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1Aa
A Vit tt ca adenine
Ab khng th Vit tt ca antibody.
ABC model Widely accepted model of
flower organ identity that appears generally
applicable to distantly related
dicotyledonous, although less well to
monocotyledonous plants.The model
incorporates the Arabidopsis genes
required for flower organ identity.
m hnh ABC M hnh -c chp nhn
rng ri v s nhn bit c quan hoa thc
vt m xut hin thch hp chung vi cc
cy hai l mm quan h xa, tuy vy t thch
hp vi cy mt l mm. M hnh hp nht
cc gen Arabidopsis cn thit nhn bit
c quan hoa.
abiotic Absence of living organisms.
v sinh Vng mt sinh vt sng.
abscisic acid A phytohormone
implicated in the control of many plant
responses to abiotic stress, such as extent
of stomatal opening under water deficit (i.e.
drought) conditions.
axit abscisic Hc mn thc vt lin quan
n iu khin phn ng thc vt vi cng
thng v sinh, nh- phn m rng kh khng
trong iu kin thiu n-c (ngha l hn
hn)
abzyme Xem: catalytic antibody.
acaricide A pesticide used to kill or control
mites or ticks.
thuc dit ve Nng d-c -c dng
dit hoc hn ch ve hoc bt.
ACC synthase Abbreviation for 1-
aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylase. The
enzyme catalyses the rate limiting step in
the ethylene biosynthetic pathway, and is
particularly significant in the fruit ripening
process. Plants typically carry a number
of distinct ACC synthase genes, which are
differentially regulated in response to a
variety of developmental, environmental
and chemical factors.
enzim tng hp ACC Vit tt ca: 1-
aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylaza. Enzim
xc tc phm vi gii hn nhp ca -ng
mn sinh tng hp -ti-len, v c bit
quan trng khi x l lm chn qu. Thc
vt tiu biu mang mt s l-ng gen tng
hp ACC ring bit, chng -c iu chnh
khc nhau phn ng li s a dng ca
cc tc nhn ho hc, mi tr-ng v pht
trin.
acceptor control The regulation of the
rate of respiration by the availability of ADP
as a phosphate acceptor.
iu khin cht nhn iu khin nhp
h hp do c sn ADP lm cht nhn pht
pht.
acceptor junction site The junction
between the 3' end of an intron and the 5'
end of an exon. See: donor junction site.
v tr ni th nhn V tr ni gia mt 3'
trnh t khng m ho v mt 5' trnh t
m ho. Xem: donor junction site.
accessory bud A lateral bud occurring
at the base of a terminal bud or at the
side of an axillary bud.
mm ph Mm bn ny n ti gc mm
ngn hoc cnh mm nch.
acclimatization The adaptation of a living
organism (plant, animal or micro-
organism) to a changed environment that
subjects it to physiological stress.
Acclimatization should not be confused
with adaptation.
thun ho Thch nghi ca sinh vt sng
(thc vt, ng vt hoc vi sinh vt) vi
mi tr-ng thay i vn gy cng thng
sinh l. Thun ho khng nn nhm ln
vi thch ng.
acellular Tissues or organisms that are not
made up of separate cells but often have
more than one nucleus.
phi t bo Cc m hoc sinh vt khng
-c to ra t nhng t bo ring bit
nh-ng th-ng c hn mt nhn.
-
2acentric chromosome Chromosome
fragment lacking a centromere.
nhim sc th khng tm on nhim
sc th thiu tm ng.
acetyl CoA Vit tt ca acetyl co-enzyme
A.
acetyl co-enzyme A (Abbreviationt: acetyl
CoA) A compound formed in the
mitochondria when an acetyl group
(CH3
CO-) - derived from breakdown of fats,
proteins, or carbohydrates - combines
with the thiol group (-SH) of co-enzyme
A.
acetyl co-enzim A Hp cht hnh thnh
trong ty th khi gc axetyl (CH3CO-) - bt
ngun t phn hu cht bo, protein, hoc
hydrat cacbon - kt hp vi gc thiol (-SH)
ca co-enzyme A.
ACP Vit tt ca acyl carrier protein.
acquired Developed in response to the
environment, not inherited, such as a
character trait (acquired characteristic)
resulting from environmental effect(s). cf
acclimatization.
tp nhim Pht trin phn ng li mi
tr-ng, khng di truyn, nh- mt tnh trng
ring (c tnh tp nhim) do nh h-ng
mi tr-ng. So snh vi: acclimatization
acridine dyes A class of positively charged
polycyclic molecules that intercalate into
DNA and induce frameshift mutations.
thuc nhum acridin Lp phn t nhiu
vng tch in d-ng -c np vo DNA
v gy t bin x dch khung c.
acrocentric A chromosome that has its
centromere near the end.
nhim sc th tm ngn Nhim sc th
c tm ng gn mt.
acropetal Arising or developing in a
longitudinal sequence beginning at the
base and proceeding towards the apex.
Opposite: basipetal.
h-ng ngn Xut hin hoc trnh t pht
trin theo chiu dc bt u gc v tip
n pha ngn. Ng-c vi: basipetal
activated carbon cc bon hot tnh Xem:
activated charcoal.
activated charcoal Charcoal that has
been treated to remove hydrocarbons and
to increase its adsorptive properties. It acts
by condensing and holding a gas or solute
onto its surface; thus inhibitory substances
in nutrient medium may be adsorbed to
charcoal included in the medium.
than hot tnh Than x l loi b hy-
r-cac-bon v lm tng tnh hp ph. Tc
dng do c c v hp ph kh hoc cht
tan trn b mt; do vy cc cht km hm
trong mi tr-ng dinh d-ng c th -c
ht bm vo than c trong mi tr-ng.
active transport The movement of a
molecule or groups of molecules across a
cell membrane, which requires the
expenditure of cellular energy, because the
direction of movement is against the
prevailing concentration gradient.
vn chuyn tch cc Chuyn ng ca
phn t hoc nhm phn t qua mng t
bo, yu cu chi ph nng l-ng t bo, v
h-ng chuyn ng l ng-c li vi -u th
gradient nng .
acute transfection Short-term
transfection.
truyn nhim cp Vit gn transfection.
acyl carrier protein (Abbreviation: ACP).
A class of molecules that bind acyl
intermediates during the formation of long-
chain fatty acids. ACPs are important
because of their involvement in many of
the reactions necessary for in vivo fatty
acid synthesis.
protin vn chuyn gc acyl (Vit tt:
ACP). Lp phn t ni cc cht trung gian
acyl trong qu trnh hnh thnh a-xt bo.
ACP rt quan trng v c nhiu mi lin
quan vi cc phn ng cn thit tng
hp a-xt bo trong c th.
adaptation Adjustment of a population to
changes in environment over generations,
associated (at least in part) with genetic
changes resulting from selection imposed
by the changed environment. Not
acclimatization.
thch ng iu chnh qun th lm thay
trong mi tr-ng qua cc th h, -c hp
acentric chromosome
-
3nht (t nht mt phn) vi thay i di
truyn bt ngun t chn lc bt buc do
mi tr-ng thay i. Khng phi l thun
ho kh hu.
additive genes Genes whose net effect
is the sum of their individual allelic effects,
i.e. hey show neither dominance nor
epistasis.
gen cng tnh Gen c nh h-ng thc l
tng cng cc hiu ng alel ring l, ngha
l chng ch ra khng phi tnh tri v cng
khng ln t.
additive genetic variance The net effect
of the expresson of additive genes, and
thus the chief cause of the resemblance
between relatives. It represents the main
determinant of the response of a
population to selection. Formally, the
variance of breeding values.
ph-ng sai di truyn cng tnh nh
h-ng r biu th gen cng tnh, v nh-
vy l nguyn nhn chnh ca s ging
nhau gia cc dng thn thuc. i din
cho yu t quyt nh chnh ca phn ng
qun th vi chn lc. V hnh thc,
ph-ng sai gi tr nhn ging sinh sn.
adenine (Abbreviation: A). One the bases
found in DNA and RNA.
adenin (Vit tt: A) Ba z c trong DNA v
RNA. Xem: adenosine
adenosine The (ribo)nucleoside resulting
from the combination of the base adenine
(A) and the sugar D-ribose. The
corresponding deoxyribonucleoside is
called deoxyadenosine. See: adenosine
triphosphate, adenylic acid, dATP.
Phn t (ribo) nucleosit bt ngun t kt
hp ba z adenine (A) vi -ng D-ribose.
Deoxyribonucleosit t-ng ng -c gi l
deoxyadenosin. Xem: adenosine
triphosphate, adenylic acid, dATP.
adenosine diphosphate (adenosine 5'-
diphosphate) (vit tt: ADP). Xem:
adenosine triphosphate.
adenosine monophosphate (adenosine
5'-monophosphate) (Vit tt: AMP).
Xem: adenylic acid, adenosine
triphosphate.
adenosine triphosphate (adenosine 5'-
triphosphate) (Abbreviation: ATP). A
nucleotide of fundamental importance as
the major carrier of chemical energy in all
living organisms. It is also required for RNA
synthesis since it is a direct precursor
molecule. ATP consists of adenosine with
three phosphate groups, linked together
linearly. The phosphates are attached to
adenosine through the 5'-hydroxyl of its
ribose (sugar) portion. Upon hydrolysis,
these bonds yield either one molecule of
adenosine 5'-diphosphate (ADP) and the
inorganic phosphate ion, or one molecule
of adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP)
and pyrophosphate; in both cases
releasing energy that is used to power
biological processes. ATP is regenerated
by the phosphorylation of AMP and ADP.
nucleotit (Vit tt: ATP) Mt nucleotit quan
trng c bn v l th mang chnh nng
l-ng ha hc trong ton b sinh vt sng.
ATP cn cn thit tng hp RNA khi l
phn t tin cht trc tip. ATP gm c
adenosine vi ba gc pht pht, lin kt
tuyn tnh vi nhau. Pht pht -c gn
lin vi adenosine qua 5'-hydroxyl ca
phn ribose (-ng). Sau thu phn, lin
kt ny nh mt phn t adenosine 5'-
diphosphate (ADP) v ion pht pht v c,
hoc phn t adenosine 5'-
monophosphate (AMP) v lin kt cao
nng; trong c hai tr-ng hp nng l-ng
gii phng lm tng cc qu trnh sinh hc.
ATP -c ti to bi qu trnh phosphoryl
ho AMP v ADP.
adenovirus One of a group of DNA-
containing viruses found in rodents, fowl,
cattle, monkeys, and man. In man they are
responsible for respiratory-tract infections,
but they have been exploited as a vector
in gene therapy, especially for genes
targeted at the lungs.
adenovirt Mt trong nhm virut cha
DNA c trong cc loi gm nhm, gia cm,
th nui, kh, v ng-i.Trong c th ng-i
chng l nguyn nhn nhim bnh theo
-ng h hp, nh-ng chng -c khai
thc lm vect trong liu php gen, c
bit cho cc gen ch phi.
additive genes
-
4adenylic acid Synonym for adenosine
monophosphate, a (ribo)nucleotide
containing the nucleoside adenosine. The
corresponding deoxyribonucleotide is
called deoxyadenosine 5'-
monophosphate or deoxyadenylic acid.
adenylic acid T ng ngha vi adenosin
monophosphat, mt (ribo)nucleotit c cha
nucleosit adenosin. Deoxyribonucleotit
t-ng ng -c gi l
eoxyadenosin 5'-monophosphat hoc
axt deoxyadenylic.
adoptive immunization The transfer of an
immune state from one animal to another
by means of lymphocyte transfusions.
min dch nhn to Chuyn giao trng
thi min dch t mt ng vt ny sang
ng vt khc bng cch truyn lymph
bo.
ADP Vit tt ca adenosine diphosphate.
adventitious A structure arising at sites
other than the usual ones, e.g. shoots from
roots or leaves, and embryos from any cell
other than a zygote.
chi bt nh Cu trc xut hin ti v tr
thay v bnh th-ng, v d chi t r hoc
l, v phi t mt s t bo no thay v
hp t.
aerobe A micro-organism that grows in
the presence of oxygen. Opposite:
anaerobe.
sinh vt hiu kh Loi vi sinh vt sinh
tr-ng khi c oxi. Ng-c vi: anaerobe.
aerobic Active in the presence of free
oxygen, e.g. aerobic bacteria that can live
in the presence of oxygen.
ho kh Hot ng khi c oxi t do, v d
vi khun ho kh c th sng khi c oxi.
aerobic respiration A type of respiration
in which foodstuffs are completely oxidized
to carbon dioxide and water, with the
release of chemical energy, in a process
requiring atmospheric oxygen.
h hp ho kh Kiu h hp trong thc
phm -c xy ha hon ton thnh cc
b nch v n-c, km theo gii phng nng
l-ng ha hc, trong mt qu trnh lun
cn oxi kh quyn.
affinity chromatography A method for
purifying specific components in a solution
by exploiting their specific binding to known
molecule(s). The mixed solution is passed
through a column containing a solid
medium to which the binding molecule is
covalently attached. See: immunoaffinity
chromatography ; metal affinity
chromatography ; pseudo-affinity
chromatography
sc k i lc Ph-ng php lm sch
cc thnh phn ring bit trong dung dch
bng cch khai thc mi lin kt c th
ca chng vi phn t nht nh. Dung dch
hn hp i qua ct c cha mi tr-ng rn
phn t lin kt -c gn lin kt ng
ha tr. Xem: immunoaffinity
chromatography; metal affinity
chromatography; pseudo-affinity
chromatography.
affinity tag An amino acid sequence that
has been engineered into a protein to
make its purification easier. The tag could
be another protein or a short amino acid
sequence, allowing purification by affinity
chromatography. Synonym: purification
tag.
u i lc Trnh t amino acid -c x
l thnh protein d lm sch. u i
lc c th l protein khc hoc trnh t
amino acid ngn, cho php lm sch bi
php sc k i lc. T ng ngha:
purification tag.
aflatoxins A group of toxic compounds,
produced by Aspergillus flavus, that bind
to DNA and prevent replication and
transcription. Aflatoxins can cause acute
liver damage and cancer. A health hazard
in certain stored foods or feed.
aflatoxins Nhm hn hp cht c, -c
sn xut bi nm mc Aspergillus flavus,
kt khi vi DNA v ngn nga dch m v
phin m. Aflatoxin c kh nng gy tn
th-ng gan cp v ung th-. Nguy hi sc
kho ca thc phm ct tr hoc nui
d-ng nht nh.
adenylic acid
-
5AFLP Vit tt ca amplified fragment
length polymorphism
Ag Vit tt ca antigen.
agar A polysaccharide gelifying agent
used in nutrient media preparations and
obtained from Rhodophyta (red algae).
Both the type of agar and its concentration
can affect the growth and appearance of
cultured explants.
thch Tc nhn ho gel polysaccharide
dng trong cc ch phm mi tr-ng dinh
d-ng v thu -c t Rhodophyta (to ).
Cc loi thch v nng u c th lm
nh h-ng n sinh tr-ng v xut hin
mnh nui cy.
agarose The main functional constituent
of agar.
Thnh phn chc nng chnh ca thch.
agarose gel electrophoresis A method
to separate DNA and RNA molecules on
the basis of their size, in which samples
are subjected to an electric field applied to
a gel made with agarose.
in di trn gel agarose Ph-ng php
tch ring cc phn t DNA v RNA
da theo kch th-c ca chng, trong
cc mu ty thuc vo in tr-ng p dng
cho mt gel agarose.
aggregate 1. A clump or mass formed by
gathering or collecting units. 2. A body of
loosely associated cells, such as a friable
callus or cell suspension. 3. Coarse inert
material, such as gravel, that is mixed with
soil to increase its porosity. 4. A serological
reaction in which the antibody and
antigen react and precipitate.
tp hp 1. Cm hoc khi hnh thnh do
nhiu n v tch t hoc s-u tp. 2. Th
kt hp khng cht ch nhiu t bo, nh-
l m so ri rc hoc huyn ph t bo
3. Vt liu th tr, nh- l si, -c trn ln
vi t tng thm xp. 4. Phn ng
huyt thanh trong khng th v khng
nguyn phn ng v kt ta.
agonist A drug, hormone or transmitter
substance that forms a complex with a
receptor site. The formation of the
complex triggers an active response from
a cell.
cht khng Mt loi thuc, hooc-mn
hoc cht dn truyn to thnh mt phc
cht c v tr th nhn. Hnh thnh phc h
khi pht phn ng tch cc t t bo.
Agrobacterium A genus of bacteria that
includes several plant pathogenic species,
causing tumour-like symptoms.
Agrobacterium Ging vi khun bao gm
mt s loi tc nhn gy bnh thc vt,
gy ra cc du hiu ging nh- khi u. xem:
Agrobacterium rhizogenes, Agrobacterium
tumefaciens.
Agrobacterium rhizogenes A bacterium
that causes hairy root disease in some
plants. Similar to the crown gall disease
caused by Agrobacterium tumefaciens,
this is achieved by the mobilization of the
bacterial Ri plasmid with the transfer to
the plant of some of the genetic material
from the plasmid. This process has been
used to insert foreign genes into plant cells,
but to a lesser extent than the
Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated
transformation system, because
regeneration of whole plants from hairy
root cultures is problematical.
Agrobacterium rhizogene Loi vi khun
gy bnh hi r mt s thc vt. T-ng
t bnh nt sn -c gy ra bi
Agrobacterium tumefaciens, -c to
thnh do s huy ng ca Ri plasmid vi
khun cng vic chuyn cho cy mt s
vt cht di truyn t plasmid. Qu trnh ny
-c dng chn cc gen l vo t bo
cy, nh-ng phm vi nh hn so vi
Agrobacterium tumefacien- h bin np
trung gian, do ti sinhc mt thc vt t
vic nui cy r t l mt s kh khn.
Agrobacterium tumefaciens A bacterium
that causes crown gall disease in some
plants. The bacterium characteristically
infects a wound, and incorporates a
segment of Ti plasmid DNA into the host
genome. This DNA causes the host cell
to grow into a tumour-like structure that
synthesizes specific opines that only the
pathogen can metabolize. This DNA-
transfer mechanism is exploited in the
AFLP
-
6genetic engineering of plants.
Agrobacterium tumefacien Vi khun gy
ra bnh nt sn trong mt s thc vt. Loi
vi khun ny chuyn nhim c tr-ng vt
th-ng, v hp nht on DNA Ti plasmid
vo h gen k ch. DNA khin cho t bo
k ch tng tr-ng thnh mt cu trc
ging nh- khi u tng hp cc sn phm
c bit m ch tc nhn gy bnh mi c
th chuyn ho. C ch chuyn i DNA
-c khai thc trong k thut di truyn thc
vt. Xem: T - DNA.
Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated
transformation The process of DNA
transfer from Agrobacterium
tumefaciens to plants, that occurs
naturally during crown gall disease, and
can be used as a method of
transformation.
bin np trung gian Agrobacterium
tumefacien Qu trnh chuyn DNA t
Agrobacterium tumefacies cho thc vt,
xy ra t nhin trong bnh nt sn, v c
th dng lm ph-ng php bin np.
AHG Vit tt ca antihaemophilic
globulin.
AI Vit tt ca artificial insemination.
airlift fermenter A cylindrical
fermentation vessel in which the cells are
mixed by air introduced at the base of the
vessel and that rises through the column
of culture medium. The cell suspension
circulates around the column as a
consequence of the gradient of air bubbles
in different parts of the reactor.
bnh ln men ng kh Bnh ln men hnh
ng trong cc t bo -c trn ln do
khng kh -a vo ti y bnh v -c
dng ln qua ct dung dch nui cy.
Huyn ph t bo bao quanh ct ging nh-
kt qu ca gradient bt kh trong tng
phn khc nhau ca bnh phn ng.
albinism Hereditary absence of pigment
in an organism. Albino animals have no
colour in their skin, hair and eyes. Albino
plants lack chlorophyll.
chng bch tng Thiu di truyn sc t
sinh vt. Cc ng vt bch tng khng
c mu da, tc v mt. Cy bch tng
thiu cht dip lc.
albino 1. An organism lacking
pigmentation, due to genetic factors. The
condition is albinism 2. A conspicuous
plastid mutant involving loss of
chlorophyll.
th bch tng 1. Sinh vt thiu h sc t
do nhn t di truyn. iu kin l bch tng
2. t bin lp th d nhn bit ko theo
mt cht dip lc.
aleurone The outermost layer of the
endosperm in a seed, and the site of
enzymes concerned with endosperm
digestion during seedling growth.
mng nh Lp ngoi cng ca ni nh
ht, v v tr ca cc enzim lin quan n
tiu ho ni nh khi ny mm.
algal biomass Single-celled plants (e.g.
Chlorella spp. and Spirulina spp.) grown
commercially in ponds to make feed
materials for zooplankton, which are in turn
harvested as feed for fish farms.
sinh khi to Thc vt c cu to t bo
n (v d to Chlorella spp. v Spirulina
spp.) trng th-ng mi trong ao h to
nguyn liu nui ng vt ph du, -c
thu hoch tng t lm thc n nui c .
alginate Polysaccharide gelling agent.
Tc nhn to gel polisacarit .
alkylating agent A class of chemicals that
transfer alkyl (methyl, ethyl, etc.) groups;
for example to the bases in DNA. Some of
these (especially ethyl methane
sulphonate, abbreviated EMS) have been
much used as mutagens.
tc nhn ankyl ho Lp ha cht chuyn
giao nhm ankyl (m-thyl, -tin, etc.); v
d chuyn cho baz trong DNA. Mt s
trong (c bit l ethyl methane
sulphonate, vit tt EMS) -c s dng
nhiu lm tc nhn gy t bin.
allele A variant form of a gene. In a diploid
cell there are two alleles of every gene (one
inherited from each parent, although they
could be identical). Within a population
there may be many alleles of a gene.
Alleles are symbolized with a capital letter
Agrobacterium tumefacien
-
7to denote dominance, and lower case for
recessive. In heterozygotes with co-
dominant alleles, both are expressed.
alen Mt dng khc ca gen. Trong t bo
l-ng bi mi gen u c hai alen (tha
k t cha v t m, mc du chng c th
ng nht). Trong mt qun th mi mt
gen c th nhiu alen. Cc alen -c k
hiu bng ch hoa ch tnh tri, v ch
th-ng ch tnh ln. Trong d hp t c cc
alen ng tri, c hai u -c biu th.
Xem: multiple alleles.T ng ngha:
allelomorph.
allele frequency The relative number of
copies of an allele in a population,
expressed as a proportion of the total
number of copies of all alleles at a given
locus in a population.
tn s alen S l-ng t-ng i bn sao
ca mt alen trong mt qun th, biu th
t l ca tng s bn sao ton b alen ti
mt gen nht nh trong qun th.
allelic (tnh t) thuc alen xem allele
allele-specific amplification
(Abbreviation: ASA). The use of the
polymerase chain reaction at a
sufficiently high stringency that only one
allele is amplified. A powerful means of
genotyping for single-locus disorders that
have been characterized at the molecular
level.
khuch i chuyn bit alen (Vit tt:
ASA). s dng phn ng chui emzim
trng hp vi mc cht ch cao ch duy
nht mt alen -c khuch i. Ph-ng
php mnh gim nh gen vi cc ri
lon gen n -c nh r c im
mc phn t.
allelic exclusion A phenomenon whereby
only one functional allele of an antibody
gene can be assembled in a given B
lymphocyte.
loi tr alen Hin t-ng do ch alen
hot ng ca gen khng th c th -c
tp hp trong mt limph bo B nht nh.
allelomorph t-ng ng alen Xem: alen.
allelopathy The secretion of chemicals,
such as phenolic and terpenoid
compounds, by a plants roots, which
inhibit the growth or reproduction of
competitor plants.
cm nhim qua li S tit cc ha cht,
nh- l hp cht phenolic v terpenoid, bi
r cy, ngn chn sinh tr-ng hoc sinh
sn ca cy cnh tranh.
allergen An antigen that provokes an
immune response.
d ng Mt loi khng nguyn to ra phn
ng min dch.
allogamy Cross fertilization in plants. See:
fertilization.
tp giao Th phn cho thc vt. Xem:
fertilization.
allogenic Differing at one or more loci,
although belonging to the same species.
Thus an organ transplant from one human
donor to another is allogeneic, whereas a
transplant from a baboon to a human
would be xenogeneic.
khc gen Khc bit mt hoc nhiu
gen, mc d u thuc cng loi. Do vy
mnh ghp c quan t ng-i ny sang
ng-i khc l khc gen, trong khi mnh
ghp t kh cho ng-i li l gen l.
allometric When the growth rate of one
part of an organism differs from that of
another part or of the rest of the body.
sinh tr-ng khng u Khi tc sinh
tr-ng ca mt b phn c th sinh vt
khng ging vi phn khc hoc phn cn
li ca c th.
allopatric In the context of natural
populations of animals or plants, inhabiting
distinct and separate areas.
khc vng phn b Trong phm vi ca
cc qun th t nhin ng vt hoc thc
vt, cc vng c- tr tch ring v phn
bit.
allopatric speciation Speciation
occurring at least in part because of
geographic isolation.
hnh thnh loi khc vng phn b Hnh
thnh loi xy ra ti thiu do cch ly a l.
allopolyploid A polyploid organism with
sets of chromosomes derived from
allele frequency
-
8different species. Opposite:
autopolyploid.
th a bi Sinh vt a bi c b nhim
sc th bt ngun t cc loi khc nhau.
ng-c vi: autopolyploid.
allosome nhim sc th gii tnh T
ng ngha: sex chromosome.
allosteric control iu khin d khi
Xem: allosteric regulation.
allosteric enzyme An enzyme that has
two structurally distinct forms, one of which
is active and the other inactive. Active
forms tend to catalyse the initial step in a
pathway leading to the synthesis of
molecules. The end product of this
synthesis can act as a feedback inhibitor,
converting the enzyme to the inactive form,
thus controlling the amount of product
synthesized. Synonym: allozyme.
enzim d khi Enzim c hai dng cu trc
phn bit, dng hot ng v dng khng
hot ng. Dng hot ng h-ng ti xc
tc b khi u trong -ng mn dn n
tng hp phn t. Sn phm cui cng ca
qu trnh tng hp ny c th lm cht c
ch phn hi, chuyn enzim sang dng
khng hot ng, do vy iu khin s
l-ng sn phm tng hp. T ng ngha:
allozyme.
allosteric regulation A catalysis-
regulating process in which the binding of
a small effector molecule to one site on
an enzyme affects the activity at another
site.
iu ho d khi Qu trnh iu ho xc
tc trong lin kt ca phn t tc ng
nh vi mt v tr enzim c nh h-ng n
hot ng v tr khc .
allosteric site That part of an enzyme
molecule where the non-covalent binding
of an effector molecule can affect the
enzymes catalytic activity. See:
conformation, ligand.
v tr d khi Phn phn t enzim ni lin
kt khng ng ha tr ca phn t tc
ng c th lm nh h-ng n hot ng
xc tc enzim. Xem: conformation, ligand.
allosteric transition A reversible
interaction of a small molecule with a
protein molecule, resulting in a change in
the shape of the protein and consequent
alteration of the interaction of that protein
with a third molecule.
chuyn d khi T-ng tc c th o
ng-c ca mt phn t nh vi phn t
protein, lm thay i hnh dng protein v
dn n t-ng tc ca protein vi phn t
th ba.
allotetraploid An allopolyploid having
two different progenitor genomes.
d t bi, song nh bi Th d a bi mang
hai h gen t tin khc nhau.
allotype A classification of antibody
molecules according to the antigenicity of
the constant regions; a variation that is
determined by a single allele.
allotip Cch phn loi phn t khng th
theo tnh khng nguyn ca vng n nh;
bin d -c xc nh do alen n.
allozygote A individual that is
heterozygous for two different mutant
alleles.
d hp t ln C th l d hp t v hai
alen t bin khc nhau.
allozyme Xem: allosteric enzyme.
alpha globulin Xem: haptoglobin.
alternative mRNA splicing The inclusion
or exclusion of different exons to form
different mRNA transcripts from a single
transcription unit.
ghp ni mRNA khc bit Kt hp hoc
loi tr cc exon khc bit hnh thnh
cc bn sao mRNA ring bit t mt n
v phin m.
Alu sequences A highly repeated family
of 300-bp long sequences dispersed
throughout the human genome, so named
because they are released by the digestion
of genomic DNA with the restriction
endonuclease AluI.
trnh t Alu Mt h trnh t di 300-bp lp
nhiu ln phn tn khp h gen ng-i, c
tn nh- vy v chng -c to ra do s
tiu ha DNA h gen vi endonucleaza
gii hn AluI.
allosome
-
9amber stop codon b ba kt thc amber
Xem: stop codon.
amino acid A compound containing both
amino (-NH2
) and carboxyl (-COOH)
groups. In particular, any of 20 basic
building blocks of proteins having the
formula NH2
-CR-COOH, where R is
different for each specific amino acid. See:
annex 3.
axt amin Hp cht c cha c nhm amin
(-NH2) v cc-b-xyn (-COOH). c bit,
bt k ca 20 khi xy dng c bn protein
u c cng thc NH2-CR-COOH, y
R l im khc nhau cho mi mt a xit a
min ring bit. Xem: ph lc 3.
aminoacyl site (Abbreviation: A-site). One
of two sites on ribosomes to which the
aminoacyl tRNA molecules can bind.
v tr a xt amin (vit tt: A-site). Mt trong
hai v tr trn ribosom cc phn t tRNA-
a xt amin c th gn vo.
aminoacyl tRNA synthetase An enzyme
that catalyses the attachment of an amino
acid to its specific tRNA molecule.
aminoacyl tRNA synthetaza Enzim xc
tc vic gn a xt amin vi phn t tRNA
ch r ca n.
amitosis A cell division (including nuclear
division through constriction of the nucleus)
that occurs without chromosome
differentiation as in mitosis. The
mechanism whereby the genetic integrity
is maintained during amitosis is uncertain.
trc phn Mt kiu phn chia t bo (bao
gm phn chia nhn qua tht nhn) xy
ra khng phn ho nhim sc th nh-
trong gim phn. Do c ch ny ton vn
di truyn -c duy tr trong trc phn l
khng chc chn.
amniocentesis A procedure for obtaining
foetal cells for prenatal diagnosis by
sampling the amniotic fluid from a
pregnant mammal. Cells are cultured, and
the karyotype is checked for known
irregularities (e.g. Downs syndrome and
spina bifida in humans).
d mng i qua bng Ph-ng php thu
nhn cc t bo thuc thai nhi chn
on tr-c gn khi sinh bng vic ly mu
dch i t ng vt c v c thai. Cc t
bo -c nui cy, v kiu nhn -c kim
tra im khc th-ng bit (v d Hi
chng down v tt nt t sng ng-i).
amnion The thin membrane that lines the
fluid-filled sac in which the embryo
develops in higher vertebrates, reptiles and
birds.
mng i Mng mng lm ngn ti cha
y dch trong phi pht trin ca cc
ng vt c x-ng sng bc cao, b st
v chim.
amniotic fluid Liquid contents of the
amniotic sac of higher vertebrates,
containing foetal, but not maternal cells.
dch mng i Thnh phn cht lng mng
i ca nhm ng vt c x-ng sng bc
cao, gm c cc t bo thai nhi, nh-ng
khng phi l t bo m.
amorph A mutation that abolishes gene
function. Synonym: null mutation.
t bin v hiu t bin bi b chc
nng gen.T ng ngha: null mutation.
AMP Vit tt ca adenosin
monophotphat (AMP).
amphidiploid A plant derived from
doubling the chromosome number of an
interspecific F1
hybrid. Naturally found
hybrids of this sort are referred to as
allopolyploid.
th nh bi kp Thc vt bt ngun t vic
nhn i s nhim sc th ca con lai F1
khc loi. Nhng con lai to thnh trong t
nhin ca loi ny -c xem l d a bi
th.
amphimixis True sexual reproduction
involving the fusion of male and female
gametes and the formation of a zygote.
giao phi hu tnh Sinh sn hu tnh thc
lin quan dung hp gia giao t ci v c
hnh thnh hp t.
ampicillin A penicillin-type antibiotic that
prevents bacterial growth by interfering
with synthesis of the cell wall. Commonly
used as a selectable marker in the
creation of transgenic plants.
amber stop codon
-
10ampicillin Loi khng sinh kiu pnixilin
ngn nga sinh tr-ng vi khun do gy
nhiu tng hp vch t bo. Th-ng -c
dng lm du chun chn lc khi to thc
vt chuyn gen.
amplicon The product of a DNA
amplification reaction. See: polymerase
chain reaction.
n v siu sao chp Sn phm phn ng
khuch i DNA. xem: polymerase chain
reaction.
amplification 1. Creation of many copies
of a segment of DNA by the polymerase
chain reaction. 2. Treatment (e.g. use of
chloramphenicol) designed to increase the
proportion of plasmid DNA relative to that
of bacterial (host) DNA. 3. Evolutionary
expansion in copy number of a repetitive
DNA sequence through a process of
repeated duplication.
s khuch i 1. To thnh nhiu bn sao
t mt on DNA do phn ng chui enzim
trng hp 2. Cch x l (v d s dng
cloramphenicol) tng thm t l DNA
plasmit so vi DNA vi khun (k ch). 3.
M rng tin ha s l-ng bn sao ca
trnh t DNA lp thng qua mt qu trnh
nhn i lp li.
amplified fragment length
polymorphism (Abbreviation: AFLP). A
type of DNA marker, generated by the
PCR amplification of restriction
endonuclease treated DNA. A small
proportion of all restriction fragments is
amplified in any one reaction, so that AFLP
profiles can be analysed by gel
electrophoresis. This has the important
characteristic that many markers can be
generated with relatively little effort.
tnh a hnh di on khuch i (vit
tt: AFLP). Kiu du chun DNA, pht sinh
do khuch i PCR ca DNA -c x l
enzim gii hn. Mt t l nh ca tt c
on gii hn -c khuch i trong bt
k mi phn ng, cho cc mu AFLP
c th -c phn tch bng in di trn
gel. iu ny c c im quan trng l
c nhiu du chun c th -c pht sinh
vi t-ng i t cng sc.
amplify To increase the number of copies
of a DNA sequence, either in vivo by
inserting into a cloning vector that
replicates within a host cell, or in vitro by
polymerase chain reaction.
khuch i Lm tng thm s bn sao
ca trnh t DNA, c trong c th do chn
vect nhn dng lp bn trong t bo
vt ch, hoc trong ng nghim bng phn
ng chui enzim trng hp.
ampometric xem: electrochemical
sensor
amylase Describing a wide class of
enzymes that catalyse the hydrolysis of
starch.
amylaza M t mt lp ln enzim xc tc
thy phn tinh bt.
amylolytic The capability of enzymatically
degrading starch into sugars.
tiu tinh bt Kh nng phn hu enzim
bin tinh bt thnh -ng.
amylopectin A polysaccharide
comprising highly branched chains of
glucose residues. The water-insoluble
portion of starch.
amilopectin Mt loi polisacarit bao gm
nhiu nhnh
cao ca gc glucoza. Phn khng tan
trong n-c ca tinh bt.
amylose A polysaccharide consisting of
linear chains of 100-1000 glucose
residues. The water-soluble portion of
starch.
amilose Mt loi polisacarit bao gm nhiu
mch thng ca 100-1000 gc glucoza.
Phn ho tan -c trong n-c ca tinh bt.
anabolic pathway A pathway by which a
metabolite is synthesized; a biosynthetic
pathway.
-ng mn ng ha -ng mn m
theo sn phm trao i cht -c tng
hp; mt -ng mn tng hp sinh hc.
anabolism One of the two subcategories
of metabolism, referring to the building up
of complex organic molecules from simpler
precursors.
amplicon
-
11s ng ha Mt trong s hai cp nh
trao i cht, lin quan n vic to ra cc
phn t hu c phc tp t nhng tin cht
n gin.
anaerobe An organism that can grow in
the absence of oxygen. Opposite: aerobe.
vi khun k kh Loi sinh vt c th sinh
tr-ng khi thiu oxi. Ng-c vi: aerobe.
anaerobic An environment or condition in
which molecular oxygen is not available
for chemical, physical or biological
processes.
ym kh Mi tr-ng hoc iu kin trong
oxi phn t khng c sn cho cc qu
trnh ha hc, vt l hoc sinh hc.
anaerobic digestion Digestion of
materials in the absence of oxygen. See:
anaerobic respiration.
tiu ha ym kh Tiu ha cc nguyn
liu khi thiu oxi. Xem: anaerobic
respiration
anaerobic respiration Respiration in
which foodstuffs are partially oxidized, with
the release of chemical energy, in a
process not involving atmospheric oxygen.
A notable example is in alcoholic
fermentation, where sugar is metabolized
into ethanol.
h hp ym kh S h hp trong thc
n -c xy ha tng phn, c gii phng
nng l-ng ha hc, trong qu trnh khng
lin quan vi oxi kh quyn. V d ln men
r-u, y -ng -c chuyn thnh cn.
analogous Features of organisms or
molecules that are superficially or
functionally similar but have evolved in a
different way or contain different
compounds.
cng chc Cc c im ca sinh vt
hoc phn t ging nhau b ngoi hoc
chc nng nh-ng -c tin ho theo con
-ng khc nhau hoc cha cc hp cht
khc nhau.
anaphase The stage of mitosis or
meiosis during which the daughter
chromosomes migrate to opposite poles
of the cell (toward the ends of the spindle).
Anaphase follows metaphase and
precedes telophase.
k sau Giai on nguyn phn hoc gim
phn trong cc nhim sc th con di
chuyn ti cc i din ca t bo (v pha
cc mt si thoi). K sau theo sau k gia
v tr-c k cui.
anchor gene A gene that has been
positioned on both the physical map and
the linkage map of a chromosome, and
thereby allows their mutual alignment.
gen m neo Gen -c nh v trn c bn
vt cht v bn lin kt ca nhim
sc th, v do vy cho php chng sp
xp thnh hng t-ng h.
androgen Any hormone that stimulates
the development of male secondary sexual
characteristics, and contributes to the
control of sexual activity in vertebrate
animals. Usually synthesized in the testis.
kch t tnh c, hc mn nam Bt k
mt loi hooc-mn no kch thch pht trin
c tr-ng gii tnh th cp ging c, v
gp phn iu khin hot ng gii tnh
ng vt c x-ng sng. Th-ng -c tng
hp trong tinh hon.
androgenesis Male parthenogenesis,
i.e. the development of a haploid embryo
from a male nucleus. The maternal nucleus
is eliminated or inactivated subsequent to
fertilization of the ovum, and the haploid
individual (referred to as androgenetic)
contains in its cells the genome of the male
gamete only. See : anther culture;
gynogenesis.
trinh sinh c Sinh sn n tnh c,
ngha l pht trin phi n bi t nhn
c. Ht nhn m -c loi tr hoc kh
hot tnh k tip th tinh non, v c
th n bi (-c xem trinh sinh c) cha
trong cc t bo ch mt h giao t c.
xem: anther culture; gynogenesis.
aneuploid An organism or cell having a
chromosome number other than the
normal somatic number. Aneuploid
gametes have a chromosome number
other than the normal haploid number.
The condition is aneuploidy.
anaerobe
-
12
th lch bi Sinh vt hoc t bo c s
l-ng nhim sc th khc vi s l-ng
nhim sc th t bo bnh th-ng. Cc giao
t th lch bi c s l-ng nhim sc th
khc vi s n bi bnh th-ng. iu kin
l hin t-ng lch bi .
angiogenesis The formation and
development of new blood vessels in the
body, stimulated by growth factors, such
as angiogenin. The process is required
for the spread of malignant tumours.
to mch Hnh thnh v pht trin cc
mch mu mi trong c th, -c kch thch
bi cc nhn t sinh tr-ng, nh-
angiogenin. Qu trnh ny cn thit pht
huy cc khi u c.
angiogenin One of the human angiogenic
growth factors. In addition to stimulating
(normal) blood vessel formation,
angiogenin levels are correlated with
placenta formation and tumour growth.
angiogenin Mt trong cc nhn t sinh
tr-ng to mch ng-i. Ngoi kch thch
hnh thnh mch mu (bnh th-ng), cc
mc angiogenin c t-ng quan vi hnh
thnh rau thai v sinh tr-ng khi u.
angiosperm A division of the plant
kingdom that includes all flowering plants,
i.e. vascular plants in which double
fertil ization occurs resulting in
development of fruit containing seeds.
Divided into two major groups,
monocotyledons and dicotyledons.
See: gymnosperm
cy ht kn Mt b phn ca gii thc vt
bao gm tt c cc loi thc vt ra hoa,
ngha l cc cy mch g trong th tinh
kp to ra pht trin qu c cha ht. -c
chia thnh hai nhm chnh, nhm cy n
t dip v nhm cy song t ip. xem:
gymnosperm
animal cell immobilization Entrapment
of animal cells in some solid material in
order to produce some natural product or
genetically engineered protein. Animal
cells have the advantage that they already
produce many proteins of
pharmacological interest, and that
genetically engineered proteins are
produced by them with the post-translation
modifications normal to animals. However,
because animal cells are much more
fragile than bacterial ones, they cannot
tolerate a commercial fermentation
process.
c nh t bo ng vt nh by nhng
t bo ng vt trong dng vt liu rn
sn xut mt s sn phm t nhin hoc
protein k thut di truyn. T bo ng vt
c li th ch chng sn xut nhiu
loi protein -c d-c hc quan tm, v
cc protein k thut di truyn ny -c sn
xut do chng c nhiu bin i sau dch
m mt cch bnh th-ng vi ng vt. Tuy
nhin, v t bo ng vt d v nhiu hn
so vi vi khun, nn chng khng c s
dng trong qu trnh ln men th-ng mi.
animal cloning nhn dng ng vt
xem: cloning
anneal The pairing of complementary
DNA or RNA sequences, via hydrogen
bonding, to form a double-stranded
polynucleotide. Opposite: denature.
ghp Cp i trnh t RNA hoc DNA b
sung, qua lin kt hy-r, hnh thnh
polinucleotit si kp. Ng-c vi: denature.
annual 1. (adj:) Taking one year, or
occurring at intervals of one year. 2. A plant
that completes its life cycle within one year.
See biennial, perennial.
hng nm 1. (tnh t) Mt mt nm, hoc
xut hin khong thi gian mt nm. 2.
Thc vt hon thnh chu trnh sng trong
vng mt nm. Xem: biennial, perennial.
anonymous DNA marker A DNA marker
detectable by virtue of variation in its
sequence. The function (if any) of the
sequence is unknown. Microsatellites
and AFLPs are typical anonymous DNA
markers.
du chun DNA bt nh Du chun
DNA c th tm ra do hiu qu bin d trong
trnh t. Chc nng (nu c) ca trnh t
ch-a -c bit. Nhng v tinh nh v AFLP
l nhng du chun DNA tiu biu.
antagonism An interaction between two
organisms (e.g. moulds or bacteria) in
angiogenesis
-
13which the growth of one is inhibited by the
other. Opposite: synergism.
i khng T-ng tc gia hai loi sinh vt
(v d nm mc hoc vi khun) trong
s sinh tr-ng ca sinh vt ny b ngn
chn bi sinh vt khc. Ng-c vi :
synergism.
antagonist A compound that inhibits the
effect of an agonist in such a way that the
combined biological effect of the two
becomes smaller than the sum of their
individual effects.
cht i khng Hp cht ngn chn nh
h-ng ca cht khng bng cch nh- vy
nh h-ng sinh hc kt hp ca hai tr
thnh nh hn tng s cc nh h-ng ring
r.
anther The upper part of a stamen,
containing pollen sacs within which the
pollen develops and matures.
bao phn Phn trn ca nh hoa, cha ti
phn trong phn hoa pht trin v
tr-ng thnh.
anther culture The aseptic culture of
immature anthers to generate haploid
plants from microspores via
androgenesis.
nui cy bao phn Nui cy v trng cc
bao phn ch-a chn to ra cy n bi
t tiu bo t nh sinh sn n tnh c.
anthesis The period during which anthers
bear mature and functional pollen.
s n hoa Thi k bao phn mang phn
hoa tr-ng thnh v hot ng.
anthocyanin A water-soluble blue, purple
or red flavonoid pigments found in
vacuoles of cells of certain plants.
antxian Loi cht mu nhm flavonoid
c mu xanh, ta hoc ho tan trong
n-c cha trong khng bo ca cc t bo
thc vt nht nh.
antiauxin A chemical that interferes with
the auxin response, sometimes by the
prevention of auxin transport. Some
antiauxins may promote morphogenesis
in vitro (e.g. 2,3,5-tri-iodobenzoate (TIBA)
and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetate (2,4,5-
T)) and are therefore used to stimulate the
growth of some cultures.
cht khng auxin Cht ha hc hn ch
vai tr auxin, i khi l do ngn nga
chuyn vn auxin. Mt s cht khng auxin
c th y mnh s to hnh trong ng
nghim (v d 2,3,5- tri- Iodobenzoate
(TIBA) v 2,4,5- trichlorophenoxyacetate
(2,4,5-T)) v do vy -c s dng kch
thch sinh tr-ng mt s nui cy.
antibiosis The prevention of growth or
development of an organism by a
substance or another organism.
tnh khng sinh S ngn nga sinh tr-ng
hoc pht trin mt sinh vt do mt cht
hoc mt sinh vt khc.
antibiotic A class of natural and synthetic
compounds that inhibit the growth of, or
kill some micro-organisms. Antibiotics are
widely used medicinally to control bacterial
pathogens, but resistance in bacteria to
particular antibiotics is often rapidly
acquired through mutation.
cht khng sinh Lp cc hp cht t
nhin v tng hp c ch sinh tr-ng hoc
tiu dit mt s vi sinh vt. Cht khng
sinh -c s dng rng ri v mt y hc
iu khin cc vt gy bnh vi khun,
nh-ng tnh khng ca vi khun vi cht
khng sinh c hiu th-ng b nhanh
chng lm quen thng qua t bin.
antibiotic resistance The ability of a
micro-organism to disable an antibiotic or
prevent its transport into the cell.
tnh khng cht khng sinh Kh nng
ca vi sinh vt v hiu ha cht khng
sinh hoc ngn nga chuyn vn vo t
bo.
antibiotic resistance marker gene
(Abbreviation: ARMG). Genes (usually of
bacterial origin) used as selection markers
in transgenesis, because their presence
allows cell survival in the presence of
normally toxic antibiotic agents. These
genes were commonly used in the
development and release of first
generation transgenic organisms
(particularly crop plants), but are no longer
antagonist
-
14
favoured because of perceived risks
associated with the unintentional transfer
of antibiotic resistance to other organisms.
See kanr
, neor
.
gen nh du tnh khng cht khng
sinh (vit tt: ARMG ). Gen (th-ng c
ngun gc vi khun) -c dng nh- du
chn chn lc trong hot ng chuyn gen,
bi v s hin din ca chng cho php t
bo tn ti khi c tc nhn khng sinh c
bnh th-ng. Cc gen ny th-ng -c
dng pht trin v gii phng sinh vt
chuyn gen th h u (c bit cy trng),
nh-ng khng cn -c -u tin do c nhiu
ri ro kt hp vi chuyn ngu nhin tnh
khng cht khng sinh cho sinh vt khc.
xem: kanr, Neor.
antibody (Abbreviation: Ab). An
immunological protein produced by the
lymphocytes in response to contact with
an antigen. Each antibody recognizes just
one antigenic determinant of one antigen
and acts by specifically binding to it, thus
rendering it harmless. Those from the IgG
antibody class are found in the
bloodstream and used in immunoassay.
Synonym: immunoglobulin. See:
monoclonal antibody, polyclonal
antibody.
khng th (vit tt: A ). Protein min dch
-c sn sinh bi limph bo trong phn
ng tip xc khng nguyn. Mi khng th
ch nhn bit mt nhn t quyt nh khng
nguyn ca mt khng nguyn v tc dng
do lin kt c bit vi n, nh- vy bin n
thnh v hi. Khng th t lp lgG c trong
mu v -c dng trong th nghim min
dch. T ng ngha: immunoglobulin.
Xem: monoclonal antibody, polyclonal
antibody.
antibody binding site The part of an
antibody that binds to the antigenic
determinant. See: complementarity-
determining regions. Synonym:
paratope.
v tr gn khng th Phn khng th lin
kt vi nhn t quyt nh khng nguyn.
Xem: complementarity-determining
regions. T ng ngha: paratope.
antibody class The class to which an
antibody belongs, depending on the type
of heavy chain present. In mammals, there
are five classes of antibodies: IgA, IgD, IgE,
IgG, and IgM.
lp khng th Lp m khng th ph
thuc vo, tu theo c mt kiu chui nng.
Trong ng vt c v, c nm lp khng
th: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM.
antibody structure Describes the
molecular architecture of an antibody,
which consists of two identical light chains
and two identical heavy chains and has
two antigen-binding sites. Each chain
consists of a constant region which is the
same between antibodies of the same
class and sub-class, and a variable region
that is antibody-specific.
cu trc khng th M t cu trc phn
t khng th, gm c hai chui nh v
hai chui nng ng nht v c hai im
gn khng nguyn. Mi chui gm c mt
vng n nh ging nhau gia nhng khng
th cng lp v lp ph, v mt vng bin
i c tr-ng khng th.
antibody-mediated immune response
The synthesis of antibodies by B cells in
response to an encounter of the cells of
the immune system with a foreign antigen.
Synonym: humoral immune response.
phn ng min dch qua trung gian
khng th S tng hp khng th do cc
t bo B phn ng li mt bt cp t
bo ca h thng min dch c khng
nguyn ngoi. T ng ngha: humoral
immune response.
anticlinal The orientation of cell wall or
plane of cell division perpendicular to the
surface. Opposite: periclinal.
np li nh h-ng vch t bo hoc mt
phng phn chia t bo thng gc vi b
mt. ng-c vi: periclinal .
anticoding strand The DNA strand used
as template for transcription. The
resulting mRNA is complementary in
sequence to that of the anticoding strand.
Synonym: template strand.
si i m Si DNA s dng nh- khung
antibody
-
15mu dch m. T b sung RNA thng
tin cho trnh t si i m. T ng ngha:
template strand
anticodon A triplet of tRNA nucleotides
that corresponds to a complementary
codon in an mRNA molecule during
translation.
n v i m B ba nuleotit tRNA m
t-ng ng vi b ba b sung ca phn t
RNA thng tin khi dch m.
antigen (Abbreviation: Ag). A
macromolecule (usually a protein foreign
to the organism), which elicits an immune
response on first exposure to the immune
system by stimulating the production of
antibodies specific to its various
antigenic determinants . During
subsequent exposures, the antigen is
bound and inactivated by these antibodies.
Synonym: immunogen.
khng nguyn (vit tt: Ag). Mt i phn
t (th-ng mt protein l i vi sinh vt),
khi mo phn ng min dch khi tip xc
ln u vi h thng min dch do kch thch
sn xut khng th c hiu vi cc nhn
t quyt nh khng nguyn khc nhau.
Trong thi gian tip xc k tip, khng
nguyn -c lin kt v b kh hot tnh
bi khng th ny.T ng ngha:
immunogen.
antigenic determinant The individual
surface feature of an antigen, that elicits
the production of a specific antibody in
the course of the immune response. Each
antigenic determinant, typically a few
amino acids in size, causes the synthesis
of a different antibody and thus exposure
to a single antigen may result in the
expression of a number of antibodies. See:
monoclonal antibody, polyclonal
antibody. Synonym: epitope.
yu t quyt nh khng nguyn c
tnh b mt ring ca mt khng nguyn,
khi mo sn xut mt khng th ring bit
trong qu trnh phn ng min dch. Mi
yu t quyt nh khng nguyn, mang mt
s t amino acid tiu biu cng c, gy ra
tng hp khng th khc v do vy khi tip
sc khng nguyn n c th dn ti biu
th mt s khng th. Xem: monoclonal
antibody, polyclonal antibody.T ng
ngha: epitope .
antigenic switching The altering of a
micro-organisms surface antigens through
genetic re-arrangement, to elude detection
by the hosts immune system.
chuyn i khng nguyn Bin i
khng nguyn b mt vi sinh vt qua sp
xp di truyn, trnh b h thng min
dch ca vt ch pht hin.
antihaemophilic factor VIII
tc nhn khng xut huyt VIII xem:
antihaemophilic globulin.
antihaemophilic globulin (Abbreviation
AHG). One of the blood clotting factors, a
soluble protein that causes the fibrin
matrix of a blood clot to form. Used as a
treatment for haemophilia, AHG is usually
obtained from genetically engineered cell
cultures. Synonym: antihaemophilic factor
VIII.
globulin khng xut huyt (vit tt AHG).
Mt trong s tc nhn lm ng mu,
protein ho tan to thnh nn fibrin ng
mu. -c s dng iu tr chng d xut
huyt, AHG th-ng thu -c t nui cy t
bo k thut di truyn. T ng ngha:
antihaemophilic factor VIII.
anti-idiotype antibody An antibody,
produced by an organism, which
specifically binds to the binding site of an
antibody developed by that organism
against a foreign antigen. Involved with
the regulation of the immune response.
Some allergic responses are in part due
to the breakdown of this sort of regulation.
khng th khng lin kt c hiu Mt
loi khng th, sn xut bi sinh vt, lin
kt c hiu vi im bm ca khng th
-c pht trin do sinh vt chng li mt
khng nguyn l. Lin quan iu ho phn
ng min dch. Mt s phn ng d ng
mt phn do ph v s chn lc iu ho.
antimicrobial agent Any chemical or
biological agent that inhibits the growth
and/or survival of micro-organisms. See:
antibiotic.
anticodon
-
16tc nhn khng khun Bt k tc nhn
sinh hc hoc ha hc no ngn nga sinh
tr-ng v/ hoc tn ti ca vi sinh vt. Xem:
antibiotic
antinutrient Compounds that inhibit the
normal uptake or utilization of nutrients.
khng dinh d-ng Hp cht ngn chn
s hp thu bnh th-ng hoc s dng cc
cht dinh d-ng.
anti-oncogene A gene whose product
prevents the normal growth of tissue.
gen chng gy ung th- Mt gen m sn
phm ca n ngn nga s sinh tr-ng
bnh th-ng ca m.
antioxidant Compounds that slow the rate
of oxidation reactions.
cht chng oxi ha Cht lm chm nhp
cc phn ng xi ha.
antiparallel orientation The normal
arrangement of the two strands of a
double-stranded DNA molecule, and of
other nucleic-acid duplexes (DNA-RNA,
RNA-RNA), in which the two strands are
oriented in opposite directions so that the
5'-phosphate end of one strand is aligned
with the 3'-hydroxyl end of the
complementary strand.
h-ng i song song Sp xp bnh
th-ng hai si ca phn t DNA si kp,
v ca cp nucleic-acid khc (DNA- RNA,
RNA- RNA), trong hai si -c h-ng
ng-c nhau mt 5'-pht pht ca mt
si -c lin kt vi mt 3'- hidroxyl ca
si b sung.
antisense DNA One of the two strands of
double-stranded DNA, usually that which
is complementary (hence anti) to the
mRNA, i.e. the non-transcribed strand.
However, there is not universal agreement
on this convention, and the preferred
designations are coding strand for the
strand whose sequence matches that of
the mRNA, and non-coding strand or
template strand for the complementary
strand (i.e. the transcription template).
DNA i ngha Mt trong hai si DNA kp,
thng th-ng l b sung (do anti) cho
mRNA, ngha l si khng -c phin m.
Tuy nhin, khng c s thng nht chung
v quy -c ny, v cc tn gi ph hp l
si m ho cho si c trnh t ph hp
vi mRNA, v si khng m ho hoc si
khung mu cho si b sung (ngha l:
khung mu phin m).
antisense gene A gene that produces an
mRNA complementary to the transcript
of a normal gene (usually constructed by
inverting the coding region relative to the
promoter).
gen i ngha Gen sn xut RNA thng
tin b sung cho bn dch ca gen bnh
th-ng (th-ng cu trc do vic o
ng-c vng m ho t-ng ng vi khi
im).
antisense RNA An RNA sequence that
is complementary to all or part of a
functional mRNA molecule, to which it
binds, blocking its translation.
RNA i ngha Trnh t RNA b sung
cho tt c hoc mt phn phn t RNA
thng tin chc nng, lin kt, ngn bn
dch ca n.
antisense therapy The in vivo treatment
of a genetic disease by blocking
translation of a protein with a DNA or an
RNA sequence that is complementary to
a specific mRNA.
liu php i ngha iu tr trong c th
mt bnh di truyn nh kho chn phin
m protein bng DNA hoc trnh t RNA
b sung cho mRNA c hiu.
antiseptic Any substance that kills or
inhibits the growth of disease-causing
micro-organism (a micro-organism
capable of causing sepsis), but is
essentially non-toxic to cells of the body.
st khun Cht bt k tiu dit hoc c
ch sinh tr-ng vi sinh vt gy bnh (vi
sinh vt c kh nng gy nhim), nh-ng
bn cht khng c cho t bo c th.
antiserum The fluid portion of the blood
of an immunized animal (after coagulation
of the blood), which retains any
antibodies.
khng huyt thanh Phn lng ca mu
ng vt -c gy min dch (sau khi lm
antinutrient
-
17 ng mu), cha khng th .
anti-terminator A protein which enables
RNA polymerase to ignore certain
transcriptional stop or termination signals
and thereby produce longer than normal
transcripts.
cht khng kt thc Mt loi protein cho
php RNA polymeraza khng lm dng
phin m nht nh hoc cc tn hiu kt
thc v do vy sn xut cc bn sao di
hn bnh th-ng.
antitranspirant A compound designed to
reduce plant transpiration. Applied to the
leaves of newly transplanted trees, shrubs
etc., or cuttings in lieu of misting. Can
interfere with photosynthesis and
respiration if the coating is too thick or is
unbroken.
cht chng thot n-c Cht to ra
gim mt n-c cy trng. -c p dng
cho l cy, khm cy... mi trng, hoc
nhng lt ct b li. C th nh h-ng
quang hp v h hp nu ph trn l qu
dy hoc khng b phn hu.
antixenosis The modification of the
behaviour of an organism by a substance
or another organism. Particularly used in
the context of a plants apparent resistance
against insect feeding, when the insects
are presented with a choice of plant
genotypes.
khng th l S bin i tp tnh ca sinh
vt bi mt cht hoc sinh vt khc. c
bit -c s dng trong hon cnh tnh
khng xut hin ca thc vt khng d-ng
cn trng, khi cn trng -c chuyn c
s la chn cc kiu gen thc vt.
apex The portion of a root or shoot
containing the primary or apical meristem.
nh, ngn Phn r hoc chi cy c m
phn sinh s cp hoc m phn sinh nh.
apical cell A meristematic initial in the
apical meristem of shoots or roots of
plants.
t bo nh T bo u tin phn sinh
trong m phn sinh nh ca chi hoc r
cy.
apical dominance The phenomenon
where growth of lateral (axillary) buds in a
plant is inhibited by the presence of the
terminal (apical) bud on the branch.
Explained by the export of auxins from the
apical bud.
-u th ngn Hin t-ng sinh tr-ng mm
bn (nch) ca cy b c ch do c mt
chi nh trn cc nhnh. -c gii thch
do vn chuyn cht kch thch tng tr-ng
bt u t mm nh.
apical meristem A region of the tip of each
shoot and root of a plant in which cell
division is continually occurring to produce
new stem and root tissue, respectively.
Two regions are visible in the apical
meristem: An outer 1-4-cell layered region
(the tunica), where cell divisions are
anticlinal; and below the tunica, (ii) the
corpus, where the cells divide in all
directions, and increase in volume.
m phn sinh nh Vng chp ca mi
mt chi v r cy trong phn chia t
bo xy ra lin tc sn xut m thn v
r mi, theo tng cch ring. Hai vng
phn bit r trong m phn sinh nh: vng
(mng) -c xp lp 1- 4- t pha ngoi
vo, ni s phn chia t bo l np li; v
d-i mng, vng (ii), ni t bo phn chia
theo tt c cc h-ng, v lm tng th tch.
apoenzyme Inactive enzyme that has to
be associated with a co-enzyme in order
to function. The apoenzyme/co-enzyme
complex is called a holoenzyme.
apoenzim Enzim khng hot ng kt hp
vi ng enzim hot ng. Phc hp
apoenzim/ng-enzim -c gi l enzim
hon ton (hai thnh phn, nh cu t).
apomixis The production of an embryo
in the absence of meiosis. Apomictic
higher plants produce asexual seeds,
derived only from maternal tissue. See:
parthenogenesis.
sinh sn v phi Sinh sn phi khi thiu
gim phn. Thc vt bc cao sinh sn v
phi sn xut ht ging v tnh, ch thu
-c t m m. xem mc :
parthenogenesis.
anti-terminator
-
18apoptosis The process of programmed
cell death, which occurs naturally as a part
of normal development, maintenance and
renewal of tissue. Differs from necrosis,
in which cell death is caused by external
factors (stress or toxin).
chng cht dn Qu trnh cht t bo
-c ch-ng trnh ha, xy ra t nhin nh-
mt b phn pht trin bnh th-ng, duy
tr v i mi m. Khc vi hoi t, cht t
bo gy ra bi nhn t bn ngoi (sc hoc
c t).
AP-PCR xem: arbitrarily primed
polymerase chain reaction.
aptamer A polynucleotide molecule that
binds to a specific molecule, often a
protein.
Phn t polinucleotit lin kt vi phn t
c hiu, th-ng l protein.
aquaculture Farming of aquatic
organisms, including fish, molluscs,
crustaceans and aquatic plants.
ngh nui trng thy sn Canh tc thu
sinh vt, bao gm c, nhuyn th, san h
v thc vt thu sinh.
Arabidopsis A genus of flowering plants
in the Cruciferae. A. thaliana is used in
research as a model plant because it has
a small fully sequenced genome, can be
cultured and transformed easily, and has
a rapid generation time.
Arabidopsis Mt ging thc vt ra hoa
thuc h thp t Cruciferae. A. thaliana
-c dng trong nghin cu lm cy mu
bi n mang h gen trnh t y khng
ln, c th -c nui cy v thay i d,
v thi gian th h nhanh.
arbitrarily primed polymerase chain
reaction (Abbreviation: AP-PCR) An
application of the polymerase chain
reaction to generate DNA fingerprints.
The technique uses arbitrary primers to
amplify anonymous stretches of DNA. See:
DNA amplification fingerprinting,
random amplified polymorphic DNA.
phn ng chui enzim tng hp mi tu
(vit tt: AP- PCR) ng dng phn ng
chui polymeraza to ra du chun
DNA. K thut s dng mi tu
khuych i nhng qung che khut ca
DNA. Xem: DNA amplification
fingerprinting, random amplified
polymorphic DNA
arbitrary primer An oligonucleotide
primer whose sequence is chosen at
random, rather than one whose sequence
matches that of a known locus. These
primers therefore amplify DNA fragments
which have not been pre-selected.
mi tu Mi oligonucleotide c trnh t
-c chn ngu nhin, thay v trnh t i
xng thuc gen bit. Nhng mi ny
do vy khuch i cc on DNA m
khng -c chn tr-c.
Archaea Single-celled life forms adapted
to existence in high pressure, anaerobic,
environments such as at extreme ocean
depths. These organisms are seen as a
promising source of enzymes robust
enough for a number of demanding
industrial processes.
Archaea Cc dng sng n bo thch
nghi tn ti trong mi tr-ng p sut
cao, ym kh, nh- cc su y i d-ng.
Nhng sinh vt ny -c nhn nhn nh-
ngun enzim phong ph y ha hn
p ng s l-ng cho cc qu trnh cng
nghip ang i hi cao.
ARMG vit tt ca antibiotic resistance
marker gene.
ARS vit tt ca autonomous(ly)
replicating segment (or sequence).
artificial inembryonation Non-surgical
transfer of embryo(s) to a recipient female.
As in vitro embryo technology develops,
artificial inembryonation may replace
artificial insemination.
chuyn ghp phi nhn to Chuyn
ghp khng phu thut phi cho mt sinh
vt ci nhn. Khi cng ngh phi trong
phng th nghim pht trin, chuyn ghp
phi nhn to c th thay th th tinh nhn
to.
artificial insemination (Abbreviation: AI).
The deposition of semen, using a syringe,
at the mouth of the uterus to make
apoptosis
-
19 conception possible.
th tinh nhn to (vit tt: AI). S truyn
tinh dch, c s dng ng tim, vo ca t
cung lm th thai c th xy ra.
artificial medium mi tr-ng nhn to
xem: culture medium.
artificial seed Encapsulated or coated
somatic embryos that are planted and
treated like seed.
ging nhn to Th phi xma -c to
v hoc bao bc trng v x l nh- ht
ging.
artificial selection The practice of
choosing individuals from a population for
reproduction, usually because these
individuals possess one or more desirable
traits.
chn lc nhn to Cch chn c th t
qun th sinh sn, th-ng v cc c th
ny c mt hoc nhiu tnh trng qu.
ASA vit tt ca allele-specific
amplification.
ascites Abnormal accumulation of fluid in
the peritoneal cavity, occurring naturally as
a complication of cirrhosis of the liver,
among other conditions. In the context of
monoclonal antibody production,
hybridoma cells are injected into mice to
induce their proliferation in the resulting
ascites. This method has been largely
superseded by in vitro culture of
hybridomas.
bnh c tr-ng (trn dch mng bng )
S tch t khng bnh th-ng dch trong
xoang phc mc, xy ra t nhin l mt
bin chng ca bnh x gan, tu theo cc
iu kin khc nhau.Trong quy trnh sn
xut khng th n, t bo lai -c tim
cho chut lm kt qu tng nhanh. Ph-ng
php ny phn ln -c thay bng nui
trong ng nghim cc t bo lai.
ascospore One of the spores contained
in the ascus of certain fungi.
bo t nang Mt loi bo t cha trong
nang bo ca mt loi nm nht nh.
ascus (pl.: asci) Reproductive sac in the
sexual stage of a type of fungi
(Ascomycetes) in which ascospores are
produced.
nang bo (s nhiu: asci) Ti sinh sn
trong giai on hu tnh ca mt loi nm
(nm ti: Ascomycetes) trong sinh ra
bo t nang.
aseptic Sterile, free of contaminating
organisms (bacteria, fungi, algae but not
generally including viruses, and particularly
not internal symbionts).
v trng Tit trng, phi truyn nhim sinh
vt (vi khun, nm, to nh-ng th-ng
khng bao gm virut, v c bit khng
phi l sinh vt cng sinh bn trong).
asexual Reproduction not involving
meiosis or the union of gametes.
v tnh Sinh sn khng ko theo gim
phn hoc kt hp giao t.
asexual embryogenesis sinh phi v
tnh. Xem: somatic cell embryogenesis
asexual propagation Vegetative, somatic,
non-sexual reproduction of a plant
without fertilization.
lan truyn v tnh Sinh sn sinh d-ng,
xma, v tnh ca thc vt khng th phn.
asexual reproduction Reproduction that
does not involve the formation and union
of gametes from the different sexes or
mating types. It occurs mainly in lower
animals, micro-organisms and plants. In
plants, asexual reproduction is by
vegetative propagation (e.g. bulbs, tubers,
corms) and by formation of spores.
sinh sn v tnh Sinh sn khng ko theo
s hnh thnh v kt hp hoc kiu ghp
i cc giao t t gii tnh khc nhau. Xy
ra ch yu trong ng vt bc thp, vi sinh
vt v thc vt. Trong thc vt, sinh sn
v tnh l do pht tn sinh d-ng (v d:
hnh, c, thn ngm) v do hnh thnh cc
bo t.
A-site v tr A vit tt ca aminoacyl site
assay 1. To test or evaluate. 2. The
procedure for measuring the quantity of a
given substance in a sample (chemically
or by other means).
th nghim 1. Kim tra hoc nh gi.
artificial medium
-
202. Ph-ng php o s l-ng mt cht no
trong mt mu (bng ha hc hoc
ph-ng php khc).
assortative mating Mating in which the
partners are chosen on the basis of
phenotypic similarity.
giao phi t-ng hp Kt i trong i
tc -c chn trn c s ging nhau v
kiu hnh.
assortment phn loi xem: segregation.
asymmetric hybrid A hybrid formed,
usually via protoplast fusion, between
two donors, where the chromosome
complement of one of the donors is
incomplete. This chromosome loss can be
induced by irradiation or chemical
treatment, or can occur naturally.
th lai khng i xng Sinh vt lai hnh
thnh, th-ng qua dung hp t bo trn,
gia hai sinh vt cho, ni b nhim sc
th ca mt trong hai sinh vt cho l khng
y . S mt mt nhim sc th ny c
th l do chiu x, x l ha cht, hoc
cng c th xut hin t nhin.
asynapsis The failure or partial failure in
the pairing of homologous chromosomes
during the first meiotic prophase.
khng tip hp Thiu hoc thiu mt
phn trong cp i nhim sc th t-ng
ng trong k u gim phn ln mt.
ATP vit tt ca: adenosin triphotphat
(ATP).
ATP-ase An enzyme that brings about the
hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate, by
the cleavage of either one phosphate
groups with the formation of ADP and
inorganic phosphate, or of two phosphate
groups, with the formation of AMP and
pyrophosphate.
enzim ATP Enzim dn n thu phn ATP,
do phn ct mt gc pht pht hnh
thnh ADP v pht pht v c, hoc ca
hai gc pht pht, hnh thnh AMP v
pht pht cao nng.
attenuated vaccine A virulent organism
that has been modified to produce a less
virulent form, but nevertheless retains the
ability to elicit antibodies against the
virulent form. See: inactivated agent.
vacxin suy gim Sinh th c -c bin
i sinh ra dng t c hn, nh-ng vn gi
kh nng khi mo khng th chng li
dng c. xem: inactivated agent
attenuation A mechanism for controlling
gene expression in prokaryotes that
involves premature termination of
transcription.
suy gim C ch biu th gen iu khin
sinh vt khng nhn lin quan n kt
thc phin m sm.
attenuator A nucleotide sequence in the
5' region of a prokaryotic gene (or in its
RNA) that causes premature termination
of transcription, possibly by forming a
secondary structure.
vng suy gim Trnh t nucleotit trong
vng 5' ca gen sinh vt khng nhn (hoc
trong RNA ca n) gy ra kt thc phin
m sm, Kh nng do to thnh mt cu
trc th cp.
aureofacin An antifungal antibiotic
produced by a strain of Streptomyces
aureofaciens. A possible candidate for the
transgenic control of plant fungal disease.
aureofacin Cht khng sinh chng nm
-c sn xut t vi khun Streptomyces
aureofaciens. Mt ng c vin c kh nng
kim sot chuyn gen chng bnh nm
hi thc vt.
authentic protein A recombinant protein
that has all the properties - including any
post-translational modifications - of its
naturally occurring counterpart.
protein nguyn bn Protein ti t hp c
tt c cc thuc tnh - bao gm bt k
nhng sa i sau dch m - ca bn sao
xut hin mt cch t nhin.
autocatalysis Catalysis in which one of
the products of the reaction is a catalyst
for the reaction.
t xc tc S xc tc trong c sn
phm ca phn ng lm xc tc cho phn
ng.
autocatalytic reaction phn ng t xc
assortative mating
-
21tc xem: autocatalysis.
autoclave 1. An enclosed chamber in
which materials can be heated under
pressure to sterilize utensils, liquids,
glassware, etc., using steam.
ni hp 1. Mt bung cha (phng, hp)
trong nguyn liu c th -c t nng
d-i p sut kh trng dng c, cht
lng, thy tinh, v.v..., bng hi n-c.
autogenous control The action of a gene
product to inhibit (negative autogenous
control) or enhance (positive autogenous
control) the expression of the gene that
codes for it.
iu khin t pht Hot ng ca mt
sn phm gen ngn chn (iu khin
t pht m tnh) hoc tng c-ng (iu
khin t pht d-ng tnh) biu th gen m
ho cho n.
auto-immune disease Disorder in which
the immune systems of affected individuals
produce antibodies against molecules that
are normally produced by those individuals
(called self antigens).
bnh t min dch S ri lon m trong
cc h thng min dch c th b nh
h-ng sinh ra khng th chng li phn t
m bnh th-ng vn -c sinh ra bi nhng
c th ny (gi l t khng nguyn).
auto-immunity A disorder in the bodys
defence mechanism in which an immune
response is elicited against its own (self)
tissues.
t min dch S ri lon trong c ch bo
v c th trong phn ng min dch
-c khi mo chng li cc m ca chnh
n.
autologous cells Cells taken from an
individual, cultured (or stored), and,
possibly, genetically manipulated before
being transferred back into the original
donor.
t bo t thn Cc t bo ly ra t mt c
th, -c nui cy (hoc ct gi), v c
th -c thao tc di truyn tr-c khi chuyn
li vo vt cho gc .
autolysis The process of self destruction
of a cell, cell organelle, or tissue, through
the action of lysosomic enzymes.
t tiu Qu trnh t ph hy ca t bo,
bo quan, hoc m, thng qua hot ng
enzim phn hu.
autonomous A term applied to any
biological unit that can function on its own,
i.e. without the help of another unit, such
as a transposable element that encodes
an enzyme for its own transposition.
tnh t tr Thut ng dng ch bt k n
v sinh hc no c th hot ng trn chnh
bn thn, ngha l khng c s gip
ca n v khc, nh- mt phn t c th
i ch m ha mt enzim chuyn v
chnh n.
autonomous(ly) replicating segment (or
sequence) (Abbreviation: ARS). Any
eukaryotic DNA sequence that initiates and
supports chromosomal replication; they
have been isolated in yeast cells.
on (hoc chui) t sao chp (vit tt:
ARS). Bt k trt t DNA nhn chun no
m khi mo v h tr sao chp nhim
sc th; chng -c phn lp trong cc t
bo nm men.
autopolyploid A polyploid whose
constituent genomes are derived from the
same or nearly the same progenitor. In an
autotetraploid, each chromosome is
present in four copies, so meiotic
configurations may include many (or
exclusively) quadrivalents (four paired
chromosomes), and the inheritance of
alleles will be quadruplex. Quadrivalents
do not always segregate normaly at
meiosis, resulting in lowered fertility, so
some established autotetraploid species
that reproduce sexually have restricted
quadrivalent formation.
th t a bi Th a bi m cc h gen
thnh phn ca n u bt ngun t cng
mt hoc gn ging t tin. Trong th nh
bi kp ng tnh, mi nhim sc th c
mt trong bn bn sao, v vy cu hnh
gim phn c th bao gm nhiu (hoc
ch l) ho tr bn (bn nhim sc th cp
i), v di truyn alen s l b bn. Ha tr
bn lun khng tch ring mt cch bnh
th-ng ti gim nhim, do h thp kh
autoclave
-
22
nng th tinh, nn mt s loi t a bi
-c thit lp sinh sn hu tnh hn
ch hnh thnh ha tr bn.
autoradiograph A technique for
visualizing the presence, location and
intensity of radioactivity in histological
preparations, paper chromatograms or
electrophoretic gel separations, obtained
by overlaying the surface with X-ray film
and allowing the radiation to form an image
on the film.
nh phng x t ghi K thut lm cho
mt trng thy -c s c mt, v tr v
c-ng tnh phng x trong cc ch
phm m hc, biu sc k trn giy
hoc tch gel in di, thu -c bng xp
chng ln b mt phim X-quang v cho
php chiu x to hnh nh trn phim.
autosome Any of the chromosomes
except the sex chromosomes.
nhim sc th th-ng Bt k nhim sc
th no tr nhim sc th gii tnh.
autotroph Organism capable of self-
nourishment utilizing carbon dioxide or
carbonates as the sole source of carbon
and obtaining energy from radiant energy
or from the oxidation of inorganic elements,
or compounds such as iron, sulphur,
hydrogen, ammonium and nitrites.
Opposite: heterotroph.
sinh vt t d-ng Cc sinh vt c nng
lc t d-ng thc n s dng kh cc b
nch hoc cc b nt lm ngun cc bon
duy nht v thu -c nng l-ng t nng
l-ng bc x hoc t s xi ha cc phn
t v c, hoc nhng hp cht nh- st,
l-u hunh, hy-r, amnium v nitrit.
Ng-c vi: heterotroph.
autotrophic t d-ng xem autotroph
auxin A group of plant growth regulators
(natural or synthetic) which stimulate cell
division, enlargement, apical dominance,
root initiation, and flowering.
Nhm cht iu ho sinh tr-ng thc vt
(t nhin hoc tng hp) kch thch phn
chia t bo, phnh to, tnh tri ngn, bn r
v ra hoa.
auxin-cytokinin ratio The relative
proportion of auxin to cytokinin present
in plant tissue culture media. Varying the
relative amounts of these two hormones
affects the proportional growth of shoots
and roots.
t l auxin-xitokinin T l t-ng i ca
cht kch thch sinh tr-ng auxin so vi
cytokinin c trong dung dch nui cy m
thc vt. S thay i s l-ng t-ng i
ca hai hc mn ny c nh h-ng n
sinh tr-ng cn i gia chi v r.
auxotroph A mutant cell or micro-
organism lacking one metabolic pathway
present in the parental strain, and that
consequently will not multiply on a minimal
medium, but requires for growth the
addition of a specific compound, such as
an amino acid or a vitamin.
th khuyt d-ng T bo t bin hoc
vi sinh vt thiu -ng mn chuyn ha t
ni cha m, do s khng -c nhn ln
trong mi tr-ng ti thiu, nh-ng sinh
tr-ng cn thm hp cht c bit, nh-
amin a xt hoc vitamin.
availability A reflection of the form and
location of nutritional elements and their
suitability for absorption.
ph Phn nh dng v v tr ca cc
phn t dinh d-ng v tnh ph hp ca
chng hp th.
avidin A glycoprotein present in egg
white, which has a strong affinity to biotin.
Can lead to biotin deficiency if given in
large quantities. Used as a biological
reagent in the same way as streptavidin.
avidin Mt glycoprotein c mt trong lng
trng trng, c i lc mnh vi biotin. C
th dn ti thiu ht biotin nu -a vo
mt l-ng ln. -c s dng nh- cht phn
ng sinh hc ging nh- streptavidin.
avidity A measure of the binding strength
of an antibody to its antigen.
i lc S o lc lin kt ca mt khng
th vi khng nguyn ca n.
avirulence gene (Abbreviation: avr gene).
Many plants contain R genes, which confer
simply-inherited resistance to a specific
pathogen race. The plants are able to
autoradiograph
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23recognize the presence of the pathogen
by an interaction between their R gene and
the matching pathogens avirulence gene.
Successful recognition triggers a cascade
of further genes, often leading to a
hypersensitive response.
gen khng c tnh (vit tt: gen avr).
Nhiu thc vt c cha cc gen R to
ra tnh chng chu di truyn n vi cc
loi gy bnh ring bit. Thc vt c th
nhn ra s c mt ca vt gy bnh do
t-ng tc gia gen R ca chng v gen
khng c tnh ca vt gy bnh t-ng
ng. S nhn bit hon thnh thc y mt
lot gen tip theo, th-ng dn ti phn ng
siu nhy cm.
avr gene vit tt ca avirulence gene
axenic culture Free of external
contaminants and internal symbionts;
generally not possible with surface
steril ization alone, sometimes used
incorrectly to indicate aseptic culture.
nui cy v trng Khng c cht gy
nhim bn ngoi v cc sinh vt cng sinh
bn trong; th-ng khng c kh nng kh
trng c lp, nhiu khi dng khng chnh
xc ch bo nui cy v trng.
axillary bud A bud found at the axil of a
leaf. Synonym: lateral bud.
mm nch Mm hnh thnh ti nch l.T
ng ngha: lateral bud
axillary bud proliferation Propagation of
plant tissue in vitro to promote axillary
growth, to generate large numbers of
plantlets in culture.
tng nhanh mm nch Nhn ging m
thc vt trong ng nghim thc y sinh
tr-ng v nhn s l-ng ln cy ging.
avr gene
-
24
Bb
B cell An important class of lymphocytes
that mature in bone marrow (in mammals)
and the Bursa of Fabricius (in birds) and
produce antibodies. Largely responsible
for the antibody-mediated or humoral
immune response, giving rise to the
antibody-producing plasma cells and
some other cells of the immune system.
Synonym: B lymphocyte.
t bo B Lp ch yu ca limph bo
tr-ng thnh trong ty x-ng (ca ng
vt c v) v Bursa ca loi Fabricius
(thuc lp chim) v sn xut khng th.
Chu trch nhim phn ln v phn ng
min dch trung gian khng th hoc th
dch, sinh ra t bo huyt t-ng sn xut
khng th v mt s t bo khc ca h
thng min dch.T ng ngha: B
lymphocyte.
B chromosome A supernumerary
chromosome present in some individuals
(both plant and animal). They are smaller
than the normal chromosomes, behave
abnormally in both mitosis and meiosis,
can vary in number between somatic cells
and are not thought to have any significant
gene content.
nhim sc th B Nhim sc th d- c
trong mt s c th (c thc v ng vt).
Chng nh hn nhim sc th bnh th-ng,
din ra bt th-ng trong c nguyn phn
v gim phn, c th thay i s l-ng gia
cc t bo th v khng c bt k thnh
phn gen quan trng no.
B lymphocyte lymph boB xem: B cell.
BABS Vit tt ca biosynthetic antibody
binding sites
BAC Vit tt ca bacterial artificial
chromosome
bacillus A rod-shaped bacterium.
trc khun Mt loi vi khun hnh que
Bacillus thuringiensis (Abbreviation: Bt).
A bacterium that produces a toxin against
certain insects, particularly Coloeoptera
and Lepidoptera; a major means of
insecticide for organic farming. Some of
the toxin genes are important for
transgenic approaches to crop protection.
khun que thuringiensis (vit tt: Bt) Loi
vi khun sinh c t chng li cc loi cn
trng nht nh, c bit l b cnh cng
(Coloeoptera) v b cnh vy
(Lepidoptera); ng vai tr chnh ca thuc
tr su trong canh tc hu c. Mt s cc
gen c rt quan trng nghin cu
chuyn gen bo v ma mng.
back mutation A second mutation at the
same site in a gene as the original
mutation. The second mutation restores
the wild-type protein sequence.
t bin ng-c t bin th cp ti cng
v tr trong mt gen nh- t bin gc. t
bin th cp khi phc trnh t protein kiu
di.
backcross Crossing an individual with one
of its parents or with the genetically
equivalent organism. The offspring of
such a cross are referred to as the
backcross generation or backcross
progeny.
lai ng-c Lai cho mt c th vi mt
trong s cha m hoc vi sinh vt t-ng
-ng di truyn. Con chu lai cho -c
nhn nhn nh- th h lai ng-c hoc con
chu lai ng-c.
bacterial artificial chromosome A
plasmid vector that can be used to clone
large inserts of DNA (up to 500 kb). See:
yeast artificial chromosome.
nhim sc th nhn to vi khun Vc t
plasmit c th dng to dng cc on xen
ln DNA (ln ti 500 kb). Xem: yeast
artificial chromosome.
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25bacterial toxin A toxin produced by a
bacterium, such as Bt toxin of Bacillus
thuringiensis.
c t vi khun Loi c t sn sinh do
vi khun, nh- c t Bt ca khun que
thuringiensis.
bacteriocide A chemical or drug that kills
bacterial cells.
thuc dit khun Cht ha hc hoc
thuc tiu dit t bo vi khun.
bacteriocin A protein produced by
bacteria of one strain and active against
those of a closely related strain.
Loi protein -c sn sinh bi cc vi khun
cng mt chng v hot ng chng li
cc vi khun chng cn thn.
bacteriophage (Abbreviation: phage). A
virus that infects bacteria. Altered forms
are used as cloning vectors. See: lambda
phage, M13.
thc khun (vit tt: phage). Loi virut
xm nhim vi khun. Dng bin i -c
dng lm vect to dng. Xem: lambda
phage, M13.
bacteriostat A substance that inhibits or
slows down growth and reproduction of
bacteria.
cht km hm khun Cht ngn chn
hoc lm chm sinh tr-ng v sinh sn vi
khun.
bacterium (pl.: bacteria) nicellular
prokaryotic organisms, without a distinct
nucleus. Major distinctive groups are
defined by Gram staining. Also classified
on the basis of oxygen requirement
(aerobic vs anaerobic) and shape
(spherical = coccus; rodlike = bacillus;
spiral = spirillum; comma-shaped = vibrio;
corkscrew-shaped = spirochaete;
filamentous).
vi khun (s nhiu: bacteria) Cc sinh vt
khng nhn t bo rt nh, khng c nhn
phn bit. Cc nhm c tr-ng chnh phn
bit bng nhum mu gram. Cn -c
phn loi trn c s nhu cu oxy (-a kh
i vi k kh) v hnh dng (hnh cu =
Cu khun; hnh que = khun que; hnh
son = xon khun; hnh ging du phy
= phy khun; hnh xon vng = xon
khun; dy khun).
baculovirus A class of insect virus used
to make DNA cloning vectors for gene
expression in eukaryotic cells. Production
of a target protein can be up to 50% of
the cells protein content, and several
proteins can be made simultaneously, so
that multi-sub-unit enzymes can be made
by this system.
v rt gy bnh Lp virut gy bnh cn
trng -c s dng lm vect to dng
DNA biu th gen trong t bo c nhn.
Sn phm ca mt loi protein ch c th
ln ti 50 % thnh phn protein t bo, v
mt s loi protein c th ng thi -c
to ra, do vy nhiu n v enzim ph a
chc nng c th -c to ra bng h
thng ny.
baculovirus expression vector
(Abbreviation: BEV). A method for the in
vitro production of complex recombinant