byzantine Empire, which would rule most of the territory of Turkey until the Late Middle Ages. [28]

Seljuk Turks and the Ottoman Empire

Main article: History of Turkey

See also: Turkic migration, Great Seljuq Empire, Sultanate of Rum, and Ottoman EmpireTheHouse of Seljukwas a branch of theKnkOuz Turks who resided on the periphery of theMuslim world, in the Yabghu Khaganate of the Ouz confederacy, to the north of the Caspian

and Aral Seas, in the 9th century.[29] In the 10th century the Seljuks started migrating from theirancestral homeland into Persia, which became the administrative core of the Great SeljukEmpire.

In the latter half of the 11th century the Seljuks began penetrating into the eastern regions ofAnatolia. The victory of the Seljuk sultan Alp Arslan against the Byzantine emperor Romanos IVDiogenes at the Battle of Manzikert in 1071 gave rise to the Anatolian Seljuk Sultanate, whichdeveloped as a separate branch of the Great Seljuk Empire that covered parts of Central Asia,

Persia, Anatolia, the Levant and southeast Arabia.[30]

In 1243, the Seljuk armies were defeated by the Mongols, causing the Seljuk Empire's power toslowly disintegrate. In its wake, one of the Turkish principalities governed by Osman I would,over the next 200 years, evolve into the Ottoman Empire, expanding throughout Anatolia, the

Balkans, the Levant and North Africa.[31] In 1453, the Ottomans completed their conquest ofthe Byzantine Empire by capturing its capital, Constantinople.

In 1514, Sultan Selim I (15121520) successfully expanded the Empire's southern and eastern borders bydefeating Shah Ismail I of the Safavid dynasty in the Battle of Chaldiran. In 1517, Selim I expanded Ottomanrule into Algeria and Egypt, and created a naval presence in the Red Sea. Subsequently, a competition started

between the Ottoman and Portuguese empires to become the dominant sea power in the Indian Ocean, withnumerous naval battles in the Red Sea, the Arabian Sea and the Persian Gulf. The Portuguese presence in theIndian Ocean was perceived as a threat for the Ottoman monopoly over the ancient trading routes betweenEast Asia and Western Europe (later collectively named the Silk Road, a term coined by Ferdinand von

Richthofen in 1877.[32][33]

) This important monopoly was increasingly compromised following the discovery othe Cape of Good Hope by Portuguese explorer Bartolomeu Dias in 1488, which had a considerable impacton the Ottoman economy.

The Ottoman Empire's power and prestige peaked in the 16th and 17th centuries, particularly during the reignof Suleiman the Magnificent. The empire was often at odds with the Holy Roman Empire in its steady advancetowards Central Europe through the Balkans and the southern part of the Polish-Lithuanian

Commonwealth.[12] At sea, the Ottoman Navy contended with several Holy Leagues (composed primarily of Habsburg Spain, the Republic of Genoa,the Republic of Venice, the Knights of St. John, the Papal States, the Grand Duchy of Tuscany and the Duchy of Savoy) for control of theMediterranean Sea. In the east, the Ottomans were occasionally at war with Safavid Persia over conflicts stemming from territorial disputes or religious

differences between the 16th and 18th centuries.[34]

From the beginning of the 19th century onwards, the Ottoman Empire began to decline. As it gradually shrank in size, military power and wealth, many

Balkan Muslims migrated to the Empire's heartland in Anatolia, [35][36] along with the Circassians fleeing the Russian conquest of the Caucasus. Thedecline of the Ottoman Empire led to a rise in nationalist sentiment among the various subject peoples, leading to increased ethnic tensions whichoccasionally burst into violence, such as the Hamidian Massacres. The Ottoman Empire entered World War I on the side of the Central Powers and

was ultimately defeated. During the war, an estimated 1.5 million Armenians were deported and exterminated in the Armenian Genocide.[37][38] TheTurkish government denies that there was an Armenian Genocide and claims that Armenians were only relocated from the eastern war zone. [39] Large

scale massacres were also committed against the empire's other minority groups such as the Greeks and Assyrians.[40][41][42] Following the Armistice ofMudros on 30 October 1918, the victorious Allied Powers sought to partition the Ottoman state through the 1920 Treaty of Svres.[31]

Republic of Turkey

Main articles: History of the Republic of Turkey and Atatrk's Reforms

The occupation of Constantinople and Smyrna by the Allies in the aftermath of World War I prompted the establishment of the Turkish national

movement.[12]

Under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal Pasha, a military commander who had distinguished himself during the Battle of Gallipoli, theTurkish War of Independence was waged with the aim of revoking the terms of the Treaty of Svres. [11]

By 18 September 1922, the occupying armies were expelled, and the Ankara-based Turkish regime, which declared itself the legitimate government ofthe country in April 1920, started to formalise the legal transition from the old Ottoman into the new Republican political system. On 1 November, thenewly founded parliament formally abolished the Sultanate, thus ending 623 years of Ottoman rule. The Treaty of Lausanne of 24 July 1923 led to the
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/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey#cite_note-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aral_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspian_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khaganhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_history#Abbasids_-_.22Islamic_Golden_Age.22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oghuz_Turkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seljuq_dynastyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Rumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Seljuq_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkic_migrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Turkeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey#cite_note-29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Middle_Ageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodosius_Ihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbulhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Romehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_Ihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey#cite_note-AlexanderToRome-28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edirnehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selimiye_Mosquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Edirne_7333_Nevit.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ottoman_empire.svg


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Mustafa Kemal Atatrk, founder andfirst President of the Republic of

Turkey.

Roosevelt, nn and Churchill at the

Second Cairo Conference which was

held between 46 December 1943.

Recep Tayyip Erdoan hasbeen elected three times as

Prime Minister: In 2002

(with 34% of the popular

vote), in 2007 (with 47%)

and in 2011 (with 49%).

international recognition of the sovereignty of the newly formed "Republic of Turkey" as the continuing state of the Ottoman Empire, and the republic wasofficially proclaimed on 29 October 1923 in Ankara, the country's new capital.[12] The Lausanne treaty stipulated a population exchange between

Greece and Turkey, whereby 1.1 million Greeks left Turkey for Greece in exchange for 380,000 Muslims transferred from Greece to Turkey. [43]

Mustafa Kemal became the republic's first President and subsequently introduced many radical reforms with the aim of transforming old Ottoman-Turkish state into a new secular republic.[12] With the Surname Law of 1934, the Turkish Parliament bestowed upon Mustafa Kemal the honorific

surname "Atatrk" (Father of the Turks.)[11]

Turkey remained neutral during most of World War II, but enteredthe war on the side of the Allies on 23 February 1945, as a

ceremonial gesture. On 26 June 1945, Turkey became a chartermember of the United Nations.[44] Difficulties faced by Greece afterthe war in quelling a communist rebellion, along with demands by theSoviet Union for military bases in the Turkish Straits, prompted theUnited States to declare the Truman Doctrine in 1947. The doctrineenunciated American intentions to guarantee the security of Turkeyand Greece, and resulted in large-scale U.S. military and economic

support.[45] Both countries were included in the Marshall Plan andOEEC for rebuilding European economies in 1948, andsubsequently became founding members of the OECD in 1961.

After participating with the United Nations forces in the Korean War, Turkey joined NATO in 1952,becoming a bulwark against Soviet expansion into the Mediterranean. Following a decade of Cypriot

intercommunal violence and the coup in Cyprus on 15 July 1974 staged by the EOKA B paramilitaryorganization, which overthrew President Makarios and installed the pro-Enosis (union with Greece) Nikos

Sampson as dictator, Turkey invaded Cyprus on 20 July 1974.[46] Nine years later the Turkish Republic of

Northern Cyprus, which is recognized only by Turkey, was established.[47]

The single-party period ended in 1945. It was followed by a tumultuous transition to multiparty democracy over the next few decades, which wasinterrupted by military coups d'tat in 1960, 1971, 1980 and 1997.[48] In 1984, the PKK began an insurgency against the Turkish government; the

conflict, which has claimed over 40,000 lives, continues today.[49] Since the liberalisation of the Turkish economy during the 1980s, the country has

enjoyed stronger economic growth and greater political stability.[50]

Politics

Main articles: Politics of Turkey, Constitution of Turkey, and Elections in Turkey

Turkey is a parliamentary representative democracy. Since its foundation as a republic in 1923, Turkey has developed

a strong tradition of secularism.[51] Turkey's constitution governs the legal framework of the country. It sets out themain principles of government and establishes Turkey as a unitary centralized state.

The President of the Republic is the head of state and has a largely ceremonial role. The president is elected for a five-year term by direct elections. Abdullah Gl was elected as president on 28 August 2007, by a popular parliament

round of votes, succeeding Ahmet Necdet Sezer.[52]

Executive power is exercised by the Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers which make up the government, whilethe legislative power is vested in the unicameral parliament, the Grand National Assembly of Turkey. The judiciary isindependent of the executive and the legislature, and the Constitutional Court is charged with ruling on the conformityof laws and decrees with the constitution. The Council of State is the tribunal of last resort for administrative cases, and

the High Court of Appeals for all others.[53]

The prime minister is elected by the parliament through a vote of confidence in the government and is most often thehead of the party having the most seats in parliament. The current prime minister is the former mayor of stanbul,Recep Tayyip Erdoan, whose conservative Justice and Development Party won an absolute majority of parliamentaryseats in the 2002 general elections, organized in the aftermath of the economic crisis of 2001, with 34% of thesuffrage.[54]

In the 2007 general elections, the AKP received 46.6% of the votes and could defend its majority in parliament. [55] Although the ministers do not haveto be members of the parliament, ministers with parliament membership are common in Turkish politics. In 2007, a series of events regarding statesecularism and the role of the judiciary in the legislature occurred. These included the controversial presidential election of Abdullah Gl, who in the pasthad been involved with Islamist parties;[56] and the government's proposal to lift the headscarf ban in universities, which was annulled by the

Constitutional Court, leading to a fine and a near ban of the ruling party. [57]

Universal suffrage for both sexes has been applied throughout Turkey since 1933, and every Turkish citizen who has turned 18 years of age has the right

to vote. As of 2004, there were 50 registered political parties in the country. [58] The Constitutional Court can strip the public financing of political partiesthat it deems anti-secular or separatist, or ban their existence altogether. [59][60]

There are 550 members of parliament who are elected for a four-year term by a party-list proportional representation system from 85 electoral districtswhich represent the 81 administrative provinces of Turkey (stanbul is divided into three electoral districts, whereas Ankara and zmir are divided into
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Ankarahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Cairo_Conferencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roosevelt_Inonu_Churchill.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MustafaKemalAtaturk.jpg


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The Grand National Assembly of

Turkey in Ankara during a speech of

U.S. President Barack Obama on 6

April 2009.

Turkey is a founding member of the

OECD and the G-20 major

economies.

Turkey began full membership

negotiations with the European Union

in 2005, having been an associate

member of the EEC since 1963, and

having joined the EU Customs Union

in 1995.

two each because of their large populations). To avoid a hung parliament and its excessive politicalfragmentation, only parties winning at least 10% of the votes cast in a national parliamentary election gain the

right to representation in the parliament.[58] Because of this threshold, in the 2007 elections only three parties

formally entered the parliament (compared to two in 2002).[61][62]

Human rights in Turkey have been the subject of much controversy and international condemnation. Between1998 and 2008 the European Court of Human Rights made more than 1,600 judgements against Turkey forhuman rights violations, particularly the right to life and freedom from torture. Other issues such as Kurdishrights, women's rights and press freedom have also attracted controversy. Turkey's human rights record

continues to be a significant obstacle to future membership of the EU. [63] According to the Committee to

Protect Journalists, the Turkish government has waged one of the world's biggest crackdowns on pressfreedoms. A large number of journalists have been arrested using charges of terrorism and anti-state activitiessuch as the Ergenekon and Balyoz cases, while thousands have been investigated on charges such as"denigrating Turkishness" in an effort to sow self-censorship. As of 2012, CPJ identified 76 journalists in jail,

including 61 directly held for their published work, more than Iran, Eritrea and China.[64] A former U.S. State Department spokesman, Philip J.

Crowley, said that the United States had "broad concerns about trends involving intimidation of journalists in Turkey."[65]

Foreign relations

Main articles: Foreign relations of Turkey and Accession of Turkey to the European Union

Turkey is a founding member of the United Nations (1945), the OECD (1961), the OIC (1969), the OSCE(1973), the ECO (1985), the BSEC (1992), the D-8 (1997) and the G-20 major economies (1999). On 17

October 2008, Turkey was elected as a non-permanent member of the United Nations Security Council. [66]Turkey's membership of the council effectively began on 1 January 2009.[66] Turkey had previously been a

member of the U.N. Security Council in 19511952, 19541955 and 1961.[66]

In line with its traditional Western orientation, relations with Europe have always been a central part of Turkishforeign policy. Turkey became a founding member of the Council of Europe in 1949, applied for associatemembership of the EEC (predecessor of the European Union) in 1959 and became an associate member in1963. After decades of political negotiations, Turkey applied for full membership of the EEC in 1987, becamean associate member of the Western European Union in 1992, joined the EU Customs Union in 1995 and has

been in formal accession negotiations with the EU since 2005.[67]

Since 1974, Turkey has not recognized the Republic of Cyprus, but instead supports the Turkish Cypriotcommunity in the form of the de facto Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, which was established in 1983

and is recognized only by Turkey.[68] The Cyprus dispute complicates Turkey's relations with both NATOand the EU, and remains a major stumbling block to Turkey's EU accession bid.[68]

The other defining aspect of Turkey's foreign relations has been its ties with the United States. Based on thecommon threat posed by the Soviet Union, Turkey joined NATO in 1952, ensuring close bilateral relationswith Washington throughout the Cold War. In the postCold War environment, Turkey's geostrategicimportance shifted towards its proximity to the Middle East, the Caucasus and the Balkans. In return, Turkeyhas benefited from the United States' political, economic and diplomatic support, including in key issues suchas the country's bid to join the European Union.

The independence of the Turkic states of the Soviet Union in 1991, with which Turkey shares a commoncultural and linguistic heritage, allowed Turkey to extend its economic and political relations deep into Central

Asia,[69] thus enabling the completion of a multi-billion-dollar oil and natural gas pipeline from Baku inAzerbaijan to the port of Ceyhan in Turkey. The BakuTbilisiCeyhan pipeline forms part of Turkey's foreign

policy strategy to become an energy conduit to the West. However, Turkey's border with Armenia, a state in

the Caucasus, remains closed following Armenia's occupation of Azerbaijani territory during the Nagorno-Karabakh War.[70] Under the AK Partygovernment, Turkey's influence has grown in the Middle East based on the strategic depth doctrine, also called Neo-Ottomanism.[71][72]

Military

Main article: Turkish Armed Forces

The Turkish Armed Forces consists of the Army, the Navy and the Air Force. The Gendarmerie and the Coast Guard operate as parts of the Ministryof Internal Affairs in peacetime, although they are subordinated to the Army and Navy Commands respectively in wartime, during which they have bothinternal law enforcement and military functions.[73] The Chief of the General Staff is appointed by the President and is responsible to the Prime Minister.The Council of Ministers is responsible to the Parliament for matters of national security and the adequate preparation of the armed forces to defend the

country. However, the authority to declare war and to deploy the Turkish Armed Forces to foreign countries or to allow foreign armed forces to bestationed in Turkey rests solely with the Parliament.[73] The actual Commander of the Armed Forces is the Chief of the General Staff General Necdet

zel since August 4, 2011.[74]

Every fit male Turkish citizen otherwise not barred is required to serve in the military for a period ranging from three weeks to fifteen months, dependent

on education and job location.[75] Turkey does not recognise conscientious objection and does not offer a civilian alternative to military service. [76]
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Troops of the Turkish Army;

Type 209 submarines of the

Turkish Navy; and an F-16 of the

Turkish Air Force.

The Turkish Armed Forces is the second largest standing armed force in NATO, after the U.S. Armed Forces,

with a combined strength of just over a million uniformed personnel serving in its five branches. [77] Since 2003,

Turkey contributes military personnel to Eurocorps and takes part in the EU Battlegroups.[78]

Turkey is one of five NATO member states which are part of the nuclear sharing policy of the alliance, togetherwith Belgium, Germany, Italy, and the Netherlands.[79] A total of 90 B61 nuclear bombs are hosted at the IncirlikAir Base, 40 of which are allocated for use by the Turkish Air Force in case of a nuclear conflict, but their userequires the approval of NATO.[80]

In 1998, Turkey announced a modernisation program worth US$160 billion over a twenty-year period in various

projects including tanks, fighter jets, helicopters, submarines, warships and assault rifles.[81] Turkey is a Level 3contributor to the Joint Strike Fighter (JSF) program.[82]

Turkey has maintained forces in international missions under the United Nations and NATO since 1950, includingpeacekeeping missions in Somalia and former Yugoslavia, and support to coalition forces in the First Gulf War.Turkey maintains 36,000 troops in Northern Cyprus; their presence is supported and approved by the de factolocal government, but the Republic of Cyprus and the international community regard it as an illegal occupationforce, and its presence has also been denounced in several United Nations Security Council resolutions.[83]

Turkey has had troops deployed in Afghanistan as part of the United States stabilisation force and the UN-

authorized, NATO-commanded International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) since 2001. [77][84] In 2006, theTurkish parliament deployed a peacekeeping force of Navy patrol vessels and around 700 ground troops as partof an expanded United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) in the wake of the Israeli-Lebanon

conflict.[85]

Administrative divisions

Further information: List of regions of Turkey, Provinces of Turkey, and Districts of Turkey

The capital city of Turkey is Ankara. The territory of Turkey is subdivided into 81 provinces for administrative purposes. The provinces are organizedinto 7 regions for census purposes; however, they do not represent an administrative structure. Each province is divided into districts, for a total of 923districts.

Provinces usually bear the same name as their provincial capitals, also called the central district; exceptions to this custom are the provinces of Hatay(capital: Antakya), Kocaeli (capital: zmit) and Sakarya (capital: Adapazar). Provinces with the largest populations are Istanbul (13 million), Ankara (5million), zmir (4 million), Bursa (3 million) and Adana (2 million).

The biggest city and the pre-Republican capital Istanbul is the financial, economic and cultural heart of the country. [86] An estimated 75.5% of Turkey'spopulation live in urban centers.[87] In all, 19 provinces have populations that exceed 1 million inhabitants, and 20 provinces have populations between 1million and 500,000 inhabitants. Only two provinces have populations less than 100,000.

Geography

Main article: Geography of Turkey

Turkey is a transcontinental[88] Eurasian country. Asian Turkey (made up largely of Anatolia), which includes 97% of the country, is separated fromEuropean Turkey by the Bosphorus, the Sea of Marmara, and the Dardanelles (which together form a water link between the Black Sea and the

Mediterranean). European Turkey (eastern Thrace or Rumelia in the Balkan peninsula) comprises 3% of the country. [89]

Ankara

Krklareli

EdirneTekirda

anakkale

Balkesir

Bursa

Yalova

Istanbul

KocaeliSakarya

DzceZonguldak

BoluBilecik

EskiehirKtahya

Manisa

zmir

Aydn

Mula

Denizli

Burdur

Uak Afyon

Isparta

Antalya

Konya

Mersin

Karaman

Aksaray

Krehir

Krkkale

ankr

Karabk

BartnKastamonu

Sinop

orum

Yozgat

Neveh ir

Nide

Adana

Hatay

Osmaniye

K. Mara

Kayseri

Sivas

Tokat

Amasya

SamsunOrdu Giresun

Erzincan

Malatya

Gaziantep

Kilis

anlurfa

Adyaman

Gmhane

TrabzonRize

BayburtErzurum

ArtvinArdahan

Kars

ArIdr

Tunceli

Elz

Diyarbakr

Mardin

Batman

Siirt

rnak

Bitlis

Bingl Mu

Van

Hakkri
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pedia.org/wiki/Antakyahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatay_Provincehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census#Turkeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regions_of_Turkeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankarahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Turkeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_Turkeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Turkeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey#cite_note-86http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Israel-Lebanon_conflicthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Interim_Force_in_Lebanonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey#cite_note-85http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey#cite_note-Economist-78http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Security_Assistance_Forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%93present)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey#cite_note-Richmond1998-84http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Cyprushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Cyprushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Gulf_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslaviahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somaliahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peacekeepinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey#cite_note-83http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-35_Lightning_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey#cite_note-82http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assault_riflehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warshiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicopterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fighter_jethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey#cite_note-81http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Air_Forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incirlik_Air_Basehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B61_nuclear_bombhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey#cite_note-80http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands_and_weapons_of_mass_destructionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany_and_weapons_of_mass_destructionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_sharinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey#cite_note-Enter_the_EU_Battle_Groups-79http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_battlegroups#Contributionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurocorpshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey#cite_note-Economist-78http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_of_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATOhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Air_Forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-16_Fighting_Falconhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Navyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_209_submarinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Armyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Turkish_Air_Force_(F-16C_Falcon).jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ay_class_submarines.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Turkish_troops.jpg


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Topographic map of Turkey

Panoramic view of the Fairy Chimneys in

Cappadocia

Mount Ararat (Ar Da) is the

highest peak in Turkey with 5,137 m

(16,854 ft)

ldeniz on the Turquoise Coast,

which is famous for its Blue Cruise

voyages.

Winter in Lake Uzungl

The territory of Turkey is more than 1,600 kilometres (1,000 mi) long and 800 km (500 mi) wide, with a roughly rectangular shape. [86] It lies betweenlatitudes 35 and 43 N, and longitudes 25 and 45 E. Turkey's area, including lakes, occupies 783,562 [90] square kilometres (300,948 sq mi), of

which 755,688 square kilometres (291,773 sq mi) are in Southwest Asia and 23,764 square kilometres (9,174 sq mi) in Europe. [86] Turkey is theworld's 37th-largest country in terms of area. The country is encircled by seas on three sides: theAegean Sea to the west, the Black Sea to the north and the Mediterranean to the south. Turkey

also contains the Sea of Marmara in the northwest.[91]

The European section of Turkey, East Thrace, forms the borders of Turkey with Greece andBulgaria. The Asian part of the country, Anatolia, consists of a high central plateau with narrowcoastal plains, between the Krolu and Pontic mountain ranges to the north and the Taurus

Mountains to the south. Eastern Turkey has a more mountainous landscape and is home to thesources of rivers such as the Euphrates, Tigris and Aras, and contains Mount Ararat, Turkey'shighest point at 5,137 metres (16,854 ft),[91][92] and Lake Van, the largest lake in the country.

Turkey is divided into seven census regions: Marmara, Aegean, Black Sea, Central Anatolia,Eastern Anatolia, Southeastern Anatolia and theMediterranean. The uneven north Anatolian terrainrunning along the Black Sea resembles a long, narrow

belt. This region comprises approximately one-sixth ofTurkey's total land area. As a general trend, the inlandAnatolian plateau becomes increasingly rugged as it

progresses eastward.[91]

Turkey's varied landscapes are the product of complexearth movements that have shaped the region overthousands of years and still manifest themselves in fairly frequent earthquakes and occasional volcaniceruptions. The Bosphorus and the Dardanelles owe their existence to the fault lines running through Turkeythat led to the creation of the Black Sea. There is an earthquake fault line across the north of the country from

west to east, which caused a major earthquake in 1999.[93]

Climate

See also: Climate of Turkey and Environmental issues in Turkey

The coastal areas of Turkey bordering the Aegean Sea and the Mediterranean Sea have a temperateMediterranean climate, with hot, dry summers and mild to cool, wet winters. The coastal areas of Turkey

bordering the Black Sea have a temperate Oceanic climate with warm, wet summers and cool to cold, wetwinters. The Turkish Black Sea coast receives the greatest amount of precipitation and is the only region ofTurkey that receives high precipitation throughout the year. The eastern part of that coast averages 2,500millimetres annually which is the highest precipitation in the country.

The coastal areas of Turkey bordering the Sea of Marmara(including Istanbul), which connects the Aegean Sea and the BlackSea, have a transitional climate between a temperate Mediterraneanclimate and a temperate Oceanic climate with warm to hot,moderately dry summers and cool to cold, wet winters. Snow doesoccur on the coastal areas of the Sea of Marmara and the Black

Sea almost every winter, but it usually lies no more than a few days. Snow on the other hand is rare in thecoastal areas of the Aegean Sea and very rare in the coastal areas of the Mediterranean Sea.

Conditions can be much harsher in the more arid interior. Mountains close to the coast prevent Mediterraneaninfluences from extending inland, giving the central Anatolian plateau of the interior of Turkey a continentalclimate with sharply contrasting seasons.

Winters on the eastern part of the plateau are especially severe. Temperatures of 30 C to 40 C (22 F to 40 F) can occur in eastern Anatolia,and snow may lie on the ground at least 120 days of the year. In the west, winter temperatures average below 1 C (34 F). Summers are hot and dry,with temperatures generally above 30 C (86 F) in the day. Annual precipitation averages about 400 millimetres (15 in), with actual amountsdetermined by elevation. The driest regions are the Konya plain and the Malatya plain, where annual rainfall frequently is less than 300 millimetres

(12 in). May is generally the wettest month, whereas July and August are the driest. [94]

Economy

Main articles: Economy of Turkey and Economic history of Turkey

Turkey has the world's 15th largest GDP-PPP[95] and 17th largest nominal GDP.[96] The country is among the founding members of the OECD and theG-20 major economies. During the first six decades of the republic, between 1923 and 1983, Turkey has mostly adhered to a quasi-statist approachwith strict government planning of the budget and government-imposed limitations over private sector participation, foreign trade, flow of foreigncurrency, and foreign direct investment. However, in 1983 Prime Minister Turgut zal initiated a series of reforms designed to shift the economy from astatist, insulated system to a more private-sector, market-based model.[50]
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8/19



A cruise ship (left) and Seabus (right)

navigating through the Bosphorus

strait in Istanbul. Turkish port cities

and coastal towns like Istanbul, Izmir

and Kuadas are among the popular

destinations of cruise ship holiday

tours in the Mediterranean Sea.

ili station of the Istanbul Metro in

front of Istanbul Cevahir, Europe's

largest mall.

The Bosphorus Bridge (1973) is one

of two suspension bridges in Istanbul

which connect Europe and Asia.

A TCDD HT65000 high-speed train

of the Turkish State Railways.

Turkish Airlines is the flag carrier

airline of Turkey since 1933.

The reforms, combined with unprecedented amounts of foreign loans, spurred rapid economic growth; but this growth was punctuated by sharp

recessions and financial crises in 1994, 1999 (following the earthquake of that year), [97] and 2001;[98] resulting in an average of 4% GDP growth per

annum between 1981 and 2003.[99] Lack of additional fiscal reforms, combined with large and growing public sector deficits and widespreadcorruption, resulted in high inflation, a weak banking sector and increased macroeconomic volatility.[100] Since the economic crisis of 2001 and thereforms initiated by the finance minister of the time, Kemal Dervi, inflation has fallen to single-digit numbers, investor confidence and foreign investmenthave soared, and unemployment has fallen.

Turkey has gradually opened up its markets through economicreforms by reducing government controls on foreign trade andinvestment and the privatisation of publicly owned industries, and the

liberalisation of many sectors to private and foreign participation hascontinued amid political debate.[101] The public debt to GDP ratio,while well below its levels during the recession of 2001, reached46% in 2010 Q3. The GDP growth rate from 2002 to 2007averaged 7%,[102] which made Turkey one of the fastest growingeconomies in the world during that period. However, growth slowedto 1% in 2008, and in 2009 the Turkish economy was affected bythe global financial crisis, with a recession of 5%. The economy was

estimated to have returned to 8% growth in 2010. [2]

In the early years of this century the chronically high inflation wasbrought under control and this led to the launch of a new currency, the Turkish new lira, on 1 January 2005, tocement the acquisition of the economic reforms and erase the vestiges of an unstable economy. [103] On 1

January 2009, the new Turkish lira was renamed once again as the Turkish lira, with the introduction of newbanknotes and coins. As a result of continuing economic reforms, inflation dropped to 8% in 2005, and theunemployment rate to 10%.[104]

Tourism in Turkey has experienced rapid growth in the last twenty years, and constitutes an important part ofthe economy. In 2008 there were 31 million visitors to the country, who contributed $22 billion to Turkey's

revenues.[105] Other key sectors of the Turkish economy are banking, construction, home appliances,electronics, textiles, oil refining, petrochemical products, food, mining, iron and steel, machine industry andautomotive. Turkey has a large and growing automotive industry, which produced 1,147,110 motor vehicles in2008, ranking as the 6th largest producer in Europe (behind the United Kingdom and above Italy) and the15th largest producer in the world.[106][107] The Turkish shipbuilding industry realized exports for US$ 1.2 billion in 2011.[108] The major exports

markets are Malta, Marshall Islands, Panama and United Kingdom. Turkish shipyards have 15 floating docks of different sizes and one dry dock.[108]

Tuzla, Yalova, and zmit have developed into dynamic shipbuilding centres. [109] In 2011, there were 70 active shipyards in Turkey, with another 56

being built.[109] Turkish shipyards are considered to be highly ranked in the production of chemical and oil tankers up to 10,000 dwt. Turkish yards arealso highly regarded in the production of mega yachts.[109]

Turkey's economy is becoming more dependent on industry in major cities, mostly concentrated in

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