TurkeyTurkey

It’s really, really great.It’s really, really great.

The flag of Turkey

GeographyGeography

• Area: 780,580 Kilometers

• Slightly larger than Texas

• Capital is Ankara

But…

• Texas has never come close to winning the World Cup

OLAY!

• Turkey: 01• Texas: 00

Real Turkey isn’t cooked,Real Turkey isn’t cooked,it establishes its it establishes its

independenceindependence The move to become an The move to become an

independent state was made by a independent state was made by a man named Mustafa Kemal.man named Mustafa Kemal.

~~~Mustafa ~~~Mustafa Kemal~~~Kemal~~~

“Father of Turkey”“Father of Turkey” His success at leading the movement His success at leading the movement

towards becoming an independent state in towards becoming an independent state in addition to making many social reforms as addition to making many social reforms as the first authoritarian leader of the country the first authoritarian leader of the country led him to receive the title of “the father of led him to receive the title of “the father of Turkey”.Turkey”.

Mt.Ararat

• Turkey is home of Mt. Ararat which is rumored to be the home of the Ark’s final resting place.

Mt.Ararat

• Texas has never been rumored to have Noah’s Ark.

OLAY!

• Turkey: 02• Texas: 01

Surrounding CountriesSurrounding Countries

GreeceGreece BulgariaBulgaria Georgia Georgia ArmeniaArmenia AzerbaijanAzerbaijan IranIran IraqIraq SyriaSyria Cyprus Cyprus (Which is located 47 miles south of Turkey in the (Which is located 47 miles south of Turkey in the

Mediterranean Sea)Mediterranean Sea)

DemographicsDemographics

Population: 69,660,559Population: 69,660,559

Population Growth Rate: 1.09%Population Growth Rate: 1.09%

Birth Rate: 16.83/1,000 populationBirth Rate: 16.83/1,000 population

Death Rate: 5.96/1,000 populationDeath Rate: 5.96/1,000 population

Total Fertility Rate: 1.94 children Total Fertility Rate: 1.94 children born/womanborn/woman

DemographicsDemographics

LanguagesLanguages TurkishTurkish KurdishKurdish ArabicArabic ArmenianArmenian GreekGreek

EthnicitiesEthnicities 80% Turkish80% Turkish 20% Kurdish20% Kurdish

The Religion of TurkeyThe Religion of Turkey

• Turkey is a secular countryTurkey is a secular country– Every person has the right to practice Every person has the right to practice

whatever religion they believewhatever religion they believe

• However, if you want to fit in, However, if you want to fit in, Muslim is the way to go. Muslim is the way to go. – Muslim: 99.8% Muslim: 99.8% (That’s 100% for those of you who (That’s 100% for those of you who

round numbers)round numbers)

• 80% of Muslims are Sunni Muslims80% of Muslims are Sunni Muslims

– Christians & Jews: 00.2% of the Christians & Jews: 00.2% of the populationpopulation

Secularism in TurkeySecularism in Turkey

• Secularism, which gives a country’s Secularism, which gives a country’s people the right to practice people the right to practice whatever religion they choose, was whatever religion they choose, was officially amended to the country’s officially amended to the country’s constitution in 1937 with law #3115constitution in 1937 with law #3115

Economy• During the Ottoman Empire, the economy was

run on the belief that the government should be strictly in charge of controlling all aspects of the economy in order to insure the well being of all its citizens

• This belief has somewhat been inherited in the attitudes of republicans in modern day turkey and is one of the reasons why the state plays such a large role in many sectors of the economy including basic industry, banking, transport, and communication.

Economy• The economy in general is made up of

both modern industries along with a large agriculture sector that still makes up over 34% of Turkeys labor force of 24.7 million.

• Some of the many agriculture products exported include tobacco, cotton, grain, olives, sugar beets, pulse, citrus and livestock.

“What the heck is pulse?” Pulse is an edible seed

Economy• In recent years automotives and

electronics have been rising in the number of products exported.

• However textiles and clothing is still the largest sector in the economy taking up over 1/3 of all employment. So far in the 21st Century there has been an increase in investor interest in new markets due to recent economic gains.

HistoryHistory

It is legend that Turkey was created by It is legend that Turkey was created by the cosmic collision of…the cosmic collision of…

PUPPIESPUPPIES

KITTENSKITTENS

Grandma’s Grandma’s Freshly baked cookiesFreshly baked cookies

And all things softAnd all things soft

But since there are no But since there are no facts to back this up facts to back this up (other than Özgur’s smile)(other than Özgur’s smile) Here Here are some facts about are some facts about how Turkey began…how Turkey began…

The Ottoman EmpireThe Ottoman Empire

Began in 1299, founded by Ottoman eliteBegan in 1299, founded by Ottoman elite Bey Osman I is known as the founder of Bey Osman I is known as the founder of

the empire even though it existed well the empire even though it existed well before him.before him.

The empire grew incredibly large but The empire grew incredibly large but slowly collapsed over the ages. When the slowly collapsed over the ages. When the Central Powers lost in WWI, time was up Central Powers lost in WWI, time was up for the Ottoman Empirefor the Ottoman Empire

2020thth & 21 & 21stst Century Century

After WWI, the Sikes-Picot agreement After WWI, the Sikes-Picot agreement was signed between the UK and France.was signed between the UK and France.

The agreement broke up the Ottoman The agreement broke up the Ottoman empire and divided it amongst the British, empire and divided it amongst the British, French, Russians, Italians, and Greece.French, Russians, Italians, and Greece.

The territory of Ankara, the modern day The territory of Ankara, the modern day capitol, is all that was left for the Turkscapitol, is all that was left for the Turks

2020thth & 21 & 21stst Century Century

The state of Turkey is established in The state of Turkey is established in 1921 upon the creation of the Turkish 1921 upon the creation of the Turkish ConstitutionConstitution

The Treaty of Lausanne was signed, The Treaty of Lausanne was signed, setting up the modern day boundaries of setting up the modern day boundaries of TurkeyTurkey

Mustafa Kemal became the president of Mustafa Kemal became the president of Turkey Turkey

Cold WarCold War

Remember how the Soviets had nuclear Remember how the Soviets had nuclear missiles in Cuba pointed at us?missiles in Cuba pointed at us?

We had nuclear missiles pointed at the We had nuclear missiles pointed at the Soviets from Turkey. Soviets from Turkey.

No missiles were fired, as you should No missiles were fired, as you should know. know.

The Coups of TurkeyThe Coups of Turkey

The military took over the government on May The military took over the government on May 2727thth of 1960 of 1960

The military believed that the government had The military believed that the government had grown too close to Islam and was loosing its grown too close to Islam and was loosing its Secular foundation.Secular foundation.

A new constitution was drafted, reinforcing the A new constitution was drafted, reinforcing the separation of church and stateseparation of church and state

The Government was then returned to civil rule The Government was then returned to civil rule

The Coups of TurkeyThe Coups of Turkey

The military took control of Turkey again The military took control of Turkey again in 1971 due to the anarchy resulting from in 1971 due to the anarchy resulting from Capitalist and Communist clashes. Capitalist and Communist clashes. The military did not take over the The military did not take over the

government but its influence was heavy.government but its influence was heavy.

The Coups of TurkeyThe Coups of Turkey

September 12, 1980: The military takes September 12, 1980: The military takes over again and the people love it. The over again and the people love it. The government had strayed from the beliefs government had strayed from the beliefs of civil order, national unity, and the of civil order, national unity, and the secular state again and Turkey was secular state again and Turkey was beginning to stagnate. After the military beginning to stagnate. After the military stepped in, things were back on trackstepped in, things were back on track

You can’t spell trouble You can’t spell trouble without PKKwithout PKK

From 1984-1999 the PKK imposed From 1984-1999 the PKK imposed relentless attacks on Turkey. After the relentless attacks on Turkey. After the capture of PKK leader of Ocalan, there capture of PKK leader of Ocalan, there was a ceasefirewas a ceasefire

In 2004 the PKK became a major In 2004 the PKK became a major problem again, ignoring its leader’s problem again, ignoring its leader’s wisheswishes

EUEU

In 2004: The European Union began In 2004: The European Union began negotiating with Turkey about its future negotiating with Turkey about its future membershipmembership

2005 & Today: Turkey is still arguing with 2005 & Today: Turkey is still arguing with the EU about its right for membershipthe EU about its right for membership

PresidentPresident

Elected by the Grand National AssemblyElected by the Grand National Assembly Must receive at least 2/3 of the vote, if Must receive at least 2/3 of the vote, if

not the elections are held again.not the elections are held again. Serve for seven years.Serve for seven years. President appoints the Prime Minister President appoints the Prime Minister

and those under the him.and those under the him. He is the leader of the military.He is the leader of the military. He can veto draft laws.He can veto draft laws.

PresidentPresident

Ahmet Necdet Sezer was elected in Ahmet Necdet Sezer was elected in 2000.2000.

Started as a judge in Ankara and was Started as a judge in Ankara and was never a member of the Grand never a member of the Grand National Assembly.National Assembly.

He is a secularist and supporter of He is a secularist and supporter of freedom of expression.freedom of expression.

Prime MinisterPrime Minister

The current Prime Minister is Recep The current Prime Minister is Recep Tayyip Erdogan.Tayyip Erdogan.

In 1997 he recited an Islamic poem In 1997 he recited an Islamic poem at a public meeting and was at a public meeting and was convicted of inciting religious hatred convicted of inciting religious hatred and sentenced to ten months in and sentenced to ten months in prison.prison.

Needless to say, this made his road Needless to say, this made his road to becoming Prime Minister uniqueto becoming Prime Minister unique

But how do I become the Prime But how do I become the Prime Minister of Turkey?Minister of Turkey?

To be appointed Prime Minister, one To be appointed Prime Minister, one has to be a member of the National has to be a member of the National AssemblyAssembly

You must also not have any You must also not have any convictions on your record.convictions on your record.

Then how did Then how did Erdogan become Erdogan become Prime Minister?Prime Minister?

Good question!Good question!

There are 2 reasonsThere are 2 reasons

Reason #1Reason #1

Abdullah Gul, a strong supporter of Abdullah Gul, a strong supporter of Erdogan, was appointed Prime Erdogan, was appointed Prime Minister and pushed a constitutional Minister and pushed a constitutional amendment allowing Erdogan to win amendment allowing Erdogan to win a seat in the assembly.a seat in the assembly.

Reason #2Reason #2

Abdullah then stepped down and Abdullah then stepped down and Erdogan was appointed Prime Erdogan was appointed Prime Minister. Minister.

Booyah!Booyah!

More info? Just check the RecepMore info? Just check the Recep

Recep Tayyip Erdogan is a member of Recep Tayyip Erdogan is a member of the Justice and Development Party or the Justice and Development Party or AK partyAK party– The AK party is a conservative and The AK party is a conservative and

Islamic based party. Islamic based party.

How does the government How does the government work?work?

►The Judicial branch of the government The Judicial branch of the government can easily be broken into several can easily be broken into several different sectionsdifferent sections The Constitutional CourtThe Constitutional Court Administrative CourtAdministrative Court Military CourtMilitary Court Civil CourtsCivil Courts

Sounds fancy, what do they Sounds fancy, what do they do?do?

►Constitutional Court functions just like Constitutional Court functions just like our Supreme Court in the sense that our Supreme Court in the sense that they decide if laws are constitutional or they decide if laws are constitutional or not.not.

►Administrative, military, and civil courts Administrative, military, and civil courts are separated and each has their own are separated and each has their own courts for appeals. courts for appeals.

►There is another court for jurisdictional There is another court for jurisdictional disputes where crimes that don’t fit in disputes where crimes that don’t fit in the other courts are tried.the other courts are tried.

Turkey’s Domestic Concerns

Kurdistan Workers Party or PKK An ethnic secessionist terrorist organization with Marxist

influences made up of Kurds living in the south eastern part of Turkey as well as Iran, Iraq and Syria.

The MinorityThe Minority

Kurds make up about 20% making Kurds make up about 20% making them the largest minority group in them the largest minority group in the countrythe country

Their goal is secession from the Their goal is secession from the Turkish Government and a homeland Turkish Government and a homeland of their own. of their own. – They are one of the few ethnicities to They are one of the few ethnicities to

not have their own state. not have their own state.

PKK The PKK was formed by the Kurd, Abdullah

Ocalan in 1978. Since that time, the Turkish Government

has been shaken by extortion, kidnapping, drug trafficking, bombings, and guerilla war fare. 80% of all heroin used in Britain has come from

Turkey

PKK Today: Kongra-Gel Ocalan was arrested in

1999 and has since rnounced the violent arm of the party.

A cease-fire was announced upon his arrest, but the cease-fire ended in 2004.

Today the PKK ignores the orders of its leader who has declared his own dislike for the band of what he today calls “murderers”

International ConflictInternational Conflict

July 2005: Turkey celebrates its’ 82July 2005: Turkey celebrates its’ 82ndnd anniversary of the signing of the Lausanne anniversary of the signing of the Lausanne Peace Treaty.Peace Treaty.– One of the founding documents of the Turkish One of the founding documents of the Turkish

Republic.Republic.– Recognized Turkey as a state and guaranteed Recognized Turkey as a state and guaranteed

its’ independence.its’ independence.– Shows that Turkey is in pursuit of a policy of Shows that Turkey is in pursuit of a policy of

“Peace at Home and Peace Abroad.”“Peace at Home and Peace Abroad.”

International OrganizationsInternational Organizations

North Atlantic Trade OrganizationNorth Atlantic Trade Organization Organization for Security and Cooperation in Organization for Security and Cooperation in

Europe (OSCE)Europe (OSCE) World Trade OrganizationWorld Trade Organization Organization of the Islamic ConferenceOrganization of the Islamic Conference Is currently seeking admittance to the EU.Is currently seeking admittance to the EU. And others And others

European UnionEuropean Union

• While it is a Muslim nation, it is the only pluralist secular democracy in the Middle East.

• For the past 42 years Turkey has tried to join the EU.

Dates to Remember!Dates to Remember!

• 1963-Ankara Agreement signed bringing Turkey and EEC closer in economic and trade matters.

• 1970-An additional protocol signed which abolished tariffs and quotas on goods circulating between Turkey and the EEC.

• 1995-Customs Union, or free trade with a common external tariff, was established between the two.

DATES!!DATES!!

• 1999-Helsinki European Council recognizes the reforms made by Turkey and it is seen as a candidate state for the EU.

• 2004-At the Brussels European Council Turkey agrees to sign protocol of the adaptation of Ankara Agreement.– But they will not recognize Greek Cypriot

Administration.

• 2005-Turkey begins accession negotiations, led by Ali Babacan as Chief Negotiator

CyprusCyprus

Has a Greek Cypriot majority (77%) and Has a Greek Cypriot majority (77%) and a Turkish Cypriot minority (18%)a Turkish Cypriot minority (18%)

It became a member of the EU in 2004.It became a member of the EU in 2004. North Cyprus, also known as the “Turkish North Cyprus, also known as the “Turkish

Republic of Northern Cyprus” is not a Republic of Northern Cyprus” is not a member.member.

CYPRUSCYPRUS

The “Annan Plan” was formed, calling for The “Annan Plan” was formed, calling for the reunification of the island as the the reunification of the island as the United Cyprus Republic.United Cyprus Republic.

Greek Cypriots rejected this plan, while Greek Cypriots rejected this plan, while Turkish Cypriots accepted it.Turkish Cypriots accepted it.

In 2005 a new Turkish leader was In 2005 a new Turkish leader was elected, Mehmet Ali Talat, and he is in elected, Mehmet Ali Talat, and he is in favor of reunification.favor of reunification.

Turkey on WeaponsTurkey on Weapons

Not that kind Not that kind of turkey!of turkey!

WeaponsWeapons

Turkey serves as a link between the East and Turkey serves as a link between the East and the West.the West.It is surrounded by areas posing high risk It is surrounded by areas posing high risk proliferation of nuclear weapons.proliferation of nuclear weapons.They are a part of the Treaty of Non-Proliferation They are a part of the Treaty of Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, the Comprehensive Test of Nuclear Weapons, the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty and was a founding member the Ban Treaty and was a founding member the Wassenaar Arrangement. Wassenaar Arrangement. It agrees with the UN Security Council It agrees with the UN Security Council Resolution 1540, focusing on the prevention of Resolution 1540, focusing on the prevention of proliferation of nuclear, chemical, and biological proliferation of nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons. weapons.

Prime Minister on IraqPrime Minister on Iraq

Prime Minister Prime Minister Erdogan has no Erdogan has no objection to the objection to the peaceful use of peaceful use of nuclear power in Iran nuclear power in Iran and Iraq.and Iraq. But he believes that But he believes that

the entire region the entire region should be free of should be free of weapons of mass weapons of mass destruction.destruction.

Relations to Palestine and Israel Prime Minister Erdogan believes that the new

Hamas government should be respected by all. The elections are an indication of democracy. Hopes that Fatah and Hamas will be able to work

together. Looks forward to the day that Israel and Palestine

recognize one another as states. They are working on building an industrial zone

with Israel and Palestine which will provide jobs for Palestinians.

““The Valley of the Wolves-Iraq”The Valley of the Wolves-Iraq”

Most expensive film made in Turkey’s Most expensive film made in Turkey’s history.history.

Focuses on the war on Iraq and the brutality Focuses on the war on Iraq and the brutality of American soldiers.of American soldiers.

Received well by the Turkish people.Received well by the Turkish people. Incorporates the “bag incidence”Incorporates the “bag incidence”

U.S. troops arrested 11 Turkish officers in U.S. troops arrested 11 Turkish officers in northern Iraq, they had to walk back to northern Iraq, they had to walk back to headquarters with bags over their heads.headquarters with bags over their heads.

This was seen as an act of betrayal by an ally.This was seen as an act of betrayal by an ally. Turkish people are not anti-American from Turkish people are not anti-American from

the film, but supposedly some are anti-Bush the film, but supposedly some are anti-Bush administration.administration.

Now it’s your turn to talkNow it’s your turn to talk

What are possible solutions to the What are possible solutions to the Cyprus Conflict?Cyprus Conflict?

Do you think the film will have any Do you think the film will have any effect on Turkish Sentiments effect on Turkish Sentiments regarding the USA?regarding the USA?

Does the Secular Government of Does the Secular Government of Turkey prevent freedom of Turkey prevent freedom of expression?expression?

Do you think that Turkey will Do you think that Turkey will eventually get in the EU? eventually get in the EU?