Traffic SafetyTraffic Safety

TS4273 Traffic EngineeringTS4273 Traffic Engineering

SPEED REALLY DOES KILL

WHO DOES SPEED KILL WHERE DOES SPEED KILL

HOW DOES SPEED KILL

DID YOU KNOW?DID YOU KNOW?• 80% of

motorcycle crashes kill or injure rider.

• While 20% of car crashes kill or injure a vehicle occupant.

The First Road Traffic Accident!

• The first recorded Road Traffic Accident was Bridget Driscoll in London, August 17th.1896.

• The Coroner stated that it was easily avoidable and should never happen again.

• It Has… Over 25 million times!

What is an Accident?

• Up until 1650 an accident was seen as either Witchcraft or Gods will.

• It was then that social science began by recording births, deaths & later marriages.

Traffic Safety

• Safety is the condition in which the risk of harm or damage is limited to an acceptable level

• State of mind that make people Thinking, Acting, Behave in such way to minimizing the exposure to danger.

DampakDampak KecelakaanKecelakaan TransportasiTransportasi DaratDarat

•• GLOBALGLOBAL–– KorbanKorban meninggalmeninggal duniadunia ratarata--rata 1 rata 1 jutajuta

jiwajiwa per per tahuntahun (1,200,000 persons per year (1,200,000 persons per year ≈≈ 10 jumbo jet crashes per day!)10 jumbo jet crashes per day!)

–– 75% 75% terjaditerjadi didi negaranegara berkembangberkembang

–– KerugianKerugian mencapaimencapai 2% GDP (US$ 100 2% GDP (US$ 100 MilyarMilyar))

Dampak Kecelakaan Transportasi Darat

• NASIONAL– Korban meninggal dunia rata-rata 30 jiwa per

hari

– Kerugian sekitar US$ 3,5 Milyar sekitar 2,17% GDP Indonesia

CRIME vs. CRASH CLOCK(2002)

CRIME vs. CRASH CLOCK(2002)

1 murderevery 32 minutes1 murderevery 32 minutes

1 aggravated assaultevery 35 seconds1 aggravated assaultevery 35 seconds

1 violent crimeevery 22 seconds1 violent crimeevery 22 seconds

1 fatality every 12 minutes1 fatality every 12 minutes

1 injuryevery 16 seconds1 injuryevery 16 seconds

1 crashevery 5 seconds1 crashevery 5 seconds

Death and Traffic Accidents

12Measles12Pulmonary11Congenital Anomalities11Malaria10Perinatal10Congenital Anomalities9HIV9Road Traffic Accidents8Diarhoeal Diseases8Measles7Tuberculosis7Tuberculosis6Respiratory6Cerebrovascular Diseases5Pulmonary5Ischaemic Heart Diseases4Cerebrovascular Diseases4Unipolar Major Depression3Road Traffic Accidents3Perinatal2Unipolar Major Depression2Diarhoeal Diseases1Ischaemic Heart Diseases1Respiratory

RankDisease / InjuryRankDisease / Injury2020 Rank1990 Rank

The top 10 leading global burdens1990 2020

1. Lower respiratory infections2. Diarrhoeal diseases 3. Perinatal conditions4. Unipolar major depression 5. Ischaemic heart disease6. Cerebrovascular disease 7. Tuberculosis8. Measles 9. Road traffic injuries10. Congenital Abnormalities

1. Ischaemic heart disease2. Unipolar major depression3. Road traffic injuries4. Cerebrovascular disease 5. Chronic pulmonary disease6. Lower respiratory infections 7. Tuberculosis8. War 9. Diarrhoeal diseases 10. HIV

Fatality Rate 100 Million Passenger-Miles in Transport in the United States

NAWater Transport0,13Domestic Scheduled Air Carriers0,53Railroads0,19Buses0,16Local Transit

17,00Motorcycles1,90Autos and TaxisRateMode

Prime Cause of Road Accidents

100TOTAL1Human + Road + Vehicle2Vehicle Factors Alone2Road Factors Alone5Human + Vehicle

25Human + Road65Human Factors Alone

% of AccidentCause

Americans Killed in Combat vs.

Motor Vehicle Fatalities

Americans Killed in Combat vs.

Motor Vehicle Fatalities

Revolutionary

Korean War

Vietnam War

World War I

Civil War

World War II Motor Vehicle Fatalities

0 300 600 900 1,200 1,500 1,800 2,100 2,400 2,700 3,000

Number of Deaths(in thousands)

Motor Vehicle

Fatalities

Combat

0500,000

1,000,0001,500,0002,000,0002,500,0003,000,0003,500,000

Num

ber

of D

eath

s

Americans Killed in Combat vs.

Motor Vehicle Fatalities

Americans Killed in Combat vs.

Motor Vehicle Fatalities

3,070,1893,070,1893,070,189

620,219620,219620,219

(225 years) (100 years)

Cars and Weapons!Cars and Weapons!

• Cars have killed more people since their invention than all the wars and conflicts put together – including both World Wars!

General Road Accident Statistics in Malaysia

Vehicles Road Number of Registered Length (Km) Accidents Death Serious Slight

1994 19,494,000 7,210,089 60,734 148,801 5,159 13,387 29,957 48,503 1995 20,096,700 6,802,375 60,734 162,491 5,712 15,313 31,127 52,152 1996 21,169,000 7,686,684 60,734 189,109 6,304 14,218 32,953 53,475 1997 21,665,600 8,550,469 63,382 215,632 6,302 14,105 36,137 56,574 1998 22,679,600 9,141,357 63,382 211,037 5,740 12,068 37,896 55,784 1999 22,711,900 9,929,951 64,981 223,166 5,794 10,366 36,777 52,937 2000 23,200,000 10,589,804 64,981 250,417 6,035 9,773 34,246 50,054 2001 23,263,600 11,302,545 64,981 265,175 5,849 8,680 35,944 50,473 2002 23,263,600 12,068,144 64,981 279,237 5,887 8,424 35,171 49,482 2003 25,048,300 12,868,934 71,814 298,651 6,286 9,040 37,415 52,741 2004 25,600,000 13,764,837 71,814 326,817 6,223 9,234 38,624 54,081

Total Casualties Year Population

General Road Accident Statistics in Malaysia Statistics Road Accidents in Malaysia (2005)

Causes of Traffic accidents in Malaysia

• Combination of traffic composition• Improper intersection design• Provision of street lightning• High traffic volume• Provision of pedestrian crossing• Signal light• Vehicle speed

Statistical Report Road Accident, Royal Malaysian Police. 2005

Statistical Report Road Accident, Royal Malaysian Police. 2005 Fatality Model and Safety Target in Malaysia

Fatality Model and Safety Target in Malaysia Predictive Model of Yearly Traffic Deaths

Approaches used in Road Safety Programmes

• Accident Preventions (proactive action)

• Accident Reduction (reactive action)– Improvement of hazardous location– Motorcycle lane– Paving of road shoulder– Improvement of dangerous curve

Approaches used in Road Safety Programmes

– Pedestrian crossing– Overtaking lane– Street lighting– Road Maintenance

• Road Maintenance

• Building New Road

Fatalities per 10.000 Vehicles Profil Jumlah Kendaraan diIndonesia Tahun 1990 - 2003

0

5,000,000

10,000,000

15,000,000

20,000,000

25,000,000

30,000,000

35,000,000

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Tahun

Jum

lah

Ken

dara

an

Mobil Bus Truk Motor

Profil Kecelakaan Jalan di Indonesia Tahun 1990 - 2003

0

2,500

5,000

7,500

10,000

12,500

15,000

17,500

20,000

22,500

25,000

27,500

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Tahun

Jum

lah

Kej

adia

n

Profil Kecelakaan Jalan di Indonesia Tahun 1990 - 2003

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

35,000

40,000

45,000

50,000

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Tahun

Jum

lah

Kor

ban

Meninggal Luka Berat Luka Ringan

Profil Kecelakaan Jalan di Indonesia Tahun 1990 - 2003

0

5,000,000,000

10,000,000,000

15,000,000,000

20,000,000,000

25,000,000,000

30,000,000,000

35,000,000,000

40,000,000,000

45,000,000,000

50,000,000,000

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Tahun

Jum

lah

Ker

ugia

n (J

uta

Rp.

)

-

5

10

15

20

25

16 - 20 Tahun 21 - 25 Tahun 26 - 30 Tahun 31 - 35 Tahun 36 - 40 Tahun 41 - 75 Tahun

Kelompok Usia

Pers

enta

se

Faktor Penyebab Kecelakaandi Indonesia• Pengguna Jalan (lengah, mabuk, ngebut, jarak

terlalu dekat, penyeberang jalan, hewan) 93,52%

• Jalan (persimpangan, marka/rambu tidak jelas, permukaan licin) 3,23%

• Kendaraan (ban pecah, rem blong, kemudi danlampu tidak berfungsi) 2,76%

• Lingkungan (mix traffic, pengawasan danpenegakan hukum, cuaca) 0,49%

The Weak Link!

Millions of dollars are spent every year on safer car design and car safety systems.

Millions of dollars are spent every year on safer road designs

Only a few hundred dollars is spent on the most important factor…THE DRIVER!

Age – the younger driver

• Limited skills• Sense of overconfidence• Younger drivers tend to drive

faster, drive at night, and drive while drunk.

• After the first year of driving, young drivers have acquired the basic control skills of driving but not the tactical and strategic judgment needed for safe driving.

Age – the older driver

• Information-processing impairments• Slower response time• A more restricted field of attention• Reduced time-sharing abilities• Reduced visual capacity, especially at night• Older drivers compensate by driving more slowly and

by not driving at night.• Older drivers drive less safely at the control level but

can compensate with appropriate choices at the tactical and strategic levels.

The Impaired Driver

• Alcohol– Involved in approximately 50% of fatal highway

accidents in the U.S.– With blood alcohol content as low as 0.05%,

drivers react more slowly, are poorer at tracking, are less effective at time-sharing, and show impaired information processing.

– One of the most effect interventions may be social norming.

• Fatigue has roughly the same effect as alcohol.

Impairment interactions

• A combination of fatigue, alcohol, and age can combine to degrade driving performance

• The presence of passengers may be distracting and encourage risky behavior.

• A young person driving with friends at night and after drinking is an extremely dangerous combination.

Perilaku Pengendara

Perilaku Pengendara Perilaku Pengendara

Perilaku Pengendara Perilaku Pengendara

Perilaku Pengendara DISTRACTED DRIVING• Does Cause Crashes

– No Reliable info on degree of involvement

• Cell Phones– The worst– Hands free is no better

• DVD Players– Portable and mounted– Rapidly growing issue

• All the old standbys– Not as bad as above

Drowsy & Distracted Driving DISTRACTED DRIVING

The 3 ‘E’s

Education

EngineeringEnforcement

Education“The raising awareness of hazards and how

to avoid them”

• Child car seats• Green Cross Code• Induction training• Subliminal Advertising• Incentive schemes• Accident Investigations

Training and selection

• Tests of static visual acuity have very little relevance for driving.

• Driver's Education class may not help.• Behind the wheel navigation in a vehicle

may not be the best test.• Simulators for training and for testing can

be helpful and cost effective.

Driver adaptation and risk calibration

• People do not respond rapidly to the unexpected.

• Since most people have not been in an accident, their expectancy is set at zero.

• Risk homeostasis - people tend to maintain their risk even with added safety features.

Condition DiagramsLocation: That Way at Kathy Lane Town of Anytown, NY Date: 9 / 30 / 01

Investigator: Chip Seals Roadway Maintenance Foreman

Scale: Not to Scale

3' x 5' box w/headwalls, 0'

412" - POLE #36

APPROX. NORTH

Kathy Lane16" wide, CL = 367'

380'

Three15" Pines

330' Approx. PT335' POLE #35

330'

240'

228' - 18" dia. oak225' - POLE #34

208' - Bridge rail ends

180' - Approx. PC

145' - Bridge Joint

110' - Bridge Joint

165' - POLE #33A

62' - Approx. PT

49' - POLE #32

50' - Bridge Rail starts

(2) 11' asphalt lanes, 2' +/- gravel shoulders

18" dia. oak

Key:

Utility Pole Sign Evergreen Tree Broadleaf Tree Point of Curvature Point of Tangency

PC

PT

Collision Diagrams• Identify common

crash types or conditions

• Need police crash reports to construct

• May require several years of crash records

Crash Mapping

Right-angleRear-endRun-off-roadLeft turnPedestrianHead-on

A More Detailed Look

2/5/12, day, wet

9/25/99, day, dry

12/31/01,night,snow,dui

Priority

LOWLOWMEDIUMMinor

LOWMEDIUMHIGHSerious

MEDIUMHIGHURGENTFatal

RareOccasionalFrequent

FREQUENCYSEVERITY

Collision Into Portable Barrier

= postcrash direction of travel

1996 Freightliner tractor and flatbed semitrailer impact and overrun median barrier.

Tractor and semitrailer

Northbound

Southbound

Tractor and semitrailer separate, causing trailer to encroach into northbound traffic lanes.

Tractor Semitrailer

Southbound

Northbound

Final Rest of 1996 Freightliner

2

1

2

1

Chevrolet collides with semitrailer followed by secondary impacts with median barrier.

= postcrash direction of travel

SemitrailerTractor

Chevrolet

Southbound

Northbound

Final Rest of Chevrolet SUV

Time to react to a perceived hazard

• Two seconds is a minimum.

Engineering“Altering the environment to reduce risk and

chance taking”

• Safer car design• Road design• Separating vehicles and pedestrians• Traffic management systems• Emergency response

Driving Safety Improvements• Driver characteristics

– Training and selection– Driver adaptation and risk

calibration– Regulatory compliance

• Vehicle characteristics – Sensing and warnings

• Protective devices

Driver adaptation and risk calibration

• The design of vehicle performance improvements, such as antilock brakes, may make the driver adjust the driving speed to maintain the same perceived risk (risk homeostatis).

• The design of protection features, such as widening highways from 2 to 4 lanes, has a positive effect on safety.

Sensing and warnings

• High-mounted brake lights

• Some direct sensors of the rate of closure with the leading car

Protective devices

• Failure to use shoulder/lap seat belts is associated with a 40% increase in fatalities.

• Air bags have a similar protective value.

• The most critical factor contributing to driver survival after a crash is the time from the crash scene to an emergency room.

Road designDefine engineer’s role in designing, operating, and maintaining safe intersections.

Engineer’s Role• Challenges

– Safety vs. efficiency– Uniformity vs. flexibility in design & operation– Proactive vs. reactive in addressing safety– Global vs. local scope of solution

Engineering For Safety• Problem Identification

• Special users: older drivers, trucks, peds

Facility TypeExisting New

Objective Mitigation. Prevention.

Evidenceof Problem

Input from police & public. Safety audit.(comparison with standards)

ConfirmProblem

Compare crash frequency withthat of other intersections.

Compare predicted crash frequencywith other alternatives.

Tools Black-spot identificationtechniques.

Crash frequency prediction models.

Enforcement“The formal sanctions to deter risk The formal sanctions to deter risk ––

taking behaviourtaking behaviour””

•• Fines & imprisonmentFines & imprisonment•• InsuranceInsurance•• Minimum safety standardsMinimum safety standards•• Name & shameName & shame•• Driver Improvement SchemeDriver Improvement Scheme

Regulatory compliance

• Tickets and warnings• Photo radar (controversial)• When the highway speed limit was

increased to 65 mph, the number of fatalities increased 10 to 16%.

• Police randomly rewarding seat-belt use by drivers with cash and coupons

General Observations of Road Safety Engineering Issues in Indonesia

• Geometry• Junctions• Signal Controlled Junctions• Signs and Markings• Pedestrian Crossing

General Observations of Road Safety Engineering Issues in Indonesia

• Geometry– Bus Stops/Vehicle Parking, stopping on main

carriageway– Landscaping, plants grow to traffic sign– Road surfacing, polishing effect

General Observations of Road Safety Engineering Issues in Indonesia

• Junctions– Geometry of major junctions, wide junction

with wide approach– Side road junctions, scene of conflicts– Right turn maneuvers on the route, serious

problem

General Observations of Road Safety Engineering Issues in Indonesia

• Signal Controlled Junctions– Incorrect arrangement, object obstructing

signal heads, inadequate inter-green.– Access to signal-controlled junctions,

uncontrolled-road access to signal controlled junctions observed

– Pedestrian facilities, high number of pedestrian fatalities

– Placement of signal posts, sited in the walking path.

General Observations of Road Safety Engineering Issues in Indonesia

• Signs and Markings– Inconsistent signing, leads to confusion and

indecision– Advance traffic sign and local directions, early

and advance traffic signing– Sign facings, too small size of letter.– Carriageway markings, badly design and

poorly laid out.

General Observations of Road Safety Engineering Issues in Indonesia

• Pedestrian Crossing– Lack of advance warning, result in more

serious injury– Lack of conspicuity– Width of pedestrian, too narrow

UpayaUpaya MeminimalkanMeminimalkan KecelakaanKecelakaan

• Pembatasan Usia dalam pemberian SIM• Pembatasan lama waktu mengemudi

tanpa istirahat (2-4 jam)• Ujian pengemudi• Penggunaan sabuk pengaman• Penyuluhan dan kampanye

keselamatan lalulintas

SuratSurat IjinIjin MengemudiMengemudi (SIM)(SIM)• SIM-D usia 16 tahun, kecepatan sepeda

motor < 40 kpj• SIM-C usia 16 tahun, kecepatan sepeda

motor > 40 kpj• SIM-A usia 17 tahun, berat kendaraan <

3.500kg• SIM-B1 berat kendaraan > 3.500kg, punya

SIM-A > 12bln• SIM-B2 kendaraan dengan gandengan,

punya SIM-B1 > 12bln

Generic Measures Beneficial to Generic Measures Beneficial to Specific Road Safety IssuesSpecific Road Safety Issues

☺☺☺☺☺☺Drugs

☺☺☺☺☺☺Driver Fatigue

☺☺☺☺☺☺☺☺No Seat Belt

☺☺☺☺☺☺☺☺☺Speeding

☺☺☺☺☺☺☺☺☺☺Drink-driving

Planning a Safer System

Safer Modes of

Travel

Occupant Protection

Safer Roads

Lower Speeds

PublicEducation

Better Enforcement

Classes of InitiativesRoad Safety Issues

Generic Measures Beneficial to Generic Measures Beneficial to Specific Road Safety IssuesSpecific Road Safety Issues

☺☺☺☺☺☺☺☺☺☺Pedes-trians

☺☺☺☺H. Veh.

☺☺☺☺☺☺☺☺☺Bicycles

☺☺☺☺☺☺☺☺☺☺Motor-cycles

☺☺☺☺☺☺☺☺☺☺Older Drivers

☺☺☺☺☺☺☺☺☺☺☺☺☺Young Drivers

Planning a Safer System

Safer Modes of

Travel

Occupant Protection

Safer Roads

Lower Speeds

PublicEducation

Better Enforcement

Classes of InitiativesRoad Safety Issues

They are NEVER to young to learn about Traffic Safety

Final Thought

When I die, I want to die like

my grandfather – who died

peacefully in his sleep. Not

screaming like all the

passengers in his car.

- Author Unknown

Traffic SafetyTraffic Safety

TS4273 Traffic EngineeringTS4273 Traffic Engineering