THE NAUTICAL INSTITUTE

TUG USE IN PORT A Practical Guide

2nd edition

by Captain Henk Hensen FNI

CONTENTS

. . Acknowledgements ............................................................................................... 11

... Foreword .......................................................................................................... in

Author's Preface ................................................................................................... iv

Tug Use in Port . The Overview ....................................................................... v

Glossary of Terms ............................................................................................... vi

List of figures ........................................................................................................ ix

Chapter

.. Tug design factors ........................................................................................ 1

................................................................................... Types of harbour tug 9

Assisting methods ...................................................................................... 33

................................................................ Tug capabilities and limitations 43

Bollard pull required ................................................................................. 68

Interaction and tug safety ........................................................................ 80

Towing equipment ................................................................................. 94

Training and tug simulation ..................................................................... 117

Escort tugs ................................................................................................ 134

Tug developments ................................................................................... 163

References ........................................................................................................... 174

Appendices

1 Port authorities & towing companies which provided information ..... 178

2 Safety of tugs while towing ..................................................................... 180

3 Rules for escort vessels ......................................................................... 182

Index ............................................................................................................ 187

Aarts Autohook

added mass ....................................... 73. 81 additional towing point ........................... 1.1

Aegean Sea ........................................ 134 .. 135 aids to ni~vig;~liun ................................... 135 aircraft carricrs

Bureau of Shipping (ABS) .......... 51. 154 Society for Testing and

escort tug .................................... 04. 144 reverse~tractor tug 47. 55. 56. l27. 128. 140. 143. 144. 169. 170 reversetractor t v ~ c ............................ 152 . . reverse-tractor-tug .............................. 143 tug ... 9. 13. 27. 29. 32. 36. 37. 38. 1.5. ..... 46 . 48 . 49 . 52 . 53 . 54. 57 . 58 . 59 .

reverse-tractor .......... 34. 80. 84 . 8.5 assisting mrlhuds ...................... .. ........ 6 . 33

Europe ................................................... 36 134 158 107

Australian Maritime College ................... 122 automatic

berthing system ................................... 172 release system ................................... 101

99 Aware 158 azimuth

bow thruster ................... 19, 29, 54, 172 propellers 25, 49, 54, 56, 61, 86, l63 propulsion ....................... 120, 144, 172 stern drive tugs ................................... 143 thrusters ... 26, 29, 32, 61, 7.5, 80, 117, ................... ........ 163, 165, 166, 171

tractor Lug ........... 26, 27, 120, 148, 152

INDEX

Bernoulli

lheory .................................................... 82 berth construction ................................ 68. 73

bollard pull ...... 20. 30. 56. 64. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 74.75. 76. 78. 91. 99. ......

100. 108. 110. 111. 118 120 139 146 ... . . . . . . . . 154. 159. 166. 169. 170 171 ........................ .

sakly faclor ................... .... .............. 69 bollards ....................................................... 96

Bosr bow

cushion r l lc ls ................... .. ....... 80. 81 thruster ................... 17. 10. 40. 84. 163

........................................ retractable 9

Braer ......................................................... 135 braking

and steering forces ............................. 147 Ibrces ................. 61, 138, 144, 146, 159 holding

bulb and box keel .................................... 144

C H . Cvtcs & Sons ..................... 55. 112. 170

Canada .............. 34. 38. 123. 159. 163. 170 Canship U land Limited .......................... 159

......................... 16 Outer Port Dcsign B .......................... 168

Castill" De nellver ....................................... 134 centre of pressure ........................................ 47

Clydc Consulli~nls UK ....................... .... 31

Coanda effect .................................... 75, 132 cvmbi

combincd joystick control ..................................... 26 thruster control ..................................... 25

119

common assist modes ................................ 170 communications ................................... 89, 90

composition of towlincs ........................... 106 compulsory escort areas ........................... 1.54 computer

generated image (CGI)

control of lrans ........................ 78

..................................... 15, 21, 26, 61, 88, 1.15 control systems ........................ .. ...... 14

controls logicill 11 towing ......................................... I1

conventions fibres .................................................. 104 tug .... 30, 36, 38, 45, 46, 52, 54, 56,

57, 58, 59, 65, 75, 84, 123, 127, .........

cross

current coefficient ...................................... 71

cycloidal propellers ....................................... 51, (il prupulriun s rlcm ....................... 21 120 VS propeller 2

Damen ASD Tug 2477 ...................................... 170 Shipyards ............................. 59. 122. 170

dead

deckhouse con . ............................. 170 default matrix option .............................. l59 design consequences ....................... .... 65 dcsktop computer simulntiun ..58. 119. 156 Det Norske Veritas (DNV) ............... 30. 136.

147. 148. 150. 154. 156. 157 .......................

TUG USE IN PORT 187

................................ escort tug rulcs 147 direct

Dutch inland waters .................................... 35 dynamic

............................ p ~ s i t i o ~ ~ i r ~ g systems 165 ....................................... stability 49. 170

towline pull crileria .............................. 51 ...... 104 10.5 107 114 149.

154 150

economic factor pres3 ................................ ....

effrcl ................................... of current forces 72

..................................... of water deplh 132 effective

................................ ~om~nunication 119 ......................... shiphandling with tugs 43

......................... eight stl-and plaited ropes 103 ...................................... elastic limit 110. 111

emergency towing ............................. arrangcmmta 114. 149

...................... equipment ........... 113. 158 115 l66 111

............... ..................... engine noise ... 129 ..... environmental conditions 3. 34. 62. 68.

................ 72. 108. 118. 119. 120. 123. 144. 156 166

escort

.................................................... speed 147 ........... lug 134. 13.5. 140. 143. 147. 151 cilpbilities 136, 148

............................... class notillion 136 ......................... free sailing specd 147

....................... purpose built 136, 157 .................................... regulations 158

....................... requirements 13.5, 157 .......... suitability .................... .. 136

....................... tethered 146, 147, 158 escortinrr

U

...................................... at high speeds 172 response vessel (ERV) ....................... 158

................................................ trainill& 13 9 tug positions ....................................... 138

....................................................... E. rpeprrunro 36 ................... ................... Esso Terminal .. 160

..................... ................ Europe .... 38. 139 Euronoort ................................................. 37

fibrc .................... differcnccs in properties 10.5

lines ........................ snap-back danger 105

................................................ pennant 106 ........ . . ............... towlincs .. 106 107 11 1

pitcl, propeller ................................... 88

..................... irllluer~ce around a ship 131

..................................... Maritime 134. 151 ...................................... Transom Link 151 ....................................... free sailing speed 147

....................... frequrncy-contrulled winch 99 friction

for 109 or ............................... 98

full mission bridge simulatorl25. 128. 129. 130. l36

.......................................... sitnulator ... 156 ................................. full scale escort trials 161

grooved bolla~ds .............................. .. ............. 106

............................................... fairleads 106 ............................. ................. Guard .... 158

guard plates and struls ........................... 163

. .................................. H~shaped bullilrd 95 96

Hendrik 1: Goedkoop ..................................... 9. 5 ............................. Hesnes Ncptun Group 165

high

pcrfurmance fibres ...................... .-- . IIinchinbrook Enlri~ncr ............................

HMPE ..................... fibres -10.1. 1.19. 150. 151

......... HMPE (High Modulus PolyEtI~ylene) ................................................... 104 . 105

...................... ....... 113 ..................... horizontal tug accclcrilliuns 110

Il~tll

hydraulically ........ ......................... driven winch ... Y Y

........................... operated towing pins 96 hydrudy~iaxnic

........... furccs 44 52 55 163 167 168 mags 73 moment ................................................. 44

ice conditions ............................................... 38

..... ................................................ India ... 111 indirect

.............................. towing mudc 144. 148 ................... influence of wind and current 44

.................................... illfornl assisting tugs 91 infurmi~lion exchange

pilots and tug ci~plains ....................... 152 ....... Inapated Schottel Nozzlc (ISN) 23. 25

.................................... ir~teractian 14. 80. 122 ............................. due to tug fendwing R0

.......................... cffcctr 83. 85. 92. 118

1 0 0 TUC h l A l I T l P A l I h l C T l T l I T E

7 8

of tug prope ers ........................ .. .... 80 ship prapellcr/ship hullLtug ................ 80 tug hullLship hull .................................. R0

........................... 127. 172 International Maritime Organizatiori (IMO)

.............................

J Jan Kooren Towing Company ................... 96

Kinsman Hawk Kirsten. Plofessor ...................................... 21 Kort. Mr . Ludwig nozzle ............................ 15

L

lateral centre of gravity ........................... .... 67 centre of pressure ..43. 44. 45. 50. 167 Iurcc cucfficicnt .................................... 71 resistance ...................... 50 . 63. 170. 171 underwater resistance .......................... 76 wind coefficient .................................... 70

lay

limitations of tug types ............................. 118 linlils olsi~lcly fin Lindscv Foss ............................ 146 . 149 . 158

.. Long Brach ........................................... l i 2 longitudinal forces ....................................... 59 1.ouisiana Offshore Oil Port (LOOW ..... 159 Lynn Marie .................. .. .................... 140

M Maasbank ........................... .. ........... 96. 148

simulation programs fast-time ........................................ 123

manufacturer's recurnmcndcd continuous rilling (MCR) ...................................... 30

mdrino ovcrlay finish ................................ 105 Marine Towing of Tampa ......................... 166 Marinesafety International ............. 122. 125 Maritime Simulation Centre .................... 122

25 system .................................................. 66

111 maximum

heeling mgle ....................................... 56 mean towing pull ................................ 148

Multratug 72 ...................................... 168. 169

N

nurnher of crew members ........................ 111 nylon

104 107 107

objectives of escorting .............................. 137 OCIMF ......................... 71. 72. 78. 92. 107.

............... 157

omnid~rec rona propulsiorl ................. 56. 120. 138. 163 prupulsiun systems .............................. 171 propulsion tugs ................................... 64

stern drive tugs .................... .. ............ V2 thrust performance ............................... 46

optimum inforrnaliun exchange ........................ 119 tug placement ................................... 120

optional class natation ............................ 154 outward hlrning mornenl .......................... R4

P

Panama Canal ..................................... 35, 36 Pmcll , George Q ...................... .. ......... 42 part task simulators .................... ... ....... 123 passive escorting ...................... 146, 1.52, 153 Peposus ..................................................... 17 pennimt .................. 107, 109, 114, 147, l50 performance enhancing device ............... 165

communication ............................. 93 coopel.ation ....................... ............. 93 information exchange ................... 93

. . pulycster/polypropylene stretchers ........ 107 polypropylene fibre ................................. 10.1

......................... with mninlv terminals 2 pre~cscort

checklist ............................................... 154 conference .................................. 154, 159

RinceWilliamSound 134. 152. 153. 157. 158

propeller

wvnlt ..................................... 30. 69. 86 propulsiun s y r t r ~ ~ ~ s

dienelklectric 14 protection plate ............................................ 21 Profedor 158 Puget Sound ........... 134, 1.51, 153, 157, 158

Tanker Escort Plan ............................. 158 . ~~

......................... pull/speed characteristics 100 ........................... pulling effectiveness .--- .. 66

yush~pull

point ................................. 43. 44 . 50. 59

quick release controls ......................................... 101 hook ................................ -53, 91, 96, 112

. "l echanism 100 s tnp ................................................. 100

... system ....................... .- 29, 88, 94, 101 ............................ ....... towing book .--- 52

radial hook 50, 65, 04, l63

.............. ........................ system .. 94, 167 54 97

............... rns 123 6.5

.................................... 69 relationship between tug

37 22 22 70 47

.................................. dynamic stability 51

............. retractable arimuth bow thrusters l9 revelse

.................................. arrest mode 61. 62 tractor Lug .................................................. ... 26, 27, 28, 30, 36. 37, 38, 4.5, 49, ..... 52, . 53, 54, 57, 61, 63, 6.5, 75, 92,

and heeling arm curves ....................... 51 moment 166

risk assessment study 135

......................... pulyurethnne cuilting 105 ropes

............................... braid~on-braid 104 ................................... douhlc braidcd 104 ............................ ROTOR escurt tug .... l65

.................................. Rotterdam 2, 37, 165

S/R Benicia 1'39 iafety

and perfurmancc 94 ............ during tug operations 81, 86, I R O

................................. factors 2, 111, 150

................................... Monuvec rudder

...................................... contrullahility 171 ..................... littings lur w e with t u p 149 ..................... mnnoeuvri~~g simulators 172

........................... manoeuvring space 108 .................. mooring lines as tuwlines 111

............................ simulation progl.arn 123

side

simulated escort tug ................................. 156

single ......................... or double druln winch 98

.......................... ... hydrofoil sbaped .- 148

......................... of compact tugs .-- ..... 170 standard

97 66

static furces .................................................. 110 stability ................... .... .................. 49

............... 1 stability curve requircmentr 51 Statoil Terminal ......................................... I 60 sleel

............................... and libre towlines 101

submarines ...................... .. ......... 11 . 13 . 92

linfs heat damage ................................. 100

................................ 143

t c m towing .......................................... 1.13 tension

................................ 30

bow and stern .............................. 76. 118

on a line ............................... 52. 64. 171 ............................ in ice conditions 3Y

114 148

point ....................... .... .43. 44. 15. 94 varying locatiun ............................. 94

.......... ................................ staple .... 166 winch .............. 53. 116. 97. 98. 100. 172

towline .................................................... 10 and/or fender characteristics ............ 129 close behind a ship's stern .................. 88

............................................... elaslicily 110 furcc ........... 46. 50. 53. IOU. 132. 147. .......................................... 167 . I 68 . 172 . .

handling ....................................... 92. 11 1 ....... length 81. 100. 108. 109. 119. 149

luwing un :l line ........................... 107 load reducing system ........................... U9

.................... ....... safety factors .. 110 tension control .................................... 149

.................................. system 18. 32. 56

........... 57. 63. 65. 75. 84. 87. Y2. 143. 152 training ........................................ 117. 120

and pilotage ........................................ l 56 .......................... for a new type of tug 120

................................. lor specific ships 120 ............. in thruster and tug handling 165

............................................... manuals 119 ......... objectives 117. 119. 123. 124. 130

programs .................................... delinition 131

transit route 3 transverse

..................................... approach speed 73

.................................................. tripping 8 89 tug

....................... assist in station keeping 78 ............................... assist manoeuvres 14.7

assistancc in ice

manoeuvring space .............................. 10

operating at the ship's side .................... 6

...................................... single screw 6. 17 .................................. stabilit 13. 90. 172

...................................... type suitability 65 ...................... underwater resistance 110

Voith~Schnoider .................................... Y

................... with azimuth propellers aft 6 ...................... ...... working method ... 1

'TUGSIM .................... prrlonnance graphs 61. 143

simulation YIU'T* .............................. 5Y . U

Tugz International LLC ............................ 28 ...................................... tunnel bow thruster 17

lure and Monestad terminals ................... 151 " turning

diameter ................................................ 44 moment .................................. 43. 45. 55

........................................................ Twaron 104 .................................. twelve strand braids 103

U ................................ UHMW polyethylene 13

............................ UK IY. 134. 146. 154. l 60 ............................................ UK P&I Club 135

IJlstein ........................................................... 25 Ultra Hieh Module PnlvEthvlene IUHMPEl

unsafe situations ................... .. ................. U0 ~~~~~~~~ ~ ~

................... ................................. URS ... 101 IJS Coast Guard (USCG) ......... 51. 134. l 58

.......... USA 14. 19. 21. 29. 34. 38. 48. 58.

TI lC I ICE Ihl DnRT 101

............ 100. 102. 122. 123. 134. 139. 1.50.

................................................... 152. 154. 166 federal rules ................................ 153

................. ledcrd rules fur escurting 161 . ................................................ ports 3.5 36

Valdez

.............................. towline angle 109. 110 .................................. tug acceleration 110

vessel ................... escort and response plan 152

.... escort and response plan (VEKP) 158 ..................................... traLliic services 135

VS

................... ..... reverse-tractor tug .. 154 ........ tractortug 26. 27. 30. 46. 52. 57.

.............. 64. 65. 95. 144. 1.58. 1.59. 171 ....... tug 21. 22. 23. 2.5. 32. 3.5. 37. 38.

.......... 4.5. 48. . 51. . 59. 61. 66. 75. 123.

................. 143. 144. 14b. 154. 158. 16Y design .......................................... 65

W ................... ........................ WJ. Tratt~r ........ 92

...................................... WarringtorllSeale 106 ........................... Washingion Tanker Law 1.58

water depth restricted ........................ .. .................... 4

waterlight duurs ........................................... 93 wave

.............................................. conditions 64 ....................... ....................... forces .. 72

.................................................... p.lilrm 82 wilvcs

influence on tug pelformance ..........I31 1 4

10 10 . ...............................

wijsm. dler . ..........................I.. Engineering Milrin Harbour Towage Arnstfrdam ...............

winch ....................... ...........a groove profile ..

waterfall R wind

........................................ and currcnt Y 0

70

............................... yarn-to-yarn friction 105 .................................. yaw moment 69. 71. 75

z

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