trends and perspectives for anaerobic digestion: an … · challenge: optimising the c-cycle’...
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TRENDS AND PERSPECTIVES FOR ANAEROBIC DIGESTION: AN OVERVIEW
LUC DE BAERELUC DE BAEREORGANIC WASTE SYSTEMS
ISWA BEACON CONFERENCE: ‘THE GLOBAL CHALLENGE: OPTIMISING THE C-CYCLE’
PERUGIA, ITALY, MAY 22-23, 2008
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ADVANTAGES OF ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF SOLID WASTE
• PRODUCTION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY(60 TO 100 M³ OF METHANE/TON)
• RECOVERY OF ORGANIC MATTER AS COMPOST
• 200 TIMES LESS ODOURS THAN AEROBIC COMPOSTINGCOMPOSTING
• 20 TO 40% OF SURFACE AREA NEEDED FOR AEROBIC COMPOSTING: EASY TO INSERT
• HIGH PUBLIC ACCEPTANCE
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WHAT IS THE STATE OF THE ARTOF ANAEROBIC DIGESTION
OF THE ORGANIC FRACTION OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE
IN EUROPE?IN EUROPE?
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DETERMINATION OF CAPACITY
CRITERIA
• HOUSEHOLD ORGANIC WASTE OR EQUIVALENT
• MORE THAN 10% HOUSEHOLD ORGANIC SOLID WASTE
• > 3000 T PER YEAR MINIMUM SIZE
• DESIGN CAPACITY USED UNLESS SPECIFIED • DESIGN CAPACITY USED UNLESS SPECIFIED OTHERWISE
• TOTAL CAPACITY FOR BIOWASTE, BUT ONLY DIGESTION CAPACITY FOR RESIDUAL WASTE
• PLANTS NOT ELIMINATED IF OPERATION STOPPED
• PLANTS AT LEAST UNDER CONSTRUCTION(ONLY PROGNOSIS FOR YEAR 2009-2010)
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CAPACITY IN EUROPE
• 171 PLANTS IDENTIFIED IN 17 EUROPEAN COUNTRIES
• 5.204.000 T/YEAR CAPACITY IN 2010
• CAPACITY DEVELOPMENTPERIOD INCREASE AVERAGE SIZE PLANTS/YEARPERIOD INCREASE AVERAGE SIZE PLANTS/YEAR
91 - 95 39 KT/Y 13 KT/Y 3 96 - 00 224 KT/Y 25.4 KT/Y 8.8 01 - 05 415 KT/Y 38.5 KT/Y 10.806 - 10 346 KT/Y 31.4 KT/Y 11
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CUMULATIVE CAPACITY
3.000
4.000
5.000
6.000
Inst
alle
d C
apac
ity (
kTO
N)/
y)
15
20
25
30
35
Average size plants (kTO
N/y)
Anual capacity
Cumulative Capacity
Cumulative AverageCapacity
0
1.000
2.000
till 19
90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 9920
0020
0120
0220
0320
0420
0520
0620
0720
08>20
09
Inst
alle
d C
apac
ity (
kTO
N)/
y)
0
5
10
15
Average size plants (kTO
N/y)
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FACTORS STIMULATING GROWTH IN CAPACITY
• LANDFILL DIRECTIVE AND RENEWABLE ELECTRICITY
• HIGH PRICE FOR OIL AND AGRICULTURAL CROPS MAY PLAY MORE OF A ROLE IN COMING YEARS
• IMPACT ENERGY PRICE LARGER FOR CLEAN • IMPACT ENERGY PRICE LARGER FOR CLEAN INDUSTRIAL ORGANICS THAN FOR HOUSEHOLD WASTE ORGANICS
• REVAMPING EXISTING COMPOSTING INSTALLATIONS (GROWTH FOR BIOWASTE DIGESTION, POSSIBLE GROWTH FOR RESIDUAL WASTE DIGESTION IN APPROXIMATELY 5 YEARS)
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FACTORS HAMPERING GROWTH IN CAPACITY
• HYGIENIZATION REQUIREMENTS: NOT ONLY HIGH TEMPERATURE TREATMENT BUT ALSO SEPARATION NONHYGIENIZED/HYGIENIZED
• AIR EMISSION REQUIREMENTS: - RTO ON DIRTY AIR- RTO ON DIRTY AIR- LOW ODOR LEVELS
• STILL HIGHER COST THAN IN-VESSEL-COMPOSTING UNITS
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CAPACITY PER COUNTRY
800.000
1.000.000
1.200.000
1.400.000
1.600.000
1.800.000
Inst
alle
d C
apac
ity (
t/y)
40.000
50.000
60.000
70.000
80.000
Total Capacity
Average Capacity
0
200.000
400.000
600.000
800.000
GERMANY
SPAINFRANCE
ITALY NL UK
SWIT
ZERLA
NDBELGIU
MPORTUGAL
AUSTRIASW
EDENM
alta
Luxe
mbu
rgNorw
ayDenm
ark
POLAND
FINLA
ND
Inst
alle
d C
apac
ity (
t/y)
0
10.000
20.000
30.000
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ANALYSIS OF INSTALLED CAPACITY
•••• MESOPHILIC (35 - 40 °C) VERSUS THERMOPHILIC (50 - 55°C)
•••• DRY (> 15 % DS) VERSUS WET (< 15 % DS)
•••• TWO PHASE (ACIDIFICATION + METHANIZATION)
VERSUS SINGLE PHASE (COMBINED)VERSUS SINGLE PHASE (COMBINED)
•••• CODIGESTION (SOLID WASTE + OTHER SUBSTRATE)
VERSUS SOLID WASTE DIGESTION (ONLY WASTE)
•••• MIXED OR RESIDUAL WASTE (NO SEPARATE
COLLECTION) VERSUS BIOWASTE
(SEPARATE COLLECTION OF ORGANICS)
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MESOPHILIC VERSUS THERMOPHILIC
2.000
2.500
3.000
3.500
4.000
Cum
ulat
ive
(kT
ON
/y)
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
MESO
THERMO
%MESO
0
500
1.000
1.500
till 19
90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 9920
0020
0120
0220
0320
0420
0520
0620
0720
08>20
09
Cum
ulat
ive
(kT
ON
/y)
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%%MESO
%THERMO
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MESOPHILIC VERSUS THERMOPHILIC
• 69% MESOPHILIC VS 31% THERMOPHILIC IN 2010
• 95% OF THERMOPHILIC PLANTS ARE DRY FERMENTATION
• ONLY 1 DRY CONTINUOUS SYSTEM OPERATES MOSTLY MESOPHILICALLY
• DRY BATCH SYSTEMS ALSO OPERATE IN MESOPHILIC TEMPERATURE RANGE
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MESOPHILIC VERSUS THERMOPHILIC
MESO VS THERMO 1991 – 1995 1996 – 2000 2001 – 2005 2006 - 2010
% MESOPHILIC 64 64 80 59
• FIVE YEAR DEVELOPMENT OF CAPACITY
% MESOPHILIC
% THERMOPHILIC
64
36
64
36
80
20
59
41
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WET VERSUS DRY
2.000
2.500
3.000
3.500
Cum
ulat
ive
(kT
ON
/y)
40%
50%
60%
70%
0
500
1.000
1.500
till 1
990 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 9920
0020
0120
0220
0320
0420
0520
0620
0720
08>20
09
Cum
ulat
ive
(kT
ON
/y)
0%
10%
20%
30%WET
DRY
%WET
%DRY
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WET VERSUS DRY
• DRY 57% , WET 43% IN 2010
WET VS DRY 1991 – 1995 1996 – 2000 2001 – 2005 2006 - 2010
• FIVE YEAR DEVELOPMENT OF CAPACITY
% WET
% DRY
37
63
38
62
59
41
29
71
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ONE VERSUS TWO-PHASE
2.500.000
3.000.000
3.500.000
4.000.000
4.500.000
5.000.000
Cum
ulat
ive
(t/y)
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
ONE CUMULATIVE
TWO CUMULATIVE
%ONE
0
500.000
1.000.000
1.500.000
2.000.000
till 1
990 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 9920
0020
0120
0220
0320
0420
0520
0620
0720
11>20
09
Cum
ulat
ive
(t/y)
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%%TWO
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ONE VERSUS TWO-PHASE
• 93% ONE-PHASE VS 7% TWO-PHASE BY 2010
• FULL-SCALE PERCOLATION SYSTEMS WERE CONSTRUCTED (CONSIDERED TWO-PHASE SYSTEMS) IN 2000-2005, BUT NO MORE IN 2006-2010 EXCEPT FOR BATCH SYSTEMS2010 EXCEPT FOR BATCH SYSTEMS
• SOME BATCH SYSTEMS HAVE TWO METHANOGENIC PHASES
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ONE VERSUS TWO-PHASE
SINGLE VS TWO PHASE
1991 – 1995 1996 – 2000 2001 – 2005 2006 - 2010
% SINGLE 85 91 92 98
• FIVE YEAR DEVELOPMENT OF CAPACITY
% SINGLE
% TWO PHASE
85
15
91
9
92
8
98
2
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SINGLE FEEDSTOCK VERSUS CODIGESTION
2.000
2.500
3.000
3.500
4.000
4.500
5.000
Cum
ulat
ive
(kT
ON
/y)
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
SOLID WASTE
CODIGESTION
% Solid Waste
% Codigestion
0
500
1.000
1.500
2.000
till 1
990 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 9920
0020
0120
0220
0320
0420
0520
0620
0720
08>20
09
Cum
ulat
ive
(kT
ON
/y)
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%% Codigestion
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SINGLE FEEDSTOCK VERSUS CODIGESTION
• 92% ONLY SOLID WASTE VS 8% CODIGESTION BY
2010
• CODIGESTION WITH ENERGY CROPS (CORN) BUT LIMITED SO FAR
• MANY ENERGY CROP DIGESTION PLANTS ARE LOOKING FOR ORGANIC WASTE TO REPLACE EXPENSIVE CROPS, BUT ‘WASTE TREATMENT’ COMPLICATES THE PROJECTS SUBSTANTIALLY
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SINGLE FEEDSTOCK VERSUS CODIGESTION
SOLID WASTE VS CODIGESTION
1991 – 1995 1996 – 2000 2001 – 2005 2006 - 2010
• FIVE YEAR DEVELOPMENT OF CAPACITY
% ONLY SOLID WASTE
% CODIGESTION
77
23
90
10
90
10
95
5
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BIOWASTE VERSUS RESIDUAL WASTE
1.500
2.000
2.500
3.000
Cum
ulat
ive
(kT
:y)
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
BIOWASTE
RESIDUAL
%BIOWASTE
%RESIDUAL
0
500
1.000
1.500
till 1
990 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 9920
0020
0120
0220
0320
0420
0520
0620
0720
08>20
09
Cum
ulat
ive
(kT
:y)
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
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BIOWASTE VERSUS RESIDUAL WASTE
• IN 1998: 87% BIOWASTE VS 13% RESIDUAL WASTE
• IN 2010: 52% BIOWASTE VS 48% RESIDUAL WASTE
• FIVE YEAR DEVELOPMENT OF CAPACITY
BIOWASTE VS 1991 – 1995 1996 – 2000 2001 – 2005 2006 - 2010BIOWASTE VS RESIDUAL
1991 – 1995 1996 – 2000 2001 – 2005 2006 - 2010
% BIOWASTE
% RESIDUAL
92
8
72
28
41
59
49
51
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DIVERSITY IN APPLICATION
• MIXED WASTE + BIOWASTE + RESIDUAL WASTE
• RESTAURANT WASTE - CORN - INDUSTRIAL
ORGANICS AS ADDITIONAL FEEDSTOCKS
• MIXED/RESIDUAL WASTE: PARTIAL STREAM
DIGESTION (20 TO 70% OF ORGANICS) AND FULL
STREAM DIGESTION (100% OF ORGANICS)
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DIGESTION CAN BE INSERTED INTO EXISTING COMPOSTING SITES
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EXPANSION OF EXISTING COMPOSTING SITES
• MANY COMPOSTING SITES HAVE MORE WASTE BUT SITES HAVE NO ROOM FOR ADDITIONAL COMPOSTING AREA
• INSERTION OF PARTIAL STREAM ANAEROBIC DIGESTION CAN INCREASE EXISTING CAPACITY BY DIGESTION CAN INCREASE EXISTING CAPACITY BY UP TO 50% WITH MINIMAL SURFACE REQUIREMENT
• ECONOMICALLY VERY ATTRACTIVE
• WATER BALANCE IS CRUCIAL
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CASE STUDY: INSERTION OF PARTIAL STREAM DIGESTION INTO EXISTING AEROBIC PLANT
• EXISTING AEROBIC COMPOSTING FACILITY
• CURRENT CAPACITY: 60.000 TPY OF BIOWASTE
• LOOKING FOR OPPORTUNITIES: COSTS, CAPACITY,…
• INSERTION OF AD PLANT FOR 40.000 TPY THROUGH PARTIAL STREAM DIGESTION
• USE OF EXISTING EQUIPMENT FOR AEROBIC TREATMENT
���� CONSEQUENCES?
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CASE STUDY: LAYOUT SITE
190 m
90 m
35 mANAEROBIC DIGESTION0,2 ha
AEROBIC
125 mCOMPOSTING
2,4 ha
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CASE STUDY: NEW PROCESS SCHEME
Biogas
GAS STORAGEDRANCO-
DIGESTER
2.600 m³
BiowasteFLARE
(<40 mm)
SIEVE
ENGINES Electricty (1.150 kW)
Heat (>40 mm)
(1.150 kW)
41
1 2 3
Tons/year 90.000 40.000 800
SteamDOSING UNIT
MIXING UNIT/ FEEDING PUMP
(<40 mm)
Existing aerobic composting
Heat
MIXER
(1.150 kW)
2
3
5
6
4 5 6
6.575 34.225 50.000
7
7
84.225
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CASE STUDY: RESULTS
• NEW SITE CAPACITY = ca. 90.000 TON PER YEAR (DEPENDING ON TOTAL SOLIDS CONTENT OF THE SUBSTRATE)
• AD ON ONLY 10% OF THE SURFACE AREA OF THE AEROBIC COMPOSTING INCREASES SITE CAPACITY WITH ABOUT 50%
• AD PLANT PRODUCES ENOUGH ENERGY FOR THE WHOLE SITE
• DESPITE HIGHER CAPACITY, ODOR EMISSIONS ARE LOWER
• NET PROFIT OF AD PLANT POSSIBLE, DEPENDING ON LOCAL REVENUES FOR GREEN POWER OR ENERGY PRICES.
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DIGESTION CAN BE COMBINED WITH DRYING USING WASTE HEAT OF ENGINES
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SHREDDER
ROTATING
GAS STORAGEDRANCO
DIGESTER
Biowaste BiogasFLARE
> 60ElectricityGAS ENGINES
-Treatment of biowaste without wastewater productio n -
FLOW SCHEME DRANCO PLANT LEONBERG (GERMANY)
ROTATINGSIEVE
MAGNET
MAGNET
SHREDDER
DOSING UNIT FEEDINGPUMP
DRYERAEROBIC
COMPOSTING
2.440 m³
Residue
< 60
Overflow
ElectricityGAS ENGINES
Heat
Heat
Compost
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DRANCO PLANT LEONBERG
750
1,000
1,250
1,500T
ON
S
150
200
250
300
Nm
³ BIO
GA
S/T
ON
INP
UT
0
250
500
50 1 5 9 13 17 21 25 29 33 37 41 45 49 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 3 7 11 15 19 23 27 31 35 39 43 47 51 2
WEEK (end 2004 - start 2008)
TO
NS
0
50
100
Nm
³ BIO
GA
S/T
ON
INP
UT
INPUT IN REACTOR BIOGAS PRODUCTION AVERAGE BIOGAS PRODUCTION PER YEAR
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DRANCO INSTALLATION IN LEONBERG
DRYER
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SOLID WASTE DIGESTION TECHNIQUES ARE BEING UTILIZED FOR ENERGY CROPS
WITH WASTE HEAT RECOVERY
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HORIZONTAL WASTE DIGESTER: BIOWASTE+CROPS
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HORIZONTAL DIGESTER WITH HEAT RECOVERY
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VERTICAL WASTE DIGESTER WASTE FOR CROPS
SOLID WASTE DIGESTION APPLIED TO ENERGY CROPS WITH HEAT RECOVERY
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TOTAL DIGESTER INPUT & ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION- DRANCO-FARM PLANT NÜSTEDT -
200
240
280
320
360
400
Ton
s
50,000
60,000
70,000
80,000
90,000
100,000
kWh electricity
0
40
80
120
160
200
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51
Week
Ton
s
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
kWh electricity
TOTAL INPUT IN DIGESTER kWh PRODUCED MAX kWh (PERMIT)
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• INCREASE IN 2006-2008
(NO INCREASE SINCE 1996)
• SO FAR LIMITED TO BIOWASTE
BATCH DIGESTION SYSTEMS
• SINGLE PHASE AND TWO-PHASE SYSTEMS
• LESS INVESTMENT AND MAINTENANCE
(BUT ALSO LESS RECOVERY)
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• MORE WET ORGANIC INDUSTRIAL FEEDSTOCKS
• MORE EASY TO INTEGRATE WITH
WET ENERGY CROP PLANTS
WET DIGESTION
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• GROWTH CONTINUES AT THE SAME PACE AS BEFORE
(ABOUT 11 PLANTS PER YEAR WITH AVERAGE SIZE OF 3500 0 T/Y)
• BATCH DIGESTION SYSTEMS REACTIVATED IN 2006-2008
• INSERTION OF BIOWASTE DIGESTION PLANTS
IN EXISTING COMPOSTING PLANTS
CONCLUSIONS
IN EXISTING COMPOSTING PLANTS
• CONTINUED GROWTH IN FRANCE AND UK FOR MIXED WASTE
• FURTHER EXTENSION INTO OTHER COUNTRIES
HOW ABOUT ITALY?