turfgrasses: invasive alien species (ias) as en … et al_2012.pdf · turfgrasses: invasive alien...
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TURFGRASSES: INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES (IAS) AS EN EMERGING
PROBLEM IN ITALY
1University of Basilicata, Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Environment, Viale dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy2University of Basilicata, Department of Biology, Biotechnology and Agro-Forestry Protection, Viale dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
Potenza Giovanna2, Castronuovo D.1,Fascetti S.2, Perniola M.1, Miccolis V.1, Lovelli S.1, Candido V.1
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
The research is organized in two phases: the first one involves screening of the study area (Central and Southern Italy) to findsuitable turfgrass species caracteristic of the Mediterranean Bioclimate; the second one focuses on innovative propagation and cultivation techniques, including hydroponic to optimize the'mother plants' growth. During summer 2011 and winter 2012 samples of different macrotherm native species were collected in coastal and hilly especially on sandy substrates dry and/or salty (Tabb.1,2)Now there are being studied 29 monocots and 5 dicots and for each ecotypes some morphometrical aspects were mesured (Tab. 3).
Medicago sp.
Lotu sp.
Potentilla reptans L. Trifolium repens L.
Cynodon dactylon L.
Paspalum paspaloides (Michx.) Scribner
3. RESULTS and CONCLUSIONS
4501305640701200MATERABASILICATA
4491214650379200MONTESCAGLIOSOBASILICATA
44840126662750GINOSAPUGLIA
44614676565090PISTICCIBASILICATA
44413316422340POLICOROBASILICATA
43769625788770DIAMANTECALABRIA
44384475157610ASCEACAMPANIA
46612234784430VASTOMOLISE
4668620301916400FERONIALAZIO
Coord WGS 84 NORTH
Coord WGS 84 EAST
ALTITUDE m a.s.l.LOCALITYREGION
1.INTRODUCTION
In Italy, many species from foreign countries were introduced by some public and private institutions for economic development, recreational uses, or environmental improvements, such as erosion control, restoration and beautification of landscaping along the highways.
In Italy as a result of a national research program supported by Ministry of Environment (MATTM) 1023 non native species (IAS) have been identified. Among them, turfgrasses species can be considered some of the most easily spread. The production and planting of turfgrasses are a fast developing business with a growing demand for easy to use materials that is often set up using non native species.
This paper reports the first results of an Italian research project, financed by the Italian Ministry ofAgriculture, named Mi.T.E.A.Med 'Miglioramento dei tappeti erbosi in ambiente mediterraneo: impiego dispecie endemiche e ottimizzazione delle tecniche di impianto' (Improved turfgrass in Mediterranean environment: use of endemic species of plant and optimization techniques ).
Mediterranean Study Area and Sites in Italy
The Mi.T.E.A.Med research results suggest that Mediterranean adapted native grass species are worth investigating for turfgrass making as mono [e.g. Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] and polycultures (e.g. Potentilla reptans L., Trifolium repens L., Lotus corniculatus L.) for their performance advantages and low resource use (especially water requirement). These species can be used as promising alternatives to conventional non-native turfgrasses.
Tab. 2 List of ecotypes collected
Tab. 1 List of sites collected
151618005,28,6A5 Mp
1223180010,5312,1A4 Mg
1137,90006,214,6AZ_P3
12181,57004,57,61AZ_P2
00150272,67,49AZ_P1
1121,728029,43,872,6A7
1028,829225,21,535,2A6
1218,813016,91,932A3
1122,434044,22,475A2
1125,225023,32,646,5A1
1438,62120152,769,8Pa4
1019,51,519,8153,860Pa3
000,56592,985Pa1
1034,723710,6339AZ_P5
16171180143,645C_O1bis
1222234232,856C_O1
559160351,3425
4620,5622031304
559160351,3423
1033,2230000G3
837180223110G2
8430,545202,9120G1
654238151,7648R
5500,550204,11255R
647,60,550204,11252R
759,7240161,7671R
1820,36130000Vg
19320,51473,631Vf
113017013,32,527,7Ve
15150,522153,918,6Vd
1834,8157153,242Vc
1028,700161,514Vb
728,700320,942,6Va
1631,5235151,752P_P2
average ofstolones
rootedstolon
length mmroot width
mmroot lengthinternodes
lengthwidth leaf
mmlength leaf
mmCod
Tab.3 Database reporting plant morphological aspects
At this stage biometric data (Tab. 4) on the Cynodon spp. characteristics have been used in PCA (Fig.2) in which the first dimension absorbs 56% of the total variability while the second 35%.
2Medicago sp.
1Lotus sp.
1Potentilla reptans
1natural Poa pratensis
1natural Trifolium repens
3natural Paspalum paspaloides
25natural Cynodon dactylon
NUMBER OF ACCESSIONSECOTYPES
l_root
w_root
l_stolon
n_internodesw_leaf
l_leaf
average_internodes
Vb
Vc
Ve
Vf
Vg
P_P2
Pa4
1R
2R
8R
G1
G2
G3
C_O1
C_O1bis
3
4
5
A1A2
A3
A6
A7
AZ_P530-60 -40 -20 20 40 60 80 100
Component 1 (56% l_root)
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
20
40
60
Com
pone
nt 2
(
35%
l_le
af)
10452,616,930140Median
4,010436,03771,1654810,382514,92530,77835338,7558Stand. dev
16,08331298,711,35833107,796222,7640,6058331502,01Variance
0,8020817,207530,2330952,076492,985060,1556717,75117Std. error
10,254,62,3819,31634,41441,2851,352Mean
255136559,5482,9860,36321283,8Sum
191304,144,2623180Max
40001500Min
25252525252525N
average_internodesl_leafw_leafn_interno
desl_stolonw_rootl_root
Tab. 4 Univariate statistic on biometric measure of Cynodon spp.
Fig. 2 PCA on Cynodon spp. ecotypes
The next phase of the project expects to make growing tests in a controlled environmental conditions to confirm the biometric and morphological characteristics of the samples collected and carry out stress tests to identify ecotypes with low water requirements and salinity resistence.
The PCA therefore allows to discriminate the different Cynodon ecotypes primarily in function of root length (l_root) and leaf lenght (l_leaf).
w_l
eaf
l_in
tern
l_ro
ot
w_r
oot
l_st
olon
n_st
olon
l_le
af
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
Y
Fig. 1 Distribution of morphologigal aspects