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-. IREG? &MMASUP..1.rT OF UTWUL1T2 HRATI fW 1:1 THI SM. ACE LAY'r 07 Tlig ATM!OSP~r

62 32642

V.?'. lBovshovorov, A.S. Gurvich and L.R. Tavang

Institut-oof T'hysics of tho iAtmospharaAcadcmy of Scion=e of the USS'R# ?!ozcov

D0O.AD A1RAD1~XI NAUY SSSR

Vol. 125, No. 6, PsYco 1242-1245.

24 April 1959

Arsanclati.on Log #1058

Q The turlmlent heat.4- Vlo4 DI:O- an km~ortant role in the therm~al. b8Iance

of' t~h aurfaco layor atmIoapharo and tho I'M' (7\uejulont 11.Cat Flo.v) mAn is aria

of' loast atudied ce*'ieononts ol tha hr=1 balance, which iu duo to a sarics

of' ciff'icultion in mt28hodst with wjhich (ono in~ conf'ront~ed in such imcamirenants,.

U -, to the pranent '.ire the importance of E':iW hoo bhoon dc~'%nod Cr~aerally by in-

direct rmothcast which do not give~tfn'f'icicntLly exact r asults. 7ha rcAjorit y

of' C&maLsuton. rormuiao l--ava Lann datarrdnird 'vit~h ar. accuracy up t.o constantl

co-f1'f'c~or~ts or univemal Nanct.i~ons, t he ia d of' whicb Is pwsoible only

f'ro-% ax!orlraental data on direct, raacsura'-ooits or' the '71t.-. Dlirect. mensure-

monta of the irn (.5 are based on tho uno or' the vColl1-1'r"Own equation.

-wharo q zfINT; p doai1t~y or' the oir; c, ' harmo-capncity of' the air at

a cornst.a0.. prosns.re; T I and W4' = ceovictior.3 of' rospoctivoly toimporatu~re and

tho vortical ýcoponcnt ol' tho wind veloci.ty fro-j their moan value; the

:)rirms indicates wui avortaging I n t iro.

*Such manzuremnsn im'ro conductod by mearm or' thoa imultaneoos recording

of' the instrntcuoous values of' air t omperaturo andi of' th3 vertical caomonent,

0" wInd velocity f'ollowed by n laboriom proceeoing of' the rosults. Either

thormo-olrononto (5) or rcnilatonco thao'metoma (2) Wor'aployad as a

to-rfioratiuro daita unit,. 'lbs de-t'ect. of' the measuromont esytoma employed waa

the nosv3 f'or frequont. zero calibration of' t~he 1natm-nontt, caused Iry varia-

tion3 in. the mean air tomperatluro durInm tho nonsuron'ente, For me&auramonts

or tho vartical con-io.onv of' wind valocit~y t~homoý-nomomatera,(~ anseiorwers

usIraC honitod tormo-4pmoont~a (5) and otheor dovicoz were e m-loyod. 'The boale

doi'iciencoam or' theso inatznwents wrn t~he non-linoarity of theIr calibrated

characteri'sticsl,-ho' relatl-valy ernat Inortla end dowcrdeznce of' calibration

0on the uagriltude and direction oP the averaogo wind velocity. The non-linear-

ity' or the vertical velocity' data inits renders autorn~tiozu In the calculation

of the zean product di ffticult. 'he tLne-conati.dng nature of tbe processing

of-moasuramont result. rocordings gave riso to a lilitad selection of expari-

montal data nzid a Lnaall avororini4 ner! od. Thus, in work (1) the avorseing

tire was 30 as'ueods,, xhich,, as u-III "h nhow~n balow, is inwifficiont.

*In 1957-9' tteAotcnLubror of 'The Institute of hysi cs

or the Atmoan-hear of The Acadmqy of Scierncos, 1IFSR, a now mothod was duv~rod

for tlis direct !cjasuroment -ofr the TIFF and prelimitnary ?1V~ oacsurarnonts wore

conductode. The genoral dingraxtr olf the measuraments is ahown in figure 1,

Tha pulsat.ions of' the voertical componont of- wirnd volocity W. wore

measure by' uoas or. an acousticnl r,.cro-onemomueter, ~.t43 oeatoa

* pri-ncinul or which is based oin.-the moasuranent o*:' th'a propagation tiimo-of a

* sound wavo in air which, using fixe~d m~icron'hor.es rns a point. of roferance,*

is in mot~ion. Ilia micro-anamme~ter has two 21-milliLnator radiators and two

m ~ icrophones GimilAr IM do3ilrt. In order to meaccura W'the radiatora and

microphones vore ?,loced on a vertical plarne at a dist once of 2.'0 on one fron.

the other. The froquoncyf o%' the uni~nteri:WVid ounarsonic oici~llat~iofl, on

--bich the ma sureonuatsa *,mar conductedp urto 75-10'Q cps, The magnitude azrd

* sig~n of 1i -wore dotomninoti by' tho phase shift of the audio wave reaching 'the

*microphone. Theo cooritivity of. tho m5cro-snamoz3t or Is 9 cri/sea x wind'

velocity and does not. dom~nd.. on rsann WIn V6locity. "Ma outpuat voltage Is

linearly7 donondont on t~ha wiInd velocity' neocurad; tho ranga of the inn trýimnt

Is 1 2ii/sec. The i'4cro-uneoqater moasures~ without' distortions wind velocity

pulsatlon in ot frequency range f'rom' 0-7-MC m~s. 1fOisa generated by the

Inritmrant itacelfb did not exceed (in terms of wind velocity) 1 cm/cac. The

'0 acoustical circuit oxciudod the3 possibilit~y of' the influ2enco' or t Mipseratu re

pulsat ions on the wind velocity moasurGoflnts.

For the measursmnents of temparsturo fluctuntions f, pulsation resistance-'

.type them.ocmeter with n data unit in4 the 1Aor= oI' a. '0--mi~cron platImum vire,

20 ) '.4r.i longth connecteAi to a briu-'C circait, v.as usod. T~he tiDm0-coflstaft

*'of such a dasta unit~ia, according to (3), in-the ordelr of 0.01 seconds..

Parallel to oneo os' the arma of tho brid.-a vms connocted a thermio-resistor,

wit~h indiroct hosting. *-Tho thor-mo-roouistor is heatee by current in th6

negatlvo fead-baclk-circuit of' the bridgo-unba rce-voltago-amplifier. An.

integrntin. RC . clrcuit with larrja time constant is connected to tha- negative

feed-back circuit.. T1'anis to thic rnogntivo feod-bick circuit,, the thermo-

=etar "zero" Is able to tract; variation~s I~n the avcrage air temperature in

a csnoo~.'r. faiuhlon (with a t~iro-col-stant. or mora the-n 100 soc). %`hoa measur-

5.ng taneret~ure nulsations with a thermomater of this XirA thaere is no

lony,aor any nead to r~djust tho Ianstr~ant Aurini; mncuroments.

The mdr~im sensitivityz or tho thermomoter is 0.15 50C/wirnd . velocity,,.

the an-mlitude'chnractoris tic Is linear (for pulsations) withbi). _,20 . Thermo-

d retfar noise is less ta001.In this way high sensitivity is provided

In the thor',omator to nulsations tovr a broad range of mean temperature

nesaurononta,

The voltagres U1. and 1k2 obtained at the output of the %zdcro-enaomoter

anr+ the resin tence-typo t hermo'notar are proporti onate respectively to the

inatantaneoun valuoa of vertS cal comronent of wind velocity U2 kIc W' and

toth t~nraur vlstins11 =k-?'* rhsovo-aga reach the two In-

toth turartueImsa~os ~j kl" Th30V~t8*

put* of a corrolomate .an electronic device, an the out7put of which currant

i .is proportionate to the product, avoras- in tino, of the two input voltages

"I a k3 U, U2 . Thin currant is nsssured by an arrou-typa indicator, the

scalo of which may be calibrated directly in TH. valuoot q 'k 4 1= k5 W1 Te.

At the aonsitivitios Indicated above for the micro-anenomoter amd"

pulsation-thoarmooter and at truixi=z sonsitivity of* tho corroio-,oter tho

S multiplying factor of its outp~ut device waz 0.02 ca'l/cz-x main. 'Tho product

of the instantanoous values U U2 is avora.4 with rn intý-rating RC circuit

with a time constant of 100 soconds. Tha d-lcro-nr.o-'oter and pulsation

t~heommeoter data units waore fastonod Jointly to a rz-oto head (Fig 2) in

such a way that tho distanco-betuaoin. the data units w~o about 3 cm. In

Seoptenber 1958i a ceries of direct TI7? m-'a-.-cnta was carried out. The

S mosourements wore conductcd on a flat orea 700 x 600 -_tora in oetent on an

Sopen plain and wore accompanied by to poraturo and ,Ir.d profSilo neasuremonts

iv cititudo. On the basis of tho roeults of tho Gradiont zeoazurveants, the

Richardson nwbora RI woro calculated.

Parallol to ths TM? mcasurcmenta, thara wore carricd out zasuremonts and

S• statistical analyses (by means of spactr-2 and distribution ,analyzars,

a spocially designed for thaeo purpocco-) of tcnporaturo pulsations and wind

"volocity comapone-ats. The WI3 values, obtairod ac a result of the processing

of the pulsation r.azuremonts, for fluatuations in tcmporaturo and the

vertical o~ponant of wind velocity ( /), tovother with the heat

flow values q = k 71-TI, zrad• it possible to calculate tho correlation

coofficiont --^

IV 7I"

,-I

Tho heat flow w;as measured alternately at height.. of 1 and 4. moters; in

Q all- 360 measurements of q wore conduced at a height of I meter and 80 measure-

monte at 4 motors. The measurements were conducted with 2-minute intervals.

A processing of' the measurement results shoved that a 100-second averaging,

to which each individual measurement corresponds, is insufficient, since in

this case the q values are found to be unstable. It %gas discovered that in

Sorder to obtain stable q-values, averaging is necessary about 10 minutes,

as ray be seen from the diagram in Fig 3.

A canmrison of the correlation coef.Nicients r ,T with correspondirng

(in ti'a) Ri nimbers, vhich is shown Fig 4, Indicates that as the instability

incroaces (Ri----CO) the correlation 'A"T also risez. Physically this is

completely understandable, since with the rise of- instability convection

baeins to play an ever greater role in heat transfer.

Although uimultaneous q meacure:zents at heights of 1 and 4 meters were

not conducted,, nevertheless on the basis on the results achieved It may to

said that q values at these two heights are extramaly close. The mean

value of the relation of' these values q4 /q 1 , obtained by 14 values for q, and

q/ measured at identical times ofý the day, equals I. This is in good agree-

ment with theoretical considerations from which it follows that the turbulent

heat Olow must not change with altitude. Let us note that when determining

the heat flow byr indirect nethods differences in the value of q at various

heights aro quite substantial.

) Institute of Physics of the Atmosphere Receivedof the Academy of Sciences USSR 19 June 1959

- ---m.,

CAPTIONS3

F ueI Conoral d.' gra= r thea meanuroment o r turbulent beat, glow.

1.Pulsationi t1hox-oro~t.r data unit.

2. ?cro-an~orxoter de.ta unit.

3. LrpI-, An zr icro-cneo ost~r phasec~otsr.

4*Pk-,Iztica tharmozator nrnpliflor

5.Correlozzter

*Fi~nwe 2' P~e'oto hoad of micro-anomanetar and pulsation thermometer.

.1. MicrophoAes

2. Radiatiora

3, Puxlsation týOrocmter dcu~nit

?igur* 3 -Time Path or Tlt' on 7 Septemnber 1958

1, 100 second eve'raging

2. 10 minute averagin~g

Fdgure UDpendents of corrolestion coorficiont a~.,,, n Ri nurber.

Pic .Oculax cxci~s HuNe'e~uus rypO~pekbmuaroCIOTOxa Tcn.¶a. I - .)7ISiiK ny~.ucawloaueloo irp.miomo~pa. 2-.i'Jai2 MpAKkaOaM~eMCpa, 3

%~)LAI ?.U. L O~~p .IxpoaliO4omeTpa. 4 -'cs.1IIe.u ny.lucaLowiv~IorO TCPuMCeV&.S 5 Abp.

-F.Kw(Iw -.. *m)a...m

* 4.

P~~~c.c . uwca 4.r inasmcuum amoUxt a RI I)II. easOut%)~ I - ~as~4oiu. "2-40 MR~iwc."K JLI~

BIBLIOGAPHY

"'o 1. A.S. !~~-Co11oation: t-UcrccILAzIsaic and Cl1I.-.ticI2nvastlatic-a~ in the. Caspianl Doprescion publil~d A.S. UJSSR#, 1953.

Uo 2. S.I. -DA'd, Sa 77.0 1 (1,952).

1:0, 3. S.T. jrU-CMIM. Worlsof0 tho Coo; hyic&2 TnVt.tuta.o1p tho A.S. "!SRm'Ao24 (1914.10

No 4~. A.S. OUTVIICH{ - Aco-azIFAcal Jo. 3'na i.-) o.- tha pnras.

1:0 5. F. CFRA'X-, C.C. GLL., F'.,,. RW-CO3rZ - ýoxi-- thaa Atmos~ph.orea

?irat Hilo; "to 1. 1957,, -,p 216,. 233.