1Aa

A Vit tt ca adenine

Ab khng th Vit tt ca antibody.

ABC model Widely accepted model of

flower organ identity that appears generally

applicable to distantly related

dicotyledonous, although less well to

monocotyledonous plants.The model

incorporates the Arabidopsis genes

required for flower organ identity.

m hnh ABC M hnh -c chp nhn

rng ri v s nhn bit c quan hoa thc

vt m xut hin thch hp chung vi cc

cy hai l mm quan h xa, tuy vy t thch

hp vi cy mt l mm. M hnh hp nht

cc gen Arabidopsis cn thit nhn bit

c quan hoa.

abiotic Absence of living organisms.

v sinh Vng mt sinh vt sng.

abscisic acid A phytohormone

implicated in the control of many plant

responses to abiotic stress, such as extent

of stomatal opening under water deficit (i.e.

drought) conditions.

axit abscisic Hc mn thc vt lin quan

n iu khin phn ng thc vt vi cng

thng v sinh, nh- phn m rng kh khng

trong iu kin thiu n-c (ngha l hn

hn)

abzyme Xem: catalytic antibody.

acaricide A pesticide used to kill or control

mites or ticks.

thuc dit ve Nng d-c -c dng

dit hoc hn ch ve hoc bt.

ACC synthase Abbreviation for 1-

aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylase. The

enzyme catalyses the rate limiting step in

the ethylene biosynthetic pathway, and is

particularly significant in the fruit ripening

process. Plants typically carry a number

of distinct ACC synthase genes, which are

differentially regulated in response to a

variety of developmental, environmental

and chemical factors.

enzim tng hp ACC Vit tt ca: 1-

aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylaza. Enzim

xc tc phm vi gii hn nhp ca -ng

mn sinh tng hp -ti-len, v c bit

quan trng khi x l lm chn qu. Thc

vt tiu biu mang mt s l-ng gen tng

hp ACC ring bit, chng -c iu chnh

khc nhau phn ng li s a dng ca

cc tc nhn ho hc, mi tr-ng v pht

trin.

acceptor control The regulation of the

rate of respiration by the availability of ADP

as a phosphate acceptor.

iu khin cht nhn iu khin nhp

h hp do c sn ADP lm cht nhn pht

pht.

acceptor junction site The junction

between the 3' end of an intron and the 5'

end of an exon. See: donor junction site.

v tr ni th nhn V tr ni gia mt 3'

trnh t khng m ho v mt 5' trnh t

m ho. Xem: donor junction site.

accessory bud A lateral bud occurring

at the base of a terminal bud or at the

side of an axillary bud.

mm ph Mm bn ny n ti gc mm

ngn hoc cnh mm nch.

acclimatization The adaptation of a living

organism (plant, animal or micro-

organism) to a changed environment that

subjects it to physiological stress.

Acclimatization should not be confused

with adaptation.

thun ho Thch nghi ca sinh vt sng

(thc vt, ng vt hoc vi sinh vt) vi

mi tr-ng thay i vn gy cng thng

sinh l. Thun ho khng nn nhm ln

vi thch ng.

acellular Tissues or organisms that are not

made up of separate cells but often have

more than one nucleus.

phi t bo Cc m hoc sinh vt khng

-c to ra t nhng t bo ring bit

nh-ng th-ng c hn mt nhn.

2acentric chromosome Chromosome

fragment lacking a centromere.

nhim sc th khng tm on nhim

sc th thiu tm ng.

acetyl CoA Vit tt ca acetyl co-enzyme

A.

acetyl co-enzyme A (Abbreviationt: acetyl

CoA) A compound formed in the

mitochondria when an acetyl group

(CH3

CO-) - derived from breakdown of fats,

proteins, or carbohydrates - combines

with the thiol group (-SH) of co-enzyme

A.

acetyl co-enzim A Hp cht hnh thnh

trong ty th khi gc axetyl (CH3CO-) - bt

ngun t phn hu cht bo, protein, hoc

hydrat cacbon - kt hp vi gc thiol (-SH)

ca co-enzyme A.

ACP Vit tt ca acyl carrier protein.

acquired Developed in response to the

environment, not inherited, such as a

character trait (acquired characteristic)

resulting from environmental effect(s). cf

acclimatization.

tp nhim Pht trin phn ng li mi

tr-ng, khng di truyn, nh- mt tnh trng

ring (c tnh tp nhim) do nh h-ng

mi tr-ng. So snh vi: acclimatization

acridine dyes A class of positively charged

polycyclic molecules that intercalate into

DNA and induce frameshift mutations.

thuc nhum acridin Lp phn t nhiu

vng tch in d-ng -c np vo DNA

v gy t bin x dch khung c.

acrocentric A chromosome that has its

centromere near the end.

nhim sc th tm ngn Nhim sc th

c tm ng gn mt.

acropetal Arising or developing in a

longitudinal sequence beginning at the

base and proceeding towards the apex.

Opposite: basipetal.

h-ng ngn Xut hin hoc trnh t pht

trin theo chiu dc bt u gc v tip

n pha ngn. Ng-c vi: basipetal

activated carbon cc bon hot tnh Xem:

activated charcoal.

activated charcoal Charcoal that has

been treated to remove hydrocarbons and

to increase its adsorptive properties. It acts

by condensing and holding a gas or solute

onto its surface; thus inhibitory substances

in nutrient medium may be adsorbed to

charcoal included in the medium.

than hot tnh Than x l loi b hy-

r-cac-bon v lm tng tnh hp ph. Tc

dng do c c v hp ph kh hoc cht

tan trn b mt; do vy cc cht km hm

trong mi tr-ng dinh d-ng c th -c

ht bm vo than c trong mi tr-ng.

active transport The movement of a

molecule or groups of molecules across a

cell membrane, which requires the

expenditure of cellular energy, because the

direction of movement is against the

prevailing concentration gradient.

vn chuyn tch cc Chuyn ng ca

phn t hoc nhm phn t qua mng t

bo, yu cu chi ph nng l-ng t bo, v

h-ng chuyn ng l ng-c li vi -u th

gradient nng .

acute transfection Short-term

transfection.

truyn nhim cp Vit gn transfection.

acyl carrier protein (Abbreviation: ACP).

A class of molecules that bind acyl

intermediates during the formation of long-

chain fatty acids. ACPs are important

because of their involvement in many of

the reactions necessary for in vivo fatty

acid synthesis.

protin vn chuyn gc acyl (Vit tt:

ACP). Lp phn t ni cc cht trung gian

acyl trong qu trnh hnh thnh a-xt bo.

ACP rt quan trng v c nhiu mi lin

quan vi cc phn ng cn thit tng

hp a-xt bo trong c th.

adaptation Adjustment of a population to

changes in environment over generations,

associated (at least in part) with genetic

changes resulting from selection imposed

by the changed environment. Not

acclimatization.

thch ng iu chnh qun th lm thay

trong mi tr-ng qua cc th h, -c hp

acentric chromosome

3nht (t nht mt phn) vi thay i di

truyn bt ngun t chn lc bt buc do

mi tr-ng thay i. Khng phi l thun

ho kh hu.

additive genes Genes whose net effect

is the sum of their individual allelic effects,

i.e. hey show neither dominance nor

epistasis.

gen cng tnh Gen c nh h-ng thc l

tng cng cc hiu ng alel ring l, ngha

l chng ch ra khng phi tnh tri v cng

khng ln t.

additive genetic variance The net effect

of the expresson of additive genes, and

thus the chief cause of the resemblance

between relatives. It represents the main

determinant of the response of a

population to selection. Formally, the

variance of breeding values.

ph-ng sai di truyn cng tnh nh

h-ng r biu th gen cng tnh, v nh-

vy l nguyn nhn chnh ca s ging

nhau gia cc dng thn thuc. i din

cho yu t quyt nh chnh ca phn ng

qun th vi chn lc. V hnh thc,

ph-ng sai gi tr nhn ging sinh sn.

adenine (Abbreviation: A). One the bases

found in DNA and RNA.

adenin (Vit tt: A) Ba z c trong DNA v

RNA. Xem: adenosine

adenosine The (ribo)nucleoside resulting

from the combination of the base adenine

(A) and the sugar D-ribose. The

corresponding deoxyribonucleoside is

called deoxyadenosine. See: adenosine

triphosphate, adenylic acid, dATP.

Phn t (ribo) nucleosit bt ngun t kt

hp ba z adenine (A) vi -ng D-ribose.

Deoxyribonucleosit t-ng ng -c gi l

deoxyadenosin. Xem: adenosine

triphosphate, adenylic acid, dATP.

adenosine diphosphate (adenosine 5'-

diphosphate) (vit tt: ADP). Xem:

adenosine triphosphate.

adenosine monophosphate (adenosine

5'-monophosphate) (Vit tt: AMP).

Xem: adenylic acid, adenosine

triphosphate.

adenosine triphosphate (adenosine 5'-

triphosphate) (Abbreviation: ATP). A

nucleotide of fundamental importance as

the major carrier of chemical energy in all

living organisms. It is also required for RNA

synthesis since it is a direct precursor

molecule. ATP consists of adenosine with

three phosphate groups, linked together

linearly. The phosphates are attached to

adenosine through the 5'-hydroxyl of its

ribose (sugar) portion. Upon hydrolysis,

these bonds yield either one molecule of

adenosine 5'-diphosphate (ADP) and the

inorganic phosphate ion, or one molecule

of adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP)

and pyrophosphate; in both cases

releasing energy that is used to power

biological processes. ATP is regenerated

by the phosphorylation of AMP and ADP.

nucleotit (Vit tt: ATP) Mt nucleotit quan

trng c bn v l th mang chnh nng

l-ng ha hc trong ton b sinh vt sng.

ATP cn cn thit tng hp RNA khi l

phn t tin cht trc tip. ATP gm c

adenosine vi ba gc pht pht, lin kt

tuyn tnh vi nhau. Pht pht -c gn

lin vi adenosine qua 5'-hydroxyl ca

phn ribose (-ng). Sau thu phn, lin

kt ny nh mt phn t adenosine 5'-

diphosphate (ADP) v ion pht pht v c,

hoc phn t adenosine 5'-

monophosphate (AMP) v lin kt cao

nng; trong c hai tr-ng hp nng l-ng

gii phng lm tng cc qu trnh sinh hc.

ATP -c ti to bi qu trnh phosphoryl

ho AMP v ADP.

adenovirus One of a group of DNA-

containing viruses found in rodents, fowl,

cattle, monkeys, and man. In man they are

responsible for respiratory-tract infections,

but they have been exploited as a vector

in gene therapy, especially for genes

targeted at the lungs.

adenovirt Mt trong nhm virut cha

DNA c trong cc loi gm nhm, gia cm,

th nui, kh, v ng-i.Trong c th ng-i

chng l nguyn nhn nhim bnh theo

-ng h hp, nh-ng chng -c khai

thc lm vect trong liu php gen, c

bit cho cc gen ch phi.

additive genes

4adenylic acid Synonym for adenosine

monophosphate, a (ribo)nucleotide

containing the nucleoside adenosine. The

corresponding deoxyribonucleotide is

called deoxyadenosine 5'-

monophosphate or deoxyadenylic acid.

adenylic acid T ng ngha vi adenosin

monophosphat, mt (ribo)nucleotit c cha

nucleosit adenosin. Deoxyribonucleotit

t-ng ng -c gi l

eoxyadenosin 5'-monophosphat hoc

axt deoxyadenylic.

adoptive immunization The transfer of an

immune state from one animal to another

by means of lymphocyte transfusions.

min dch nhn to Chuyn giao trng

thi min dch t mt ng vt ny sang

ng vt khc bng cch truyn lymph

bo.

ADP Vit tt ca adenosine diphosphate.

adventitious A structure arising at sites

other than the usual ones, e.g. shoots from

roots or leaves, and embryos from any cell

other than a zygote.

chi bt nh Cu trc xut hin ti v tr

thay v bnh th-ng, v d chi t r hoc

l, v phi t mt s t bo no thay v

hp t.

aerobe A micro-organism that grows in

the presence of oxygen. Opposite:

anaerobe.

sinh vt hiu kh Loi vi sinh vt sinh

tr-ng khi c oxi. Ng-c vi: anaerobe.

aerobic Active in the presence of free

oxygen, e.g. aerobic bacteria that can live

in the presence of oxygen.

ho kh Hot ng khi c oxi t do, v d

vi khun ho kh c th sng khi c oxi.

aerobic respiration A type of respiration

in which foodstuffs are completely oxidized

to carbon dioxide and water, with the

release of chemical energy, in a process

requiring atmospheric oxygen.

h hp ho kh Kiu h hp trong thc

phm -c xy ha hon ton thnh cc

b nch v n-c, km theo gii phng nng

l-ng ha hc, trong mt qu trnh lun

cn oxi kh quyn.

affinity chromatography A method for

purifying specific components in a solution

by exploiting their specific binding to known

molecule(s). The mixed solution is passed

through a column containing a solid

medium to which the binding molecule is

covalently attached. See: immunoaffinity

chromatography ; metal affinity

chromatography ; pseudo-affinity

chromatography

sc k i lc Ph-ng php lm sch

cc thnh phn ring bit trong dung dch

bng cch khai thc mi lin kt c th

ca chng vi phn t nht nh. Dung dch

hn hp i qua ct c cha mi tr-ng rn

phn t lin kt -c gn lin kt ng

ha tr. Xem: immunoaffinity

chromatography; metal affinity

chromatography; pseudo-affinity

chromatography.

affinity tag An amino acid sequence that

has been engineered into a protein to

make its purification easier. The tag could

be another protein or a short amino acid

sequence, allowing purification by affinity

chromatography. Synonym: purification

tag.

u i lc Trnh t amino acid -c x

l thnh protein d lm sch. u i

lc c th l protein khc hoc trnh t

amino acid ngn, cho php lm sch bi

php sc k i lc. T ng ngha:

purification tag.

aflatoxins A group of toxic compounds,

produced by Aspergillus flavus, that bind

to DNA and prevent replication and

transcription. Aflatoxins can cause acute

liver damage and cancer. A health hazard

in certain stored foods or feed.

aflatoxins Nhm hn hp cht c, -c

sn xut bi nm mc Aspergillus flavus,

kt khi vi DNA v ngn nga dch m v

phin m. Aflatoxin c kh nng gy tn

th-ng gan cp v ung th-. Nguy hi sc

kho ca thc phm ct tr hoc nui

d-ng nht nh.

adenylic acid

5AFLP Vit tt ca amplified fragment

length polymorphism

Ag Vit tt ca antigen.

agar A polysaccharide gelifying agent

used in nutrient media preparations and

obtained from Rhodophyta (red algae).

Both the type of agar and its concentration

can affect the growth and appearance of

cultured explants.

thch Tc nhn ho gel polysaccharide

dng trong cc ch phm mi tr-ng dinh

d-ng v thu -c t Rhodophyta (to ).

Cc loi thch v nng u c th lm

nh h-ng n sinh tr-ng v xut hin

mnh nui cy.

agarose The main functional constituent

of agar.

Thnh phn chc nng chnh ca thch.

agarose gel electrophoresis A method

to separate DNA and RNA molecules on

the basis of their size, in which samples

are subjected to an electric field applied to

a gel made with agarose.

in di trn gel agarose Ph-ng php

tch ring cc phn t DNA v RNA

da theo kch th-c ca chng, trong

cc mu ty thuc vo in tr-ng p dng

cho mt gel agarose.

aggregate 1. A clump or mass formed by

gathering or collecting units. 2. A body of

loosely associated cells, such as a friable

callus or cell suspension. 3. Coarse inert

material, such as gravel, that is mixed with

soil to increase its porosity. 4. A serological

reaction in which the antibody and

antigen react and precipitate.

tp hp 1. Cm hoc khi hnh thnh do

nhiu n v tch t hoc s-u tp. 2. Th

kt hp khng cht ch nhiu t bo, nh-

l m so ri rc hoc huyn ph t bo

3. Vt liu th tr, nh- l si, -c trn ln

vi t tng thm xp. 4. Phn ng

huyt thanh trong khng th v khng

nguyn phn ng v kt ta.

agonist A drug, hormone or transmitter

substance that forms a complex with a

receptor site. The formation of the

complex triggers an active response from

a cell.

cht khng Mt loi thuc, hooc-mn

hoc cht dn truyn to thnh mt phc

cht c v tr th nhn. Hnh thnh phc h

khi pht phn ng tch cc t t bo.

Agrobacterium A genus of bacteria that

includes several plant pathogenic species,

causing tumour-like symptoms.

Agrobacterium Ging vi khun bao gm

mt s loi tc nhn gy bnh thc vt,

gy ra cc du hiu ging nh- khi u. xem:

Agrobacterium rhizogenes, Agrobacterium

tumefaciens.

Agrobacterium rhizogenes A bacterium

that causes hairy root disease in some

plants. Similar to the crown gall disease

caused by Agrobacterium tumefaciens,

this is achieved by the mobilization of the

bacterial Ri plasmid with the transfer to

the plant of some of the genetic material

from the plasmid. This process has been

used to insert foreign genes into plant cells,

but to a lesser extent than the

Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated

transformation system, because

regeneration of whole plants from hairy

root cultures is problematical.

Agrobacterium rhizogene Loi vi khun

gy bnh hi r mt s thc vt. T-ng

t bnh nt sn -c gy ra bi

Agrobacterium tumefaciens, -c to

thnh do s huy ng ca Ri plasmid vi

khun cng vic chuyn cho cy mt s

vt cht di truyn t plasmid. Qu trnh ny

-c dng chn cc gen l vo t bo

cy, nh-ng phm vi nh hn so vi

Agrobacterium tumefacien- h bin np

trung gian, do ti sinhc mt thc vt t

vic nui cy r t l mt s kh khn.

Agrobacterium tumefaciens A bacterium

that causes crown gall disease in some

plants. The bacterium characteristically

infects a wound, and incorporates a

segment of Ti plasmid DNA into the host

genome. This DNA causes the host cell

to grow into a tumour-like structure that

synthesizes specific opines that only the

pathogen can metabolize. This DNA-

transfer mechanism is exploited in the

AFLP

6genetic engineering of plants.

Agrobacterium tumefacien Vi khun gy

ra bnh nt sn trong mt s thc vt. Loi

vi khun ny chuyn nhim c tr-ng vt

th-ng, v hp nht on DNA Ti plasmid

vo h gen k ch. DNA khin cho t bo

k ch tng tr-ng thnh mt cu trc

ging nh- khi u tng hp cc sn phm

c bit m ch tc nhn gy bnh mi c

th chuyn ho. C ch chuyn i DNA

-c khai thc trong k thut di truyn thc

vt. Xem: T - DNA.

Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated

transformation The process of DNA

transfer from Agrobacterium

tumefaciens to plants, that occurs

naturally during crown gall disease, and

can be used as a method of

transformation.

bin np trung gian Agrobacterium

tumefacien Qu trnh chuyn DNA t

Agrobacterium tumefacies cho thc vt,

xy ra t nhin trong bnh nt sn, v c

th dng lm ph-ng php bin np.

AHG Vit tt ca antihaemophilic

globulin.

AI Vit tt ca artificial insemination.

airlift fermenter A cylindrical

fermentation vessel in which the cells are

mixed by air introduced at the base of the

vessel and that rises through the column

of culture medium. The cell suspension

circulates around the column as a

consequence of the gradient of air bubbles

in different parts of the reactor.

bnh ln men ng kh Bnh ln men hnh

ng trong cc t bo -c trn ln do

khng kh -a vo ti y bnh v -c

dng ln qua ct dung dch nui cy.

Huyn ph t bo bao quanh ct ging nh-

kt qu ca gradient bt kh trong tng

phn khc nhau ca bnh phn ng.

albinism Hereditary absence of pigment

in an organism. Albino animals have no

colour in their skin, hair and eyes. Albino

plants lack chlorophyll.

chng bch tng Thiu di truyn sc t

sinh vt. Cc ng vt bch tng khng

c mu da, tc v mt. Cy bch tng

thiu cht dip lc.

albino 1. An organism lacking

pigmentation, due to genetic factors. The

condition is albinism 2. A conspicuous

plastid mutant involving loss of

chlorophyll.

th bch tng 1. Sinh vt thiu h sc t

do nhn t di truyn. iu kin l bch tng

2. t bin lp th d nhn bit ko theo

mt cht dip lc.

aleurone The outermost layer of the

endosperm in a seed, and the site of

enzymes concerned with endosperm

digestion during seedling growth.

mng nh Lp ngoi cng ca ni nh

ht, v v tr ca cc enzim lin quan n

tiu ho ni nh khi ny mm.

algal biomass Single-celled plants (e.g.

Chlorella spp. and Spirulina spp.) grown

commercially in ponds to make feed

materials for zooplankton, which are in turn

harvested as feed for fish farms.

sinh khi to Thc vt c cu to t bo

n (v d to Chlorella spp. v Spirulina

spp.) trng th-ng mi trong ao h to

nguyn liu nui ng vt ph du, -c

thu hoch tng t lm thc n nui c .

alginate Polysaccharide gelling agent.

Tc nhn to gel polisacarit .

alkylating agent A class of chemicals that

transfer alkyl (methyl, ethyl, etc.) groups;

for example to the bases in DNA. Some of

these (especially ethyl methane

sulphonate, abbreviated EMS) have been

much used as mutagens.

tc nhn ankyl ho Lp ha cht chuyn

giao nhm ankyl (m-thyl, -tin, etc.); v

d chuyn cho baz trong DNA. Mt s

trong (c bit l ethyl methane

sulphonate, vit tt EMS) -c s dng

nhiu lm tc nhn gy t bin.

allele A variant form of a gene. In a diploid

cell there are two alleles of every gene (one

inherited from each parent, although they

could be identical). Within a population

there may be many alleles of a gene.

Alleles are symbolized with a capital letter

Agrobacterium tumefacien

7to denote dominance, and lower case for

recessive. In heterozygotes with co-

dominant alleles, both are expressed.

alen Mt dng khc ca gen. Trong t bo

l-ng bi mi gen u c hai alen (tha

k t cha v t m, mc du chng c th

ng nht). Trong mt qun th mi mt

gen c th nhiu alen. Cc alen -c k

hiu bng ch hoa ch tnh tri, v ch

th-ng ch tnh ln. Trong d hp t c cc

alen ng tri, c hai u -c biu th.

Xem: multiple alleles.T ng ngha:

allelomorph.

allele frequency The relative number of

copies of an allele in a population,

expressed as a proportion of the total

number of copies of all alleles at a given

locus in a population.

tn s alen S l-ng t-ng i bn sao

ca mt alen trong mt qun th, biu th

t l ca tng s bn sao ton b alen ti

mt gen nht nh trong qun th.

allelic (tnh t) thuc alen xem allele

allele-specific amplification

(Abbreviation: ASA). The use of the

polymerase chain reaction at a

sufficiently high stringency that only one

allele is amplified. A powerful means of

genotyping for single-locus disorders that

have been characterized at the molecular

level.

khuch i chuyn bit alen (Vit tt:

ASA). s dng phn ng chui emzim

trng hp vi mc cht ch cao ch duy

nht mt alen -c khuch i. Ph-ng

php mnh gim nh gen vi cc ri

lon gen n -c nh r c im

mc phn t.

allelic exclusion A phenomenon whereby

only one functional allele of an antibody

gene can be assembled in a given B

lymphocyte.

loi tr alen Hin t-ng do ch alen

hot ng ca gen khng th c th -c

tp hp trong mt limph bo B nht nh.

allelomorph t-ng ng alen Xem: alen.

allelopathy The secretion of chemicals,

such as phenolic and terpenoid

compounds, by a plants roots, which

inhibit the growth or reproduction of

competitor plants.

cm nhim qua li S tit cc ha cht,

nh- l hp cht phenolic v terpenoid, bi

r cy, ngn chn sinh tr-ng hoc sinh

sn ca cy cnh tranh.

allergen An antigen that provokes an

immune response.

d ng Mt loi khng nguyn to ra phn

ng min dch.

allogamy Cross fertilization in plants. See:

fertilization.

tp giao Th phn cho thc vt. Xem:

fertilization.

allogenic Differing at one or more loci,

although belonging to the same species.

Thus an organ transplant from one human

donor to another is allogeneic, whereas a

transplant from a baboon to a human

would be xenogeneic.

khc gen Khc bit mt hoc nhiu

gen, mc d u thuc cng loi. Do vy

mnh ghp c quan t ng-i ny sang

ng-i khc l khc gen, trong khi mnh

ghp t kh cho ng-i li l gen l.

allometric When the growth rate of one

part of an organism differs from that of

another part or of the rest of the body.

sinh tr-ng khng u Khi tc sinh

tr-ng ca mt b phn c th sinh vt

khng ging vi phn khc hoc phn cn

li ca c th.

allopatric In the context of natural

populations of animals or plants, inhabiting

distinct and separate areas.

khc vng phn b Trong phm vi ca

cc qun th t nhin ng vt hoc thc

vt, cc vng c- tr tch ring v phn

bit.

allopatric speciation Speciation

occurring at least in part because of

geographic isolation.

hnh thnh loi khc vng phn b Hnh

thnh loi xy ra ti thiu do cch ly a l.

allopolyploid A polyploid organism with

sets of chromosomes derived from

allele frequency

8different species. Opposite:

autopolyploid.

th a bi Sinh vt a bi c b nhim

sc th bt ngun t cc loi khc nhau.

ng-c vi: autopolyploid.

allosome nhim sc th gii tnh T

ng ngha: sex chromosome.

allosteric control iu khin d khi

Xem: allosteric regulation.

allosteric enzyme An enzyme that has

two structurally distinct forms, one of which

is active and the other inactive. Active

forms tend to catalyse the initial step in a

pathway leading to the synthesis of

molecules. The end product of this

synthesis can act as a feedback inhibitor,

converting the enzyme to the inactive form,

thus controlling the amount of product

synthesized. Synonym: allozyme.

enzim d khi Enzim c hai dng cu trc

phn bit, dng hot ng v dng khng

hot ng. Dng hot ng h-ng ti xc

tc b khi u trong -ng mn dn n

tng hp phn t. Sn phm cui cng ca

qu trnh tng hp ny c th lm cht c

ch phn hi, chuyn enzim sang dng

khng hot ng, do vy iu khin s

l-ng sn phm tng hp. T ng ngha:

allozyme.

allosteric regulation A catalysis-

regulating process in which the binding of

a small effector molecule to one site on

an enzyme affects the activity at another

site.

iu ho d khi Qu trnh iu ho xc

tc trong lin kt ca phn t tc ng

nh vi mt v tr enzim c nh h-ng n

hot ng v tr khc .

allosteric site That part of an enzyme

molecule where the non-covalent binding

of an effector molecule can affect the

enzymes catalytic activity. See:

conformation, ligand.

v tr d khi Phn phn t enzim ni lin

kt khng ng ha tr ca phn t tc

ng c th lm nh h-ng n hot ng

xc tc enzim. Xem: conformation, ligand.

allosteric transition A reversible

interaction of a small molecule with a

protein molecule, resulting in a change in

the shape of the protein and consequent

alteration of the interaction of that protein

with a third molecule.

chuyn d khi T-ng tc c th o

ng-c ca mt phn t nh vi phn t

protein, lm thay i hnh dng protein v

dn n t-ng tc ca protein vi phn t

th ba.

allotetraploid An allopolyploid having

two different progenitor genomes.

d t bi, song nh bi Th d a bi mang

hai h gen t tin khc nhau.

allotype A classification of antibody

molecules according to the antigenicity of

the constant regions; a variation that is

determined by a single allele.

allotip Cch phn loi phn t khng th

theo tnh khng nguyn ca vng n nh;

bin d -c xc nh do alen n.

allozygote A individual that is

heterozygous for two different mutant

alleles.

d hp t ln C th l d hp t v hai

alen t bin khc nhau.

allozyme Xem: allosteric enzyme.

alpha globulin Xem: haptoglobin.

alternative mRNA splicing The inclusion

or exclusion of different exons to form

different mRNA transcripts from a single

transcription unit.

ghp ni mRNA khc bit Kt hp hoc

loi tr cc exon khc bit hnh thnh

cc bn sao mRNA ring bit t mt n

v phin m.

Alu sequences A highly repeated family

of 300-bp long sequences dispersed

throughout the human genome, so named

because they are released by the digestion

of genomic DNA with the restriction

endonuclease AluI.

trnh t Alu Mt h trnh t di 300-bp lp

nhiu ln phn tn khp h gen ng-i, c

tn nh- vy v chng -c to ra do s

tiu ha DNA h gen vi endonucleaza

gii hn AluI.

allosome

9amber stop codon b ba kt thc amber

Xem: stop codon.

amino acid A compound containing both

amino (-NH2

) and carboxyl (-COOH)

groups. In particular, any of 20 basic

building blocks of proteins having the

formula NH2

-CR-COOH, where R is

different for each specific amino acid. See:

annex 3.

axt amin Hp cht c cha c nhm amin

(-NH2) v cc-b-xyn (-COOH). c bit,

bt k ca 20 khi xy dng c bn protein

u c cng thc NH2-CR-COOH, y

R l im khc nhau cho mi mt a xit a

min ring bit. Xem: ph lc 3.

aminoacyl site (Abbreviation: A-site). One

of two sites on ribosomes to which the

aminoacyl tRNA molecules can bind.

v tr a xt amin (vit tt: A-site). Mt trong

hai v tr trn ribosom cc phn t tRNA-

a xt amin c th gn vo.

aminoacyl tRNA synthetase An enzyme

that catalyses the attachment of an amino

acid to its specific tRNA molecule.

aminoacyl tRNA synthetaza Enzim xc

tc vic gn a xt amin vi phn t tRNA

ch r ca n.

amitosis A cell division (including nuclear

division through constriction of the nucleus)

that occurs without chromosome

differentiation as in mitosis. The

mechanism whereby the genetic integrity

is maintained during amitosis is uncertain.

trc phn Mt kiu phn chia t bo (bao

gm phn chia nhn qua tht nhn) xy

ra khng phn ho nhim sc th nh-

trong gim phn. Do c ch ny ton vn

di truyn -c duy tr trong trc phn l

khng chc chn.

amniocentesis A procedure for obtaining

foetal cells for prenatal diagnosis by

sampling the amniotic fluid from a

pregnant mammal. Cells are cultured, and

the karyotype is checked for known

irregularities (e.g. Downs syndrome and

spina bifida in humans).

d mng i qua bng Ph-ng php thu

nhn cc t bo thuc thai nhi chn

on tr-c gn khi sinh bng vic ly mu

dch i t ng vt c v c thai. Cc t

bo -c nui cy, v kiu nhn -c kim

tra im khc th-ng bit (v d Hi

chng down v tt nt t sng ng-i).

amnion The thin membrane that lines the

fluid-filled sac in which the embryo

develops in higher vertebrates, reptiles and

birds.

mng i Mng mng lm ngn ti cha

y dch trong phi pht trin ca cc

ng vt c x-ng sng bc cao, b st

v chim.

amniotic fluid Liquid contents of the

amniotic sac of higher vertebrates,

containing foetal, but not maternal cells.

dch mng i Thnh phn cht lng mng

i ca nhm ng vt c x-ng sng bc

cao, gm c cc t bo thai nhi, nh-ng

khng phi l t bo m.

amorph A mutation that abolishes gene

function. Synonym: null mutation.

t bin v hiu t bin bi b chc

nng gen.T ng ngha: null mutation.

AMP Vit tt ca adenosin

monophotphat (AMP).

amphidiploid A plant derived from

doubling the chromosome number of an

interspecific F1

hybrid. Naturally found

hybrids of this sort are referred to as

allopolyploid.

th nh bi kp Thc vt bt ngun t vic

nhn i s nhim sc th ca con lai F1

khc loi. Nhng con lai to thnh trong t

nhin ca loi ny -c xem l d a bi

th.

amphimixis True sexual reproduction

involving the fusion of male and female

gametes and the formation of a zygote.

giao phi hu tnh Sinh sn hu tnh thc

lin quan dung hp gia giao t ci v c

hnh thnh hp t.

ampicillin A penicillin-type antibiotic that

prevents bacterial growth by interfering

with synthesis of the cell wall. Commonly

used as a selectable marker in the

creation of transgenic plants.

amber stop codon

10ampicillin Loi khng sinh kiu pnixilin

ngn nga sinh tr-ng vi khun do gy

nhiu tng hp vch t bo. Th-ng -c

dng lm du chun chn lc khi to thc

vt chuyn gen.

amplicon The product of a DNA

amplification reaction. See: polymerase

chain reaction.

n v siu sao chp Sn phm phn ng

khuch i DNA. xem: polymerase chain

reaction.

amplification 1. Creation of many copies

of a segment of DNA by the polymerase

chain reaction. 2. Treatment (e.g. use of

chloramphenicol) designed to increase the

proportion of plasmid DNA relative to that

of bacterial (host) DNA. 3. Evolutionary

expansion in copy number of a repetitive

DNA sequence through a process of

repeated duplication.

s khuch i 1. To thnh nhiu bn sao

t mt on DNA do phn ng chui enzim

trng hp 2. Cch x l (v d s dng

cloramphenicol) tng thm t l DNA

plasmit so vi DNA vi khun (k ch). 3.

M rng tin ha s l-ng bn sao ca

trnh t DNA lp thng qua mt qu trnh

nhn i lp li.

amplified fragment length

polymorphism (Abbreviation: AFLP). A

type of DNA marker, generated by the

PCR amplification of restriction

endonuclease treated DNA. A small

proportion of all restriction fragments is

amplified in any one reaction, so that AFLP

profiles can be analysed by gel

electrophoresis. This has the important

characteristic that many markers can be

generated with relatively little effort.

tnh a hnh di on khuch i (vit

tt: AFLP). Kiu du chun DNA, pht sinh

do khuch i PCR ca DNA -c x l

enzim gii hn. Mt t l nh ca tt c

on gii hn -c khuch i trong bt

k mi phn ng, cho cc mu AFLP

c th -c phn tch bng in di trn

gel. iu ny c c im quan trng l

c nhiu du chun c th -c pht sinh

vi t-ng i t cng sc.

amplify To increase the number of copies

of a DNA sequence, either in vivo by

inserting into a cloning vector that

replicates within a host cell, or in vitro by

polymerase chain reaction.

khuch i Lm tng thm s bn sao

ca trnh t DNA, c trong c th do chn

vect nhn dng lp bn trong t bo

vt ch, hoc trong ng nghim bng phn

ng chui enzim trng hp.

ampometric xem: electrochemical

sensor

amylase Describing a wide class of

enzymes that catalyse the hydrolysis of

starch.

amylaza M t mt lp ln enzim xc tc

thy phn tinh bt.

amylolytic The capability of enzymatically

degrading starch into sugars.

tiu tinh bt Kh nng phn hu enzim

bin tinh bt thnh -ng.

amylopectin A polysaccharide

comprising highly branched chains of

glucose residues. The water-insoluble

portion of starch.

amilopectin Mt loi polisacarit bao gm

nhiu nhnh

cao ca gc glucoza. Phn khng tan

trong n-c ca tinh bt.

amylose A polysaccharide consisting of

linear chains of 100-1000 glucose

residues. The water-soluble portion of

starch.

amilose Mt loi polisacarit bao gm nhiu

mch thng ca 100-1000 gc glucoza.

Phn ho tan -c trong n-c ca tinh bt.

anabolic pathway A pathway by which a

metabolite is synthesized; a biosynthetic

pathway.

-ng mn ng ha -ng mn m

theo sn phm trao i cht -c tng

hp; mt -ng mn tng hp sinh hc.

anabolism One of the two subcategories

of metabolism, referring to the building up

of complex organic molecules from simpler

precursors.

amplicon

11s ng ha Mt trong s hai cp nh

trao i cht, lin quan n vic to ra cc

phn t hu c phc tp t nhng tin cht

n gin.

anaerobe An organism that can grow in

the absence of oxygen. Opposite: aerobe.

vi khun k kh Loi sinh vt c th sinh

tr-ng khi thiu oxi. Ng-c vi: aerobe.

anaerobic An environment or condition in

which molecular oxygen is not available

for chemical, physical or biological

processes.

ym kh Mi tr-ng hoc iu kin trong

oxi phn t khng c sn cho cc qu

trnh ha hc, vt l hoc sinh hc.

anaerobic digestion Digestion of

materials in the absence of oxygen. See:

anaerobic respiration.

tiu ha ym kh Tiu ha cc nguyn

liu khi thiu oxi. Xem: anaerobic

respiration

anaerobic respiration Respiration in

which foodstuffs are partially oxidized, with

the release of chemical energy, in a

process not involving atmospheric oxygen.

A notable example is in alcoholic

fermentation, where sugar is metabolized

into ethanol.

h hp ym kh S h hp trong thc

n -c xy ha tng phn, c gii phng

nng l-ng ha hc, trong qu trnh khng

lin quan vi oxi kh quyn. V d ln men

r-u, y -ng -c chuyn thnh cn.

analogous Features of organisms or

molecules that are superficially or

functionally similar but have evolved in a

different way or contain different

compounds.

cng chc Cc c im ca sinh vt

hoc phn t ging nhau b ngoi hoc

chc nng nh-ng -c tin ho theo con

-ng khc nhau hoc cha cc hp cht

khc nhau.

anaphase The stage of mitosis or

meiosis during which the daughter

chromosomes migrate to opposite poles

of the cell (toward the ends of the spindle).

Anaphase follows metaphase and

precedes telophase.

k sau Giai on nguyn phn hoc gim

phn trong cc nhim sc th con di

chuyn ti cc i din ca t bo (v pha

cc mt si thoi). K sau theo sau k gia

v tr-c k cui.

anchor gene A gene that has been

positioned on both the physical map and

the linkage map of a chromosome, and

thereby allows their mutual alignment.

gen m neo Gen -c nh v trn c bn

vt cht v bn lin kt ca nhim

sc th, v do vy cho php chng sp

xp thnh hng t-ng h.

androgen Any hormone that stimulates

the development of male secondary sexual

characteristics, and contributes to the

control of sexual activity in vertebrate

animals. Usually synthesized in the testis.

kch t tnh c, hc mn nam Bt k

mt loi hooc-mn no kch thch pht trin

c tr-ng gii tnh th cp ging c, v

gp phn iu khin hot ng gii tnh

ng vt c x-ng sng. Th-ng -c tng

hp trong tinh hon.

androgenesis Male parthenogenesis,

i.e. the development of a haploid embryo

from a male nucleus. The maternal nucleus

is eliminated or inactivated subsequent to

fertilization of the ovum, and the haploid

individual (referred to as androgenetic)

contains in its cells the genome of the male

gamete only. See : anther culture;

gynogenesis.

trinh sinh c Sinh sn n tnh c,

ngha l pht trin phi n bi t nhn

c. Ht nhn m -c loi tr hoc kh

hot tnh k tip th tinh non, v c

th n bi (-c xem trinh sinh c) cha

trong cc t bo ch mt h giao t c.

xem: anther culture; gynogenesis.

aneuploid An organism or cell having a

chromosome number other than the

normal somatic number. Aneuploid

gametes have a chromosome number

other than the normal haploid number.

The condition is aneuploidy.

anaerobe

12

th lch bi Sinh vt hoc t bo c s

l-ng nhim sc th khc vi s l-ng

nhim sc th t bo bnh th-ng. Cc giao

t th lch bi c s l-ng nhim sc th

khc vi s n bi bnh th-ng. iu kin

l hin t-ng lch bi .

angiogenesis The formation and

development of new blood vessels in the

body, stimulated by growth factors, such

as angiogenin. The process is required

for the spread of malignant tumours.

to mch Hnh thnh v pht trin cc

mch mu mi trong c th, -c kch thch

bi cc nhn t sinh tr-ng, nh-

angiogenin. Qu trnh ny cn thit pht

huy cc khi u c.

angiogenin One of the human angiogenic

growth factors. In addition to stimulating

(normal) blood vessel formation,

angiogenin levels are correlated with

placenta formation and tumour growth.

angiogenin Mt trong cc nhn t sinh

tr-ng to mch ng-i. Ngoi kch thch

hnh thnh mch mu (bnh th-ng), cc

mc angiogenin c t-ng quan vi hnh

thnh rau thai v sinh tr-ng khi u.

angiosperm A division of the plant

kingdom that includes all flowering plants,

i.e. vascular plants in which double

fertil ization occurs resulting in

development of fruit containing seeds.

Divided into two major groups,

monocotyledons and dicotyledons.

See: gymnosperm

cy ht kn Mt b phn ca gii thc vt

bao gm tt c cc loi thc vt ra hoa,

ngha l cc cy mch g trong th tinh

kp to ra pht trin qu c cha ht. -c

chia thnh hai nhm chnh, nhm cy n

t dip v nhm cy song t ip. xem:

gymnosperm

animal cell immobilization Entrapment

of animal cells in some solid material in

order to produce some natural product or

genetically engineered protein. Animal

cells have the advantage that they already

produce many proteins of

pharmacological interest, and that

genetically engineered proteins are

produced by them with the post-translation

modifications normal to animals. However,

because animal cells are much more

fragile than bacterial ones, they cannot

tolerate a commercial fermentation

process.

c nh t bo ng vt nh by nhng

t bo ng vt trong dng vt liu rn

sn xut mt s sn phm t nhin hoc

protein k thut di truyn. T bo ng vt

c li th ch chng sn xut nhiu

loi protein -c d-c hc quan tm, v

cc protein k thut di truyn ny -c sn

xut do chng c nhiu bin i sau dch

m mt cch bnh th-ng vi ng vt. Tuy

nhin, v t bo ng vt d v nhiu hn

so vi vi khun, nn chng khng c s

dng trong qu trnh ln men th-ng mi.

animal cloning nhn dng ng vt

xem: cloning

anneal The pairing of complementary

DNA or RNA sequences, via hydrogen

bonding, to form a double-stranded

polynucleotide. Opposite: denature.

ghp Cp i trnh t RNA hoc DNA b

sung, qua lin kt hy-r, hnh thnh

polinucleotit si kp. Ng-c vi: denature.

annual 1. (adj:) Taking one year, or

occurring at intervals of one year. 2. A plant

that completes its life cycle within one year.

See biennial, perennial.

hng nm 1. (tnh t) Mt mt nm, hoc

xut hin khong thi gian mt nm. 2.

Thc vt hon thnh chu trnh sng trong

vng mt nm. Xem: biennial, perennial.

anonymous DNA marker A DNA marker

detectable by virtue of variation in its

sequence. The function (if any) of the

sequence is unknown. Microsatellites

and AFLPs are typical anonymous DNA

markers.

du chun DNA bt nh Du chun

DNA c th tm ra do hiu qu bin d trong

trnh t. Chc nng (nu c) ca trnh t

ch-a -c bit. Nhng v tinh nh v AFLP

l nhng du chun DNA tiu biu.

antagonism An interaction between two

organisms (e.g. moulds or bacteria) in

angiogenesis

13which the growth of one is inhibited by the

other. Opposite: synergism.

i khng T-ng tc gia hai loi sinh vt

(v d nm mc hoc vi khun) trong

s sinh tr-ng ca sinh vt ny b ngn

chn bi sinh vt khc. Ng-c vi :

synergism.

antagonist A compound that inhibits the

effect of an agonist in such a way that the

combined biological effect of the two

becomes smaller than the sum of their

individual effects.

cht i khng Hp cht ngn chn nh

h-ng ca cht khng bng cch nh- vy

nh h-ng sinh hc kt hp ca hai tr

thnh nh hn tng s cc nh h-ng ring

r.

anther The upper part of a stamen,

containing pollen sacs within which the

pollen develops and matures.

bao phn Phn trn ca nh hoa, cha ti

phn trong phn hoa pht trin v

tr-ng thnh.

anther culture The aseptic culture of

immature anthers to generate haploid

plants from microspores via

androgenesis.

nui cy bao phn Nui cy v trng cc

bao phn ch-a chn to ra cy n bi

t tiu bo t nh sinh sn n tnh c.

anthesis The period during which anthers

bear mature and functional pollen.

s n hoa Thi k bao phn mang phn

hoa tr-ng thnh v hot ng.

anthocyanin A water-soluble blue, purple

or red flavonoid pigments found in

vacuoles of cells of certain plants.

antxian Loi cht mu nhm flavonoid

c mu xanh, ta hoc ho tan trong

n-c cha trong khng bo ca cc t bo

thc vt nht nh.

antiauxin A chemical that interferes with

the auxin response, sometimes by the

prevention of auxin transport. Some

antiauxins may promote morphogenesis

in vitro (e.g. 2,3,5-tri-iodobenzoate (TIBA)

and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetate (2,4,5-

T)) and are therefore used to stimulate the

growth of some cultures.

cht khng auxin Cht ha hc hn ch

vai tr auxin, i khi l do ngn nga

chuyn vn auxin. Mt s cht khng auxin

c th y mnh s to hnh trong ng

nghim (v d 2,3,5- tri- Iodobenzoate

(TIBA) v 2,4,5- trichlorophenoxyacetate

(2,4,5-T)) v do vy -c s dng kch

thch sinh tr-ng mt s nui cy.

antibiosis The prevention of growth or

development of an organism by a

substance or another organism.

tnh khng sinh S ngn nga sinh tr-ng

hoc pht trin mt sinh vt do mt cht

hoc mt sinh vt khc.

antibiotic A class of natural and synthetic

compounds that inhibit the growth of, or

kill some micro-organisms. Antibiotics are

widely used medicinally to control bacterial

pathogens, but resistance in bacteria to

particular antibiotics is often rapidly

acquired through mutation.

cht khng sinh Lp cc hp cht t

nhin v tng hp c ch sinh tr-ng hoc

tiu dit mt s vi sinh vt. Cht khng

sinh -c s dng rng ri v mt y hc

iu khin cc vt gy bnh vi khun,

nh-ng tnh khng ca vi khun vi cht

khng sinh c hiu th-ng b nhanh

chng lm quen thng qua t bin.

antibiotic resistance The ability of a

micro-organism to disable an antibiotic or

prevent its transport into the cell.

tnh khng cht khng sinh Kh nng

ca vi sinh vt v hiu ha cht khng

sinh hoc ngn nga chuyn vn vo t

bo.

antibiotic resistance marker gene

(Abbreviation: ARMG). Genes (usually of

bacterial origin) used as selection markers

in transgenesis, because their presence

allows cell survival in the presence of

normally toxic antibiotic agents. These

genes were commonly used in the

development and release of first

generation transgenic organisms

(particularly crop plants), but are no longer

antagonist

14

favoured because of perceived risks

associated with the unintentional transfer

of antibiotic resistance to other organisms.

See kanr

, neor

.

gen nh du tnh khng cht khng

sinh (vit tt: ARMG ). Gen (th-ng c

ngun gc vi khun) -c dng nh- du

chn chn lc trong hot ng chuyn gen,

bi v s hin din ca chng cho php t

bo tn ti khi c tc nhn khng sinh c

bnh th-ng. Cc gen ny th-ng -c

dng pht trin v gii phng sinh vt

chuyn gen th h u (c bit cy trng),

nh-ng khng cn -c -u tin do c nhiu

ri ro kt hp vi chuyn ngu nhin tnh

khng cht khng sinh cho sinh vt khc.

xem: kanr, Neor.

antibody (Abbreviation: Ab). An

immunological protein produced by the

lymphocytes in response to contact with

an antigen. Each antibody recognizes just

one antigenic determinant of one antigen

and acts by specifically binding to it, thus

rendering it harmless. Those from the IgG

antibody class are found in the

bloodstream and used in immunoassay.

Synonym: immunoglobulin. See:

monoclonal antibody, polyclonal

antibody.

khng th (vit tt: A ). Protein min dch

-c sn sinh bi limph bo trong phn

ng tip xc khng nguyn. Mi khng th

ch nhn bit mt nhn t quyt nh khng

nguyn ca mt khng nguyn v tc dng

do lin kt c bit vi n, nh- vy bin n

thnh v hi. Khng th t lp lgG c trong

mu v -c dng trong th nghim min

dch. T ng ngha: immunoglobulin.

Xem: monoclonal antibody, polyclonal

antibody.

antibody binding site The part of an

antibody that binds to the antigenic

determinant. See: complementarity-

determining regions. Synonym:

paratope.

v tr gn khng th Phn khng th lin

kt vi nhn t quyt nh khng nguyn.

Xem: complementarity-determining

regions. T ng ngha: paratope.

antibody class The class to which an

antibody belongs, depending on the type

of heavy chain present. In mammals, there

are five classes of antibodies: IgA, IgD, IgE,

IgG, and IgM.

lp khng th Lp m khng th ph

thuc vo, tu theo c mt kiu chui nng.

Trong ng vt c v, c nm lp khng

th: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM.

antibody structure Describes the

molecular architecture of an antibody,

which consists of two identical light chains

and two identical heavy chains and has

two antigen-binding sites. Each chain

consists of a constant region which is the

same between antibodies of the same

class and sub-class, and a variable region

that is antibody-specific.

cu trc khng th M t cu trc phn

t khng th, gm c hai chui nh v

hai chui nng ng nht v c hai im

gn khng nguyn. Mi chui gm c mt

vng n nh ging nhau gia nhng khng

th cng lp v lp ph, v mt vng bin

i c tr-ng khng th.

antibody-mediated immune response

The synthesis of antibodies by B cells in

response to an encounter of the cells of

the immune system with a foreign antigen.

Synonym: humoral immune response.

phn ng min dch qua trung gian

khng th S tng hp khng th do cc

t bo B phn ng li mt bt cp t

bo ca h thng min dch c khng

nguyn ngoi. T ng ngha: humoral

immune response.

anticlinal The orientation of cell wall or

plane of cell division perpendicular to the

surface. Opposite: periclinal.

np li nh h-ng vch t bo hoc mt

phng phn chia t bo thng gc vi b

mt. ng-c vi: periclinal .

anticoding strand The DNA strand used

as template for transcription. The

resulting mRNA is complementary in

sequence to that of the anticoding strand.

Synonym: template strand.

si i m Si DNA s dng nh- khung

antibody

15mu dch m. T b sung RNA thng

tin cho trnh t si i m. T ng ngha:

template strand

anticodon A triplet of tRNA nucleotides

that corresponds to a complementary

codon in an mRNA molecule during

translation.

n v i m B ba nuleotit tRNA m

t-ng ng vi b ba b sung ca phn t

RNA thng tin khi dch m.

antigen (Abbreviation: Ag). A

macromolecule (usually a protein foreign

to the organism), which elicits an immune

response on first exposure to the immune

system by stimulating the production of

antibodies specific to its various

antigenic determinants . During

subsequent exposures, the antigen is

bound and inactivated by these antibodies.

Synonym: immunogen.

khng nguyn (vit tt: Ag). Mt i phn

t (th-ng mt protein l i vi sinh vt),

khi mo phn ng min dch khi tip xc

ln u vi h thng min dch do kch thch

sn xut khng th c hiu vi cc nhn

t quyt nh khng nguyn khc nhau.

Trong thi gian tip xc k tip, khng

nguyn -c lin kt v b kh hot tnh

bi khng th ny.T ng ngha:

immunogen.

antigenic determinant The individual

surface feature of an antigen, that elicits

the production of a specific antibody in

the course of the immune response. Each

antigenic determinant, typically a few

amino acids in size, causes the synthesis

of a different antibody and thus exposure

to a single antigen may result in the

expression of a number of antibodies. See:

monoclonal antibody, polyclonal

antibody. Synonym: epitope.

yu t quyt nh khng nguyn c

tnh b mt ring ca mt khng nguyn,

khi mo sn xut mt khng th ring bit

trong qu trnh phn ng min dch. Mi

yu t quyt nh khng nguyn, mang mt

s t amino acid tiu biu cng c, gy ra

tng hp khng th khc v do vy khi tip

sc khng nguyn n c th dn ti biu

th mt s khng th. Xem: monoclonal

antibody, polyclonal antibody.T ng

ngha: epitope .

antigenic switching The altering of a

micro-organisms surface antigens through

genetic re-arrangement, to elude detection

by the hosts immune system.

chuyn i khng nguyn Bin i

khng nguyn b mt vi sinh vt qua sp

xp di truyn, trnh b h thng min

dch ca vt ch pht hin.

antihaemophilic factor VIII

tc nhn khng xut huyt VIII xem:

antihaemophilic globulin.

antihaemophilic globulin (Abbreviation

AHG). One of the blood clotting factors, a

soluble protein that causes the fibrin

matrix of a blood clot to form. Used as a

treatment for haemophilia, AHG is usually

obtained from genetically engineered cell

cultures. Synonym: antihaemophilic factor

VIII.

globulin khng xut huyt (vit tt AHG).

Mt trong s tc nhn lm ng mu,

protein ho tan to thnh nn fibrin ng

mu. -c s dng iu tr chng d xut

huyt, AHG th-ng thu -c t nui cy t

bo k thut di truyn. T ng ngha:

antihaemophilic factor VIII.

anti-idiotype antibody An antibody,

produced by an organism, which

specifically binds to the binding site of an

antibody developed by that organism

against a foreign antigen. Involved with

the regulation of the immune response.

Some allergic responses are in part due

to the breakdown of this sort of regulation.

khng th khng lin kt c hiu Mt

loi khng th, sn xut bi sinh vt, lin

kt c hiu vi im bm ca khng th

-c pht trin do sinh vt chng li mt

khng nguyn l. Lin quan iu ho phn

ng min dch. Mt s phn ng d ng

mt phn do ph v s chn lc iu ho.

antimicrobial agent Any chemical or

biological agent that inhibits the growth

and/or survival of micro-organisms. See:

antibiotic.

anticodon

16tc nhn khng khun Bt k tc nhn

sinh hc hoc ha hc no ngn nga sinh

tr-ng v/ hoc tn ti ca vi sinh vt. Xem:

antibiotic

antinutrient Compounds that inhibit the

normal uptake or utilization of nutrients.

khng dinh d-ng Hp cht ngn chn

s hp thu bnh th-ng hoc s dng cc

cht dinh d-ng.

anti-oncogene A gene whose product

prevents the normal growth of tissue.

gen chng gy ung th- Mt gen m sn

phm ca n ngn nga s sinh tr-ng

bnh th-ng ca m.

antioxidant Compounds that slow the rate

of oxidation reactions.

cht chng oxi ha Cht lm chm nhp

cc phn ng xi ha.

antiparallel orientation The normal

arrangement of the two strands of a

double-stranded DNA molecule, and of

other nucleic-acid duplexes (DNA-RNA,

RNA-RNA), in which the two strands are

oriented in opposite directions so that the

5'-phosphate end of one strand is aligned

with the 3'-hydroxyl end of the

complementary strand.

h-ng i song song Sp xp bnh

th-ng hai si ca phn t DNA si kp,

v ca cp nucleic-acid khc (DNA- RNA,

RNA- RNA), trong hai si -c h-ng

ng-c nhau mt 5'-pht pht ca mt

si -c lin kt vi mt 3'- hidroxyl ca

si b sung.

antisense DNA One of the two strands of

double-stranded DNA, usually that which

is complementary (hence anti) to the

mRNA, i.e. the non-transcribed strand.

However, there is not universal agreement

on this convention, and the preferred

designations are coding strand for the

strand whose sequence matches that of

the mRNA, and non-coding strand or

template strand for the complementary

strand (i.e. the transcription template).

DNA i ngha Mt trong hai si DNA kp,

thng th-ng l b sung (do anti) cho

mRNA, ngha l si khng -c phin m.

Tuy nhin, khng c s thng nht chung

v quy -c ny, v cc tn gi ph hp l

si m ho cho si c trnh t ph hp

vi mRNA, v si khng m ho hoc si

khung mu cho si b sung (ngha l:

khung mu phin m).

antisense gene A gene that produces an

mRNA complementary to the transcript

of a normal gene (usually constructed by

inverting the coding region relative to the

promoter).

gen i ngha Gen sn xut RNA thng

tin b sung cho bn dch ca gen bnh

th-ng (th-ng cu trc do vic o

ng-c vng m ho t-ng ng vi khi

im).

antisense RNA An RNA sequence that

is complementary to all or part of a

functional mRNA molecule, to which it

binds, blocking its translation.

RNA i ngha Trnh t RNA b sung

cho tt c hoc mt phn phn t RNA

thng tin chc nng, lin kt, ngn bn

dch ca n.

antisense therapy The in vivo treatment

of a genetic disease by blocking

translation of a protein with a DNA or an

RNA sequence that is complementary to

a specific mRNA.

liu php i ngha iu tr trong c th

mt bnh di truyn nh kho chn phin

m protein bng DNA hoc trnh t RNA

b sung cho mRNA c hiu.

antiseptic Any substance that kills or

inhibits the growth of disease-causing

micro-organism (a micro-organism

capable of causing sepsis), but is

essentially non-toxic to cells of the body.

st khun Cht bt k tiu dit hoc c

ch sinh tr-ng vi sinh vt gy bnh (vi

sinh vt c kh nng gy nhim), nh-ng

bn cht khng c cho t bo c th.

antiserum The fluid portion of the blood

of an immunized animal (after coagulation

of the blood), which retains any

antibodies.

khng huyt thanh Phn lng ca mu

ng vt -c gy min dch (sau khi lm

antinutrient

17 ng mu), cha khng th .

anti-terminator A protein which enables

RNA polymerase to ignore certain

transcriptional stop or termination signals

and thereby produce longer than normal

transcripts.

cht khng kt thc Mt loi protein cho

php RNA polymeraza khng lm dng

phin m nht nh hoc cc tn hiu kt

thc v do vy sn xut cc bn sao di

hn bnh th-ng.

antitranspirant A compound designed to

reduce plant transpiration. Applied to the

leaves of newly transplanted trees, shrubs

etc., or cuttings in lieu of misting. Can

interfere with photosynthesis and

respiration if the coating is too thick or is

unbroken.

cht chng thot n-c Cht to ra

gim mt n-c cy trng. -c p dng

cho l cy, khm cy... mi trng, hoc

nhng lt ct b li. C th nh h-ng

quang hp v h hp nu ph trn l qu

dy hoc khng b phn hu.

antixenosis The modification of the

behaviour of an organism by a substance

or another organism. Particularly used in

the context of a plants apparent resistance

against insect feeding, when the insects

are presented with a choice of plant

genotypes.

khng th l S bin i tp tnh ca sinh

vt bi mt cht hoc sinh vt khc. c

bit -c s dng trong hon cnh tnh

khng xut hin ca thc vt khng d-ng

cn trng, khi cn trng -c chuyn c

s la chn cc kiu gen thc vt.

apex The portion of a root or shoot

containing the primary or apical meristem.

nh, ngn Phn r hoc chi cy c m

phn sinh s cp hoc m phn sinh nh.

apical cell A meristematic initial in the

apical meristem of shoots or roots of

plants.

t bo nh T bo u tin phn sinh

trong m phn sinh nh ca chi hoc r

cy.

apical dominance The phenomenon

where growth of lateral (axillary) buds in a

plant is inhibited by the presence of the

terminal (apical) bud on the branch.

Explained by the export of auxins from the

apical bud.

-u th ngn Hin t-ng sinh tr-ng mm

bn (nch) ca cy b c ch do c mt

chi nh trn cc nhnh. -c gii thch

do vn chuyn cht kch thch tng tr-ng

bt u t mm nh.

apical meristem A region of the tip of each

shoot and root of a plant in which cell

division is continually occurring to produce

new stem and root tissue, respectively.

Two regions are visible in the apical

meristem: An outer 1-4-cell layered region

(the tunica), where cell divisions are

anticlinal; and below the tunica, (ii) the

corpus, where the cells divide in all

directions, and increase in volume.

m phn sinh nh Vng chp ca mi

mt chi v r cy trong phn chia t

bo xy ra lin tc sn xut m thn v

r mi, theo tng cch ring. Hai vng

phn bit r trong m phn sinh nh: vng

(mng) -c xp lp 1- 4- t pha ngoi

vo, ni s phn chia t bo l np li; v

d-i mng, vng (ii), ni t bo phn chia

theo tt c cc h-ng, v lm tng th tch.

apoenzyme Inactive enzyme that has to

be associated with a co-enzyme in order

to function. The apoenzyme/co-enzyme

complex is called a holoenzyme.

apoenzim Enzim khng hot ng kt hp

vi ng enzim hot ng. Phc hp

apoenzim/ng-enzim -c gi l enzim

hon ton (hai thnh phn, nh cu t).

apomixis The production of an embryo

in the absence of meiosis. Apomictic

higher plants produce asexual seeds,

derived only from maternal tissue. See:

parthenogenesis.

sinh sn v phi Sinh sn phi khi thiu

gim phn. Thc vt bc cao sinh sn v

phi sn xut ht ging v tnh, ch thu

-c t m m. xem mc :

parthenogenesis.

anti-terminator

18apoptosis The process of programmed

cell death, which occurs naturally as a part

of normal development, maintenance and

renewal of tissue. Differs from necrosis,

in which cell death is caused by external

factors (stress or toxin).

chng cht dn Qu trnh cht t bo

-c ch-ng trnh ha, xy ra t nhin nh-

mt b phn pht trin bnh th-ng, duy

tr v i mi m. Khc vi hoi t, cht t

bo gy ra bi nhn t bn ngoi (sc hoc

c t).

AP-PCR xem: arbitrarily primed

polymerase chain reaction.

aptamer A polynucleotide molecule that

binds to a specific molecule, often a

protein.

Phn t polinucleotit lin kt vi phn t

c hiu, th-ng l protein.

aquaculture Farming of aquatic

organisms, including fish, molluscs,

crustaceans and aquatic plants.

ngh nui trng thy sn Canh tc thu

sinh vt, bao gm c, nhuyn th, san h

v thc vt thu sinh.

Arabidopsis A genus of flowering plants

in the Cruciferae. A. thaliana is used in

research as a model plant because it has

a small fully sequenced genome, can be

cultured and transformed easily, and has

a rapid generation time.

Arabidopsis Mt ging thc vt ra hoa

thuc h thp t Cruciferae. A. thaliana

-c dng trong nghin cu lm cy mu

bi n mang h gen trnh t y khng

ln, c th -c nui cy v thay i d,

v thi gian th h nhanh.

arbitrarily primed polymerase chain

reaction (Abbreviation: AP-PCR) An

application of the polymerase chain

reaction to generate DNA fingerprints.

The technique uses arbitrary primers to

amplify anonymous stretches of DNA. See:

DNA amplification fingerprinting,

random amplified polymorphic DNA.

phn ng chui enzim tng hp mi tu

(vit tt: AP- PCR) ng dng phn ng

chui polymeraza to ra du chun

DNA. K thut s dng mi tu

khuych i nhng qung che khut ca

DNA. Xem: DNA amplification

fingerprinting, random amplified

polymorphic DNA

arbitrary primer An oligonucleotide

primer whose sequence is chosen at

random, rather than one whose sequence

matches that of a known locus. These

primers therefore amplify DNA fragments

which have not been pre-selected.

mi tu Mi oligonucleotide c trnh t

-c chn ngu nhin, thay v trnh t i

xng thuc gen bit. Nhng mi ny

do vy khuch i cc on DNA m

khng -c chn tr-c.

Archaea Single-celled life forms adapted

to existence in high pressure, anaerobic,

environments such as at extreme ocean

depths. These organisms are seen as a

promising source of enzymes robust

enough for a number of demanding

industrial processes.

Archaea Cc dng sng n bo thch

nghi tn ti trong mi tr-ng p sut

cao, ym kh, nh- cc su y i d-ng.

Nhng sinh vt ny -c nhn nhn nh-

ngun enzim phong ph y ha hn

p ng s l-ng cho cc qu trnh cng

nghip ang i hi cao.

ARMG vit tt ca antibiotic resistance

marker gene.

ARS vit tt ca autonomous(ly)

replicating segment (or sequence).

artificial inembryonation Non-surgical

transfer of embryo(s) to a recipient female.

As in vitro embryo technology develops,

artificial inembryonation may replace

artificial insemination.

chuyn ghp phi nhn to Chuyn

ghp khng phu thut phi cho mt sinh

vt ci nhn. Khi cng ngh phi trong

phng th nghim pht trin, chuyn ghp

phi nhn to c th thay th th tinh nhn

to.

artificial insemination (Abbreviation: AI).

The deposition of semen, using a syringe,

at the mouth of the uterus to make

apoptosis

19 conception possible.

th tinh nhn to (vit tt: AI). S truyn

tinh dch, c s dng ng tim, vo ca t

cung lm th thai c th xy ra.

artificial medium mi tr-ng nhn to

xem: culture medium.

artificial seed Encapsulated or coated

somatic embryos that are planted and

treated like seed.

ging nhn to Th phi xma -c to

v hoc bao bc trng v x l nh- ht

ging.

artificial selection The practice of

choosing individuals from a population for

reproduction, usually because these

individuals possess one or more desirable

traits.

chn lc nhn to Cch chn c th t

qun th sinh sn, th-ng v cc c th

ny c mt hoc nhiu tnh trng qu.

ASA vit tt ca allele-specific

amplification.

ascites Abnormal accumulation of fluid in

the peritoneal cavity, occurring naturally as

a complication of cirrhosis of the liver,

among other conditions. In the context of

monoclonal antibody production,

hybridoma cells are injected into mice to

induce their proliferation in the resulting

ascites. This method has been largely

superseded by in vitro culture of

hybridomas.

bnh c tr-ng (trn dch mng bng )

S tch t khng bnh th-ng dch trong

xoang phc mc, xy ra t nhin l mt

bin chng ca bnh x gan, tu theo cc

iu kin khc nhau.Trong quy trnh sn

xut khng th n, t bo lai -c tim

cho chut lm kt qu tng nhanh. Ph-ng

php ny phn ln -c thay bng nui

trong ng nghim cc t bo lai.

ascospore One of the spores contained

in the ascus of certain fungi.

bo t nang Mt loi bo t cha trong

nang bo ca mt loi nm nht nh.

ascus (pl.: asci) Reproductive sac in the

sexual stage of a type of fungi

(Ascomycetes) in which ascospores are

produced.

nang bo (s nhiu: asci) Ti sinh sn

trong giai on hu tnh ca mt loi nm

(nm ti: Ascomycetes) trong sinh ra

bo t nang.

aseptic Sterile, free of contaminating

organisms (bacteria, fungi, algae but not

generally including viruses, and particularly

not internal symbionts).

v trng Tit trng, phi truyn nhim sinh

vt (vi khun, nm, to nh-ng th-ng

khng bao gm virut, v c bit khng

phi l sinh vt cng sinh bn trong).

asexual Reproduction not involving

meiosis or the union of gametes.

v tnh Sinh sn khng ko theo gim

phn hoc kt hp giao t.

asexual embryogenesis sinh phi v

tnh. Xem: somatic cell embryogenesis

asexual propagation Vegetative, somatic,

non-sexual reproduction of a plant

without fertilization.

lan truyn v tnh Sinh sn sinh d-ng,

xma, v tnh ca thc vt khng th phn.

asexual reproduction Reproduction that

does not involve the formation and union

of gametes from the different sexes or

mating types. It occurs mainly in lower

animals, micro-organisms and plants. In

plants, asexual reproduction is by

vegetative propagation (e.g. bulbs, tubers,

corms) and by formation of spores.

sinh sn v tnh Sinh sn khng ko theo

s hnh thnh v kt hp hoc kiu ghp

i cc giao t t gii tnh khc nhau. Xy

ra ch yu trong ng vt bc thp, vi sinh

vt v thc vt. Trong thc vt, sinh sn

v tnh l do pht tn sinh d-ng (v d:

hnh, c, thn ngm) v do hnh thnh cc

bo t.

A-site v tr A vit tt ca aminoacyl site

assay 1. To test or evaluate. 2. The

procedure for measuring the quantity of a

given substance in a sample (chemically

or by other means).

th nghim 1. Kim tra hoc nh gi.

artificial medium

202. Ph-ng php o s l-ng mt cht no

trong mt mu (bng ha hc hoc

ph-ng php khc).

assortative mating Mating in which the

partners are chosen on the basis of

phenotypic similarity.

giao phi t-ng hp Kt i trong i

tc -c chn trn c s ging nhau v

kiu hnh.

assortment phn loi xem: segregation.

asymmetric hybrid A hybrid formed,

usually via protoplast fusion, between

two donors, where the chromosome

complement of one of the donors is

incomplete. This chromosome loss can be

induced by irradiation or chemical

treatment, or can occur naturally.

th lai khng i xng Sinh vt lai hnh

thnh, th-ng qua dung hp t bo trn,

gia hai sinh vt cho, ni b nhim sc

th ca mt trong hai sinh vt cho l khng

y . S mt mt nhim sc th ny c

th l do chiu x, x l ha cht, hoc

cng c th xut hin t nhin.

asynapsis The failure or partial failure in

the pairing of homologous chromosomes

during the first meiotic prophase.

khng tip hp Thiu hoc thiu mt

phn trong cp i nhim sc th t-ng

ng trong k u gim phn ln mt.

ATP vit tt ca: adenosin triphotphat

(ATP).

ATP-ase An enzyme that brings about the

hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate, by

the cleavage of either one phosphate

groups with the formation of ADP and

inorganic phosphate, or of two phosphate

groups, with the formation of AMP and

pyrophosphate.

enzim ATP Enzim dn n thu phn ATP,

do phn ct mt gc pht pht hnh

thnh ADP v pht pht v c, hoc ca

hai gc pht pht, hnh thnh AMP v

pht pht cao nng.

attenuated vaccine A virulent organism

that has been modified to produce a less

virulent form, but nevertheless retains the

ability to elicit antibodies against the

virulent form. See: inactivated agent.

vacxin suy gim Sinh th c -c bin

i sinh ra dng t c hn, nh-ng vn gi

kh nng khi mo khng th chng li

dng c. xem: inactivated agent

attenuation A mechanism for controlling

gene expression in prokaryotes that

involves premature termination of

transcription.

suy gim C ch biu th gen iu khin

sinh vt khng nhn lin quan n kt

thc phin m sm.

attenuator A nucleotide sequence in the

5' region of a prokaryotic gene (or in its

RNA) that causes premature termination

of transcription, possibly by forming a

secondary structure.

vng suy gim Trnh t nucleotit trong

vng 5' ca gen sinh vt khng nhn (hoc

trong RNA ca n) gy ra kt thc phin

m sm, Kh nng do to thnh mt cu

trc th cp.

aureofacin An antifungal antibiotic

produced by a strain of Streptomyces

aureofaciens. A possible candidate for the

transgenic control of plant fungal disease.

aureofacin Cht khng sinh chng nm

-c sn xut t vi khun Streptomyces

aureofaciens. Mt ng c vin c kh nng

kim sot chuyn gen chng bnh nm

hi thc vt.

authentic protein A recombinant protein

that has all the properties - including any

post-translational modifications - of its

naturally occurring counterpart.

protein nguyn bn Protein ti t hp c

tt c cc thuc tnh - bao gm bt k

nhng sa i sau dch m - ca bn sao

xut hin mt cch t nhin.

autocatalysis Catalysis in which one of

the products of the reaction is a catalyst

for the reaction.

t xc tc S xc tc trong c sn

phm ca phn ng lm xc tc cho phn

ng.

autocatalytic reaction phn ng t xc

assortative mating

21tc xem: autocatalysis.

autoclave 1. An enclosed chamber in

which materials can be heated under

pressure to sterilize utensils, liquids,

glassware, etc., using steam.

ni hp 1. Mt bung cha (phng, hp)

trong nguyn liu c th -c t nng

d-i p sut kh trng dng c, cht

lng, thy tinh, v.v..., bng hi n-c.

autogenous control The action of a gene

product to inhibit (negative autogenous

control) or enhance (positive autogenous

control) the expression of the gene that

codes for it.

iu khin t pht Hot ng ca mt

sn phm gen ngn chn (iu khin

t pht m tnh) hoc tng c-ng (iu

khin t pht d-ng tnh) biu th gen m

ho cho n.

auto-immune disease Disorder in which

the immune systems of affected individuals

produce antibodies against molecules that

are normally produced by those individuals

(called self antigens).

bnh t min dch S ri lon m trong

cc h thng min dch c th b nh

h-ng sinh ra khng th chng li phn t

m bnh th-ng vn -c sinh ra bi nhng

c th ny (gi l t khng nguyn).

auto-immunity A disorder in the bodys

defence mechanism in which an immune

response is elicited against its own (self)

tissues.

t min dch S ri lon trong c ch bo

v c th trong phn ng min dch

-c khi mo chng li cc m ca chnh

n.

autologous cells Cells taken from an

individual, cultured (or stored), and,

possibly, genetically manipulated before

being transferred back into the original

donor.

t bo t thn Cc t bo ly ra t mt c

th, -c nui cy (hoc ct gi), v c

th -c thao tc di truyn tr-c khi chuyn

li vo vt cho gc .

autolysis The process of self destruction

of a cell, cell organelle, or tissue, through

the action of lysosomic enzymes.

t tiu Qu trnh t ph hy ca t bo,

bo quan, hoc m, thng qua hot ng

enzim phn hu.

autonomous A term applied to any

biological unit that can function on its own,

i.e. without the help of another unit, such

as a transposable element that encodes

an enzyme for its own transposition.

tnh t tr Thut ng dng ch bt k n

v sinh hc no c th hot ng trn chnh

bn thn, ngha l khng c s gip

ca n v khc, nh- mt phn t c th

i ch m ha mt enzim chuyn v

chnh n.

autonomous(ly) replicating segment (or

sequence) (Abbreviation: ARS). Any

eukaryotic DNA sequence that initiates and

supports chromosomal replication; they

have been isolated in yeast cells.

on (hoc chui) t sao chp (vit tt:

ARS). Bt k trt t DNA nhn chun no

m khi mo v h tr sao chp nhim

sc th; chng -c phn lp trong cc t

bo nm men.

autopolyploid A polyploid whose

constituent genomes are derived from the

same or nearly the same progenitor. In an

autotetraploid, each chromosome is

present in four copies, so meiotic

configurations may include many (or

exclusively) quadrivalents (four paired

chromosomes), and the inheritance of

alleles will be quadruplex. Quadrivalents

do not always segregate normaly at

meiosis, resulting in lowered fertility, so

some established autotetraploid species

that reproduce sexually have restricted

quadrivalent formation.

th t a bi Th a bi m cc h gen

thnh phn ca n u bt ngun t cng

mt hoc gn ging t tin. Trong th nh

bi kp ng tnh, mi nhim sc th c

mt trong bn bn sao, v vy cu hnh

gim phn c th bao gm nhiu (hoc

ch l) ho tr bn (bn nhim sc th cp

i), v di truyn alen s l b bn. Ha tr

bn lun khng tch ring mt cch bnh

th-ng ti gim nhim, do h thp kh

autoclave

22

nng th tinh, nn mt s loi t a bi

-c thit lp sinh sn hu tnh hn

ch hnh thnh ha tr bn.

autoradiograph A technique for

visualizing the presence, location and

intensity of radioactivity in histological

preparations, paper chromatograms or

electrophoretic gel separations, obtained

by overlaying the surface with X-ray film

and allowing the radiation to form an image

on the film.

nh phng x t ghi K thut lm cho

mt trng thy -c s c mt, v tr v

c-ng tnh phng x trong cc ch

phm m hc, biu sc k trn giy

hoc tch gel in di, thu -c bng xp

chng ln b mt phim X-quang v cho

php chiu x to hnh nh trn phim.

autosome Any of the chromosomes

except the sex chromosomes.

nhim sc th th-ng Bt k nhim sc

th no tr nhim sc th gii tnh.

autotroph Organism capable of self-

nourishment utilizing carbon dioxide or

carbonates as the sole source of carbon

and obtaining energy from radiant energy

or from the oxidation of inorganic elements,

or compounds such as iron, sulphur,

hydrogen, ammonium and nitrites.

Opposite: heterotroph.

sinh vt t d-ng Cc sinh vt c nng

lc t d-ng thc n s dng kh cc b

nch hoc cc b nt lm ngun cc bon

duy nht v thu -c nng l-ng t nng

l-ng bc x hoc t s xi ha cc phn

t v c, hoc nhng hp cht nh- st,

l-u hunh, hy-r, amnium v nitrit.

Ng-c vi: heterotroph.

autotrophic t d-ng xem autotroph

auxin A group of plant growth regulators

(natural or synthetic) which stimulate cell

division, enlargement, apical dominance,

root initiation, and flowering.

Nhm cht iu ho sinh tr-ng thc vt

(t nhin hoc tng hp) kch thch phn

chia t bo, phnh to, tnh tri ngn, bn r

v ra hoa.

auxin-cytokinin ratio The relative

proportion of auxin to cytokinin present

in plant tissue culture media. Varying the

relative amounts of these two hormones

affects the proportional growth of shoots

and roots.

t l auxin-xitokinin T l t-ng i ca

cht kch thch sinh tr-ng auxin so vi

cytokinin c trong dung dch nui cy m

thc vt. S thay i s l-ng t-ng i

ca hai hc mn ny c nh h-ng n

sinh tr-ng cn i gia chi v r.

auxotroph A mutant cell or micro-

organism lacking one metabolic pathway

present in the parental strain, and that

consequently will not multiply on a minimal

medium, but requires for growth the

addition of a specific compound, such as

an amino acid or a vitamin.

th khuyt d-ng T bo t bin hoc

vi sinh vt thiu -ng mn chuyn ha t

ni cha m, do s khng -c nhn ln

trong mi tr-ng ti thiu, nh-ng sinh

tr-ng cn thm hp cht c bit, nh-

amin a xt hoc vitamin.

availability A reflection of the form and

location of nutritional elements and their

suitability for absorption.

ph Phn nh dng v v tr ca cc

phn t dinh d-ng v tnh ph hp ca

chng hp th.

avidin A glycoprotein present in egg

white, which has a strong affinity to biotin.

Can lead to biotin deficiency if given in

large quantities. Used as a biological

reagent in the same way as streptavidin.

avidin Mt glycoprotein c mt trong lng

trng trng, c i lc mnh vi biotin. C

th dn ti thiu ht biotin nu -a vo

mt l-ng ln. -c s dng nh- cht phn

ng sinh hc ging nh- streptavidin.

avidity A measure of the binding strength

of an antibody to its antigen.

i lc S o lc lin kt ca mt khng

th vi khng nguyn ca n.

avirulence gene (Abbreviation: avr gene).

Many plants contain R genes, which confer

simply-inherited resistance to a specific

pathogen race. The plants are able to

autoradiograph

23recognize the presence of the pathogen

by an interaction between their R gene and

the matching pathogens avirulence gene.

Successful recognition triggers a cascade

of further genes, often leading to a

hypersensitive response.

gen khng c tnh (vit tt: gen avr).

Nhiu thc vt c cha cc gen R to

ra tnh chng chu di truyn n vi cc

loi gy bnh ring bit. Thc vt c th

nhn ra s c mt ca vt gy bnh do

t-ng tc gia gen R ca chng v gen

khng c tnh ca vt gy bnh t-ng

ng. S nhn bit hon thnh thc y mt

lot gen tip theo, th-ng dn ti phn ng

siu nhy cm.

avr gene vit tt ca avirulence gene

axenic culture Free of external

contaminants and internal symbionts;

generally not possible with surface

steril ization alone, sometimes used

incorrectly to indicate aseptic culture.

nui cy v trng Khng c cht gy

nhim bn ngoi v cc sinh vt cng sinh

bn trong; th-ng khng c kh nng kh

trng c lp, nhiu khi dng khng chnh

xc ch bo nui cy v trng.

axillary bud A bud found at the axil of a

leaf. Synonym: lateral bud.

mm nch Mm hnh thnh ti nch l.T

ng ngha: lateral bud

axillary bud proliferation Propagation of

plant tissue in vitro to promote axillary

growth, to generate large numbers of

plantlets in culture.

tng nhanh mm nch Nhn ging m

thc vt trong ng nghim thc y sinh

tr-ng v nhn s l-ng ln cy ging.

avr gene

24

Bb

B cell An important class of lymphocytes

that mature in bone marrow (in mammals)

and the Bursa of Fabricius (in birds) and

produce antibodies. Largely responsible

for the antibody-mediated or humoral

immune response, giving rise to the

antibody-producing plasma cells and

some other cells of the immune system.

Synonym: B lymphocyte.

t bo B Lp ch yu ca limph bo

tr-ng thnh trong ty x-ng (ca ng

vt c v) v Bursa ca loi Fabricius

(thuc lp chim) v sn xut khng th.

Chu trch nhim phn ln v phn ng

min dch trung gian khng th hoc th

dch, sinh ra t bo huyt t-ng sn xut

khng th v mt s t bo khc ca h

thng min dch.T ng ngha: B

lymphocyte.

B chromosome A supernumerary

chromosome present in some individuals

(both plant and animal). They are smaller

than the normal chromosomes, behave

abnormally in both mitosis and meiosis,

can vary in number between somatic cells

and are not thought to have any significant

gene content.

nhim sc th B Nhim sc th d- c

trong mt s c th (c thc v ng vt).

Chng nh hn nhim sc th bnh th-ng,

din ra bt th-ng trong c nguyn phn

v gim phn, c th thay i s l-ng gia

cc t bo th v khng c bt k thnh

phn gen quan trng no.

B lymphocyte lymph boB xem: B cell.

BABS Vit tt ca biosynthetic antibody

binding sites

BAC Vit tt ca bacterial artificial

chromosome

bacillus A rod-shaped bacterium.

trc khun Mt loi vi khun hnh que

Bacillus thuringiensis (Abbreviation: Bt).

A bacterium that produces a toxin against

certain insects, particularly Coloeoptera

and Lepidoptera; a major means of

insecticide for organic farming. Some of

the toxin genes are important for

transgenic approaches to crop protection.

khun que thuringiensis (vit tt: Bt) Loi

vi khun sinh c t chng li cc loi cn

trng nht nh, c bit l b cnh cng

(Coloeoptera) v b cnh vy

(Lepidoptera); ng vai tr chnh ca thuc

tr su trong canh tc hu c. Mt s cc

gen c rt quan trng nghin cu

chuyn gen bo v ma mng.

back mutation A second mutation at the

same site in a gene as the original

mutation. The second mutation restores

the wild-type protein sequence.

t bin ng-c t bin th cp ti cng

v tr trong mt gen nh- t bin gc. t

bin th cp khi phc trnh t protein kiu

di.

backcross Crossing an individual with one

of its parents or with the genetically

equivalent organism. The offspring of

such a cross are referred to as the

backcross generation or backcross

progeny.

lai ng-c Lai cho mt c th vi mt

trong s cha m hoc vi sinh vt t-ng

-ng di truyn. Con chu lai cho -c

nhn nhn nh- th h lai ng-c hoc con

chu lai ng-c.

bacterial artificial chromosome A

plasmid vector that can be used to clone

large inserts of DNA (up to 500 kb). See:

yeast artificial chromosome.

nhim sc th nhn to vi khun Vc t

plasmit c th dng to dng cc on xen

ln DNA (ln ti 500 kb). Xem: yeast

artificial chromosome.

25bacterial toxin A toxin produced by a

bacterium, such as Bt toxin of Bacillus

thuringiensis.

c t vi khun Loi c t sn sinh do

vi khun, nh- c t Bt ca khun que

thuringiensis.

bacteriocide A chemical or drug that kills

bacterial cells.

thuc dit khun Cht ha hc hoc

thuc tiu dit t bo vi khun.

bacteriocin A protein produced by

bacteria of one strain and active against

those of a closely related strain.

Loi protein -c sn sinh bi cc vi khun

cng mt chng v hot ng chng li

cc vi khun chng cn thn.

bacteriophage (Abbreviation: phage). A

virus that infects bacteria. Altered forms

are used as cloning vectors. See: lambda

phage, M13.

thc khun (vit tt: phage). Loi virut

xm nhim vi khun. Dng bin i -c

dng lm vect to dng. Xem: lambda

phage, M13.

bacteriostat A substance that inhibits or

slows down growth and reproduction of

bacteria.

cht km hm khun Cht ngn chn

hoc lm chm sinh tr-ng v sinh sn vi

khun.

bacterium (pl.: bacteria) nicellular

prokaryotic organisms, without a distinct

nucleus. Major distinctive groups are

defined by Gram staining. Also classified

on the basis of oxygen requirement

(aerobic vs anaerobic) and shape

(spherical = coccus; rodlike = bacillus;

spiral = spirillum; comma-shaped = vibrio;

corkscrew-shaped = spirochaete;

filamentous).

vi khun (s nhiu: bacteria) Cc sinh vt

khng nhn t bo rt nh, khng c nhn

phn bit. Cc nhm c tr-ng chnh phn

bit bng nhum mu gram. Cn -c

phn loi trn c s nhu cu oxy (-a kh

i vi k kh) v hnh dng (hnh cu =

Cu khun; hnh que = khun que; hnh

son = xon khun; hnh ging du phy

= phy khun; hnh xon vng = xon

khun; dy khun).

baculovirus A class of insect virus used

to make DNA cloning vectors for gene

expression in eukaryotic cells. Production

of a target protein can be up to 50% of

the cells protein content, and several

proteins can be made simultaneously, so

that multi-sub-unit enzymes can be made

by this system.

v rt gy bnh Lp virut gy bnh cn

trng -c s dng lm vect to dng

DNA biu th gen trong t bo c nhn.

Sn phm ca mt loi protein ch c th

ln ti 50 % thnh phn protein t bo, v

mt s loi protein c th ng thi -c

to ra, do vy nhiu n v enzim ph a

chc nng c th -c to ra bng h

thng ny.

baculovirus expression vector

(Abbreviation: BEV). A method for the in

vitro production of complex recombinant