treatment of abnormal behavior ch. 13. categories of treatment psychotherapy - talking to a...
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Treatment of Abnormal BehaviorCh. 13
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Categories of Treatment
Psychotherapy - talking to a psychiatrist
Biomedical therapies - medication
eclectic approach - both psychotherapy and medication
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Psychoanalysis Approach
Freud’s influence – Getting at Subconscious
free association - people speak freely and quickly
dream analysis - the hidden but symbolic meaning of things in dreams
weakness - subjective
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Psychoanalysis Approach
Psychodynamic therapists
a person’s childhood experiences are critical
explore the patient's underlying thoughts and feelings
Interpersonal psychotherapy
a 12-16 session treatment that has been successful with treating depression
cause of their depression
goal - stop symptoms of depression
result - improving relationships with others
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Humanistic therapies
insight therapies - person look inside to figure things out.
focuses on the present instead of the past
the conscious instead of the unconscious
holds a person accountable not the unconscious
it promotes growth rather than a cure
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Humanistic therapies
Carl Rogers - client-centered therapy
where the patient speaks and, through self-awareness, moves himself toward his own conclusion
unconditional positive regard - Non judgmental – allows patient to “open up”
active listening - listener echoes what’s heard, restates it, then seeks clarification
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Behavior therapies
Counterconditioning - “unlearn”
by conditioning or pairing a trigger stimulus with a new response.
Exposure therapy - exposes people to what they try to avoid
Systematic desensitization - can’t be worried and relaxed at the same time
Virtual reality exposure therapy
Aversive conditioning
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Behavior therapies
Operant conditioning the person’s actions interplay with the stimulus and results
withhold rewards until a desired behavior
Punishments given for unwanted behavior
“token economy” – Secondary reinforcer
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Cognitive therapies
cognitive-behavioral therapy
change the way people think and act
goals
Recognize negative thinking.
Change negativity to positive thinking
act on new positive thoughts
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Group and family therapies
Group therapy most common type of therapy
patients not alone
Support or self-help groups
AA (Alcoholics Anonymous)
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psychotherapy effectiveness?
Results – Subjective
Patients usually leave Happier
Time – Big Factor
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Alternative Therapies
EMDR – Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing
developed by Francine Shapiro
reports 84% to 100% success
having your eyes dart to and fro and is supposed to relieve anxiety
Person thinks of a traumatic experience, then darts his/her eyes back and forth
Skeptics - placebo effect
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Alternative Therapies
Light exposure therapy
“seasonal affective disorder” (SAD)
patients under bright lights
Morning Light – 50% success
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Drug therapies
Antipsychotic drugs
Schizophrenia responds best
chlorpromazine (brand name “Thorazine”).
blocks dopamine’s receptor sites.
side-effects
sluggishness,
“the shakes”,
tardive dyskinesia - facial muscles move involuntarily.
Not good for Schizophrenics with apathy or withdrawal
Clozapine
affects both dopamine AND serotonin receptors
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Drug therapies
Antianxiety drugs
Antianxiety drugs depress the central nervous system
Example - Xanax.
The good—cut down on effects of PTSD and OCD
The bad—psychologically dependence and physiological dependence
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Drug therapies
Antidepressant drugs
increasing neurotransmitters serotonin or norepinephrine
Examples Prozac (or Paxil or Zoloft)
side-effects - dry mouth, weight gain, hypertension, or dizziness
Aerobic exercise
Placebo Affect
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Drug Therapies
Mood-stabilizing medications
Lithium - levels the emotional roller-coaster of people with bipolar disorder
7 in 10 people seem to have their moods stabilized
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Brain stimulation
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) - “shock therapy”
ECT seems successful
80% of depressed people respond
ECT reduces thoughts of suicide.
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Brain Stimulation
Alternative neurostimulation therapies
Magnetic stimulation
Magnetic energy pulses
repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS).
The person remains awake, it’s painless, and there’s no memory loss or side effects.
50% better than placebo group.
Deep-brain stimulation - Helen Mayberg
located a spot in cortex links the thinking frontal lobes with the limbic system - overly active in a depressed person.
implanted electrodes to stimulate these areas.
8 in 12 people have positive results.
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Psychosurgery
removes or destroys part of the brain
Egas Moniz - lobotomy.
drugs replaced lobotomies
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Therapeutic lifestyle change
therapeutic lifestyle change
change the way you feel, change the way you live. He says…
Exercise, Sunlight, etc
Ilardi suggests…
Aerobic exercise – 30 minutes three times a week.
Adequate sleep – about 7 to 8 hours per night.
Light exposure – about 30 minutes each morning.
Social connection – interact with others at least twice a week.
Anti-rumination – don’t dwell on negative thoughts.
Nutritional supplements – including daily fish oil with omega-3 fatty acids.
77% of the people improved from depression