tuesday attention, cognitive control, and creativity
TRANSCRIPT
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Tuesday
Attention, cognitive control, and creativity
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Attention is responsible for:
SelectionReduction of surplus of information
VigilanceProlonged concentration
SearchLooking for information
Dual task controlDividing resources
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The stereotype
Absent-minded genius
Does this stereotype have any empirical support?
If so, is absentmindedness a result or causal factor?
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Introspective data
Ghiselin, Rompel i Taylor (1964)Creative and less creative scientistsJust before insight
diffused, wandering, unstablefocused
Just after insightSteady, searchingintensive
In the phase of elaborationclear, intensivediffused
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Mendelsohn & Griswold (1964)
Participants were divided into high and low creative
They memorized a list of words
Then they solved anagramsmsmrue oslcoh
Some of the memorized words were solutionssummer school
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Results
Creative participants solved more anagrams
These effects were not accountable in terms of memory efficiency
Conclusion: creative people unconsciously utilized the list of words
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Other studies
Anagrams
„Incidental” sounds in the environment
Some of these sounds helped to solve anagrams
Creative persons were able to take advantage of incidental stimuli
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Mendelsohn’s theory
Cue utilizationIncidental stimuli may serve as cuesCue utilization needs special states of
attentionSome persons’ attention is typically diffused
and distractableThese persons easily utilize cuesTherefore they are creative
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Evaluation of these studies
Simple task not demanding any creativity
The mechanisms of creative cognition are outlined
but
Difficult to replicate
(particularly with different criteria of creativity)
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Groborz (2003)
Simple visual stimuli
„Do something with these figures”Generative phase
„Decide what you have done”Explorative phase
Incidental verbal stimuli
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Groborz (2003)
Incidental words as cues
Cue utilizationYes, in the generative phaseNo, in the explorative phase
Dynamics of selective attention in the creative process
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Kasof (1997)
„Breadth of attention” questionnaireDo you feel the texture of your cloths?
Can you read when a fly is making a noise around you?
Positive but weak correlation between psychometric creativity and breadth of attention
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Kasof (1997)
White noise during problem solvingraising the level of arousal
„narrowing” attention
White noise is harmfulparticularly for psychometrically creative
persons
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Kolańczyk (1992)
Intensive attentiongoal-directed motivation
rational thinking
Extensive attentionno specific goal
intuitive thinking
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Rawlings (1985)
Dichotic listeningattended channel (shadowing, structured material)
ignored channel
control words in the ignored channel
recognition of control words
Efficacy of attentional filter:How many control words have been recognized
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Rawlings
Attentional filter is weaker in
Creative personsPsychotic persons
The „leaking” attention hypothesisIntrusionsOriginal associations
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Creativity, psychoticism, and attention
Psychoticism: personality factor
Hans J. Eysenck’ hypothesis: dopamine
lack of inhibition attention deficit
P C(schizotypy, schizophrenia)
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Creativity and ADHD
Shaw (1992)
ADHD – attention deficit hyperactive disorder
Positive correlation between ADHD and psychometric creativity
„Leaking” attention hypothesis
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Nęcka (1999)
DIVA (DIVided Attention) testmain task (selection of stimuli)secondary task (motoric)
More and less creative personsUrban & Jellen TCT-DPCreative Thinking Test
Creative persons have to pay more for controlling of the secondary task
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DIVA task
P
r R
KN
R
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Nęcka (1999)
01002003004005006007008009001000
single dual
Cr-
Cr+
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Interpretation
ResourcesSharing of „energy”
SwitchingCost of switch
DistractabilitySecondary task draws attention
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Słabosz (2000)
Stroop interference taskRed YellowGreen Blue
Negative priming taskA T A GF A F SG F P K K G T M
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Słabosz (2000)
Creative personsMore susceptible to the interference effect
Less susceptible to the negative priming effect
Conclusion: creativity is associated with weaker cognitive inhibition an the preattentive stage of processing
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To sum up
Creativity has something to do with inefficiency of selective attention
Top-down explanationCreativity affects attention
Bottom-up explanation„Leaking” attention facilitates creativity
Coincidencee.g., dopamine, inhibition, P, attention deficit
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However...
Alternative explanationse.g., automatic switch
Dynamics of attention