MorphologyPreliminaryPlants at the present science has progressed so rapidly, to the areas of knowledge that only branches of plant science course, now it has become a science that stand on their own.From a wide range of plant science that now is a stand-alone plant morphology.The study of plant morphology and composition of a plant form was already such a rapid progress to be separated out or morfolosi morphology alone (Sensu stricto = morphology in the strict sense) or the anatomy and morphology in plants.This paper will describe the external morphology, or morphology matter in a strict sense, which in addition includes the knowledge of the terms (termologi) are commonly used in plant science, particularly in the taxonomy of plants, it also contains guidance how mencandra (Describe) plants.Because the presented mainly outside the body shape and composition of plants, then in prateknya described in this paper only the body shape and composition of vegetation in the form kormus.So just be related to two classes of plants are: Pteridophyta (ferns) and Spermatophyta (seed plants).Regarding the other factions, namely Schizophta (plants apart), Thallophyta (talus plants), and Brophyta (mosses).Given the body that has not differentiable, and some have only consisted of a cell, the conversation is more appropriate for inclusion in plant anatomy.By definition, the morphology of the plants do not just describe the shape and susunantubuh plants, but also served to determine whether the function of each part in the life of plants, and then also trying to find out where it came from the shape and arrangement of such a body had been.Besides morphology must also be able to provide answers to the question of why the body parts of the plant has the form and composition were varied.In order to carry out his duties morphology can use the assumptions and theories that prevail in the world of life sciences, for example:A.Merdasar evolution of plant body will change shape and susunanya, up to a device or body part can be sought from filogenetiknya.2.Acceptance of the notion, that the shape and composition of a plant is always adapted to its function and its natural surroundings.With the handle is not meant, that every body shape and composition can be explained how and what its function filogeninya.There are many things about the shape and arrangement of the body that has yet to be explained, why the body parts that have been of such nature.To cite a few examples, for example: size and shape of the leaves are different too, the absence of chlorophyll in the leaves of certain plants, are things that still need research to be given testimony.Dlam the following descriptions, the emphasis lies on the shape and arrangement according to reality and what the terms used in stating the verbal form and the arrangement was, how should a new addition to the descriptions given on the functions, as well as data from others.Kormus and their partsHas dikemukaan in the introduction, that the morphology of the body discussed only in the form of plants kormus.Kormus is the body of the plants are only dimilikioleh Pteredophyta (ferns) and Spermatophyta (seed plants), so while the plant scientists put two groups of plants are in a group called: Cormophyta (kormus plants).Kormus a plant body that the real show differentiation into three main sections, namely:- The root (radix)- Trunk (caulis)- Leaf (folium)Another part can be found in the plant body can be viewed as a manifestation of one or possibly two had two main parts, which means that as other parts of the plant body can be considered as a body derived from the principal that has undergone metamorphosis (changing shape, nature,and may also function for plants).Another part can be found in plants and are considered as part of metamorphosis or a combination poko poko parts of it such as:A.Bud (gemma), regarded as the incarnation of the stem and leaves.2.Interest (Floss), also the embodiment stems and leaves.3.Thorn (spina), can be an incarnation of the branches and leaves.4.Pembelit tools (cirrhus), can be derived from the leaf and the branch or branches.5.Tuber (tuber), the embodiment of the rod.6.Rhizomes (rhizoma), the embodiment of the leaves along the stem.7.Bulbs (bulbus), the embodiment of the stem and leaves.And there are many other examples again.Besides, on the part of certain plants can sometimes still be found the other tools more typically smaller or more delicate plants or equipment called a complementary tool (accessoria organ), for example:- Hair or hair (pilus),- Scales (lepis),- Lenticels (lenticulus), etc..Plant partsthatdirectly or indirectlyusefulto establish theplantlife,soclosely relatedespeciallyabout food,called ahara(organumnutrivum),such asrootsandleavestoabsorbandprocess food, tubersfor food,cupsorbubbleforcertainplantstocatchinsects, etc..These instrumentsis only importantfor thegrowthofit is also calledthe meansof growthorvegetativemeans.Other parts oftheplanthas a duty toproducea tooloratoolbreedingbreeding,soits functionfor theplantistoproducenewoffspring.Breedingtoolora means tomultiplyitin aforeignlanguageis calledorganumreproducticum,such asflowers,fruits,seeds.Thesewill be describedplant partsone by one,boththe partsbelonging to thenutrienttoolsandpartsbelongingynagbreedingtool.In addition to knowingwhetherthe function ofeach ofthese instrumentsin theplant life,the descriptionis primarilyintendedtoprovideguidancetomencandraorDescribeaplant species ortaxonarecommonlyusedforthis purpose.Application of the morphology and terminology in plant mencandraExisting plants on earth we are but there is a huge amount of diversity also showed a very large anyway.The number and diversity of a very large man pushed the study of plants to simplify the study of objects in the form of plant variety through the classification (grouping) and giving the right name for each group is formed.Two activities is the main task of science is the systematic or plant taxonomy.In a very large diversity of plants that experts - scientists can identify the plant unit - a unit or group - a group with common characteristics - a specific nature, and each unit so that the plant taxonomist called a taxon.Every taxon includes a population with certain characteristics equation, according to hierarchically different.Many properties of the equation at least that's what made the basis of determining levels of taxon in question.Hierarchically different taxa were labeled differently and arranged to follow a certain hierarchy.A taxon that has a different color to the leaves are still fresh.These color differences we see are when we compare the color of young leaves and mature leaves.Young leaves are light green whitish - putihan, sometimes - sometimes purple or rosy - rosy.While the adult was usually green.Fallen leaves are always replaced with new leaves, and usually the number of newly formed leaves exceeds the number of leaves that fall, so that the plants we find that the larger the number the larger the leaf, so that a tree looks more and more shady.But there are also plants that at the time - time mengugurkan all its leaves, so plants in such circumstances was totally bald look bleak dead plants.DAPT we see this event in the dry season on the type - a particular plant species.That before the coming season huajn forming buds - new shoots and in the rainy season will look green again.Type - the type of plants that have properties that demikiana called deciduous plants (tropophyta) the more we find in Indonesia, such as: teak (Tectona grandis L.), kedondong (Spondias dulcis Forst.), Kapok kapok (Ceiba pentandra Gaertn.), the tree (Hevea brasiliensis Muell.), and another - another.Many leaves are spread thin, green, and his seat on the trunk facing upwards it is already aligned with the functions of plant leaves, namely as a tool for:a.Intake of substances - food substances (resorbsi), especially in the form of gaseous substances (CO2)b.Processing of substances - nutrients (assimilation)c.Water evaporation (transpiration)d.Breathing (respiration)

Plants take substances - environmental dati nutrients and substances taken (absorbed) was the substance - a substance that is inorganic.With salt water - salt is taken from the soil by plant roots, while carbon dioxide (CO2) which is also food for the plant substance extracted from the air through the gap - a gap which is called the mouth smooth leaves (stomata) into leaves.Substance - the substance is not in accordance with the needs of plants.Therefore it should be changed, be treated substances - organic substances in accordance with the interests of the plant.Processing of inorganic substances into organic matter carried by a leaf (leaf chlorophyll or indeed its chlorophyll) with bantuna sunlight.These jobs are called assimilation, so it leaves the kitchen to the DAPT equated with plants.For example, carbon dioxide from the air with berasala of ground water in the leaf is converted into sugars, and substances - organic matter that is open in the leaves is transported to a place beyond - the landfill and there is a reserve food substances.Due to this large is the task leaves the help of sunlight, the leaves form a flat, wide, and is always facing up to be able to capture as much sunlight - many.Each object is wet, in the space that has not been saturated with water vapor will evaporate the water into the room earlier.This event is an event that is known as an event in the nature of diffusion, which aims to eliminate differences in the concentration of water content between the room with a wet object.Evaporation will continue until konsenttrasi or moisture present in the room where it was the same as the water content in the body, or the indoor air was no longer able to accept additional water vapor, in other words the air in the room had been saturated with water vapor.Plants are some of his body is in the air, too, is essentially a wet object, an object that contains a lot of water.Therefore, during the air where the plants are not saturated with water vapor, during which the plant will continue to be - constantly evaporating water in their bodies.It's just a living plant as a set of evaporation is DAPT, DAPT prevent or reduce evaporation in accordance with the interests of his life.Although the plants always need water for various purposes of life.The presence of water evaporation can not be avoided, after all that water evaporation occurs in plants it is also important to him.Evaporation of water through the leaves causes the water is absorbed by the roots of land plants in the body in motion, flowing from bottom to top.This is very important means for the transport of nutrients are usually found in solution and the flow of water from the bottom to the top of the substances - substances can reach the leaves had to be converted into a substance - an organic substance.Thus the importance of water flow needed and the body of the plant, so if the air, as air plants where it is located, has been saturated with water vapor, then plant out of water in liquid form, and thus the plants remain in the body of water flows from bottom to top.The event can be seen in the morning in the rainy season, for example on taro or taro plants that shed water into the ground through a hole located at the tip of the leaves.Water discharge in the form of drops - these drops of water or gutasi called hatching.All parts of a plant life requires energy to run a wide range of work life (grow, move, etc..), And as with animal and human labor were obtained from respiratory as well.That is, the plants were taking substances azam (O2) from the air and the substance is then used to burn (oxidize the assimilation of such sugar, in order to obtain power, and are usually issued from the combustion of gaseous carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O). Leaf -as part of a plant leaf is composed of cells - the cells that make life even breathing as well as with the other survivors. Given that the leaves have a lot of mouth - the mouth of the leaves that can be dlam entrance of air into the plant body, it is no exaggeration toleaf was regarded as an important tool for breathing.Parts - the leavesComplete leaf has the following parts:A.Upih leaf or leaf midrib (vagina)2.Petiole (petiolus)3.Leaf blade (lamina)Full leaf can be encountered on some kind of plant, such as a banana tree (Musa paradisiaca L.), tree nut (Areca catechu L.), bamboo (Bambusa sp.), Etc..Plants that have leaves that are equipped not so much the number of its kind.Most plants have leaves that are missing one or two parts of the three sections mentioned above.Such leaves are called leaves incomplete.Regarding the arrangement of leaves that are not complete there are several possibilities:A.Only consists of the shaft and blade only, lazimya then called stemmed leaves.The composition of the leaf that is the most widely found.Most plants have such leaves before, misalnaya: jackfruit (Artocarpus integro Merr.), Mango (Mangifera indica L.), etc..2.Upih and leaf blade consists of, such leaves are called leaf or leaf berupij berpelepah as we commonly found in plants belonging to the tribe of grass, for example: rice (Oryza sativa L.), corn (Zea mays L.), etc..3.Leaves just consists of strands only, without upih and tnagkai, so langdung strands attached to or sitting on the trunk, the leaves are so-called leaf sitting arrangement (sessilis), as can be encountered in biduri (Calotropis gigantea R.Br.), leaves onlyconsists of leaf blade alone can have such a wide base of the leaf.To the base of the leaves were like - will be wrapped around the stem or trunk converted, and therefore called leaf embracing the stem (amplexicaulis) as contained in tempuyung (Sonchus oleraceus L.).the side of the base of the leaf that has a stem that is often called the ear leaf and leaves membualat.4.Leaves just consists of the stalk only, and in this case generally and becoming flattened to resemble leaf blade, leaf blade so it is a pseudo or false, is called: filodia, as terdpat on various tree species Acacia from Australia, miasalnya: Acacia auriculiformis A.Cunn.In addition to the - the section above and the possibility of incomplete or absence of the - the last, the leaves of a plant often has a tool - or alt additional appendages, such as:A.Leaves the fulcrum (stipula), which is usually in the form of two pieces of similar sheets of small leaves, which are close to the base of the petiole and generally useful for protecting the young buds.There are times when it leaves the fulcrum of the wide bleak plain leaf and also useful as a tool to assimilate as found in pea (Pisum sativum L.).leaves the fulcrum there is an easy one to fall as miasalnya jackfruit tree (Artocarpus integra Merr.), teteapi some are old and new autumn live together - each leaf, for example in roses (Rosa sp.).according to its location in the leaves of the fulcrum can be distinguished:a.Leaf-free fulcrum located on either side of the base of the petiole, the leaf is called the fulcrum free (stipulae liberae) found for example in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)b.Fulcrum of leaves attached to either side of the base of the petiole (stipulae adnatae) on roses (Rosa sp.).c.Leaves the fulcrum of berlekatan into one and takes place at the leaf armpit (axillary or stipulae stipulae intrapetiolaris),d.Leaves the fulcrum of berlekatan into one that took place dealing with the petiole and usually a bit wide to encircle the stem (stipulae petiolo opposita or stipulae antridoma),e.Leaves the fulcrum of berlekatan and took place between the two leaf stalks as often occurs in plants which in one book - the book stems have two leaves that were facing each other, such as the noni tree (Morinda citrifolia L.).Such a leaf is called the fulcrum: fulcrum between the leaf stalk (stipulae interpetiolaris).2.Membrane tube (ocrea or ochrea).This tool is a thin membrane that surrounds the base of a stem segment, so there is at the top of a leaf stalk.Membrane tube is considered as a fulcrum that leaves both sides together and wrapped around the stem berlekatan, there are, among others, on Polygonum sp.3.Tongue - the tongue (ligula), a small membrane that is usually found at the boundary between upih and leaf blade on the grass (Gramineae).This tool is useful for preventing the flow of rainwater into the armpit between the stem and leaves upih, so the possibility of fouling can be avoided.Upih leaf or leaf midrib (vagina)As described above, not all plants have leaves that berupih.Berupih leaves generally only be found in plants belonging to the plant a single seed (Monocotyledoneae) alone, altribe of the grass (Gramineae), interest empon - empon (Zingiberaceae), banana (Musa sapientum L.), class of palms (Palmae), etc..Upih leaves besides an inherent part of the leaf or stem hugging, may also have other functions:a.As a patron of young buds, as can be seen in sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.),b.Give strength to plant stems.In this case upih leaves - the leaves are all wrapped rod, so btang not appear, even appearing as rods from the outside is upih - upihnya earlier.This is of course possible if upih huge leaves on trees such as banana (Musa paradisiaca L.).stem that looks at the banana tree is actually not true of the plant stem is called pseudo-stem.Petiole (petiolus)The leaf petiole is supporting strands and served to put the leaf blade was positioned in such a way, to be able to get as much sunlight - many.The shape and size of the petiole is very different - different by type of plant, even in a single plant may vary in size and shape.Petiole generally cylindrical in shape with the upper side slightly flattened and thickened at the base.When viewed in cross section can be encountered melintangnya kemungklinan - the following possibilities:- Spherical and hollow, for example, the petiole of papaya (Carica papaya L.)- Flat and wide edges (wings), for example in citrus (Citrus sp.)- Sided- Half circle and often superficial or upper side grooved berlaur da; am like in a banana leaf stalks.Although petiole as mentioned above is usually thickened at the base, there is also the petiole thickened at the base and tip, for example on leaves butterfly - butterfly (Bouhinia purpurea L.).Furthermore, if you review the state of its surface, petiole to show any wrinkles - wrinkles, scales - scales, hair - hair, lenticels, etc..In the description of the arrangement of the leaves has been stated also, that the petiole DAPT experience transforms (metamorphoses) into a kind of leaf blade is called filodia.Leaf blade (lamina)Plants are so many macamdan manifold strands that have leaves that are different - different as well, both on the shape, size, and color.It is not easy to find two types of growth - which strips the leaves of plants exactly the same shape and color.Therefore, although not of great value, especially in the case of a doubt, people often compare the form of leaf blade to obtain certainty about the types of plants that face to be recognized.Because the leaf blade is the most important part of the leaf and quickly attracted attention, it is a trait that really only applies to the strand, also referred to as the nature of the leaves.For example: if we say "wake jackfruit leaves oblong".Surely that's not the leaves are oblong, but the strands.In the description of traits - traits that should be referred to as the leaf blade characteristics, will be called as well as leaf traits.A tree can have only a few leaves only, such as bananas, but dpat also have thousands of leaves of a tree, such as the banyan tree (Ficus benjamina L.).whether the number of leaves on a plant more or less, generally dpat dikatan, that characteristic - the hallmark of leaves on one plant species are equal to each other, especially the shape or get up strands.If there are differences, it is usually just have a different color to the leaves that have grown up.Yet there remains an exception.In the radish plant (Raphanus sativus L.), for example, leaves - leaves near the soil surface is not only a great lebid, tetepai any other form with leaves that is located far from land.Too often we can menyaksikkan own, that the young plants have leaves of different shapes with an after becoming parents.Jackfruit tree (Artocarpus integra Merr.) And the object tree (Artocarpus elastica Reinw.), A young leaf edges have bertoreh, while if it is large flat leaves are trimmed.Suat plant showing different leaf shapes in a tree, said to show heterofili nature, that each - each located on different branches.If there is one branch of the two forms of the earlier one, its called anisofili.In practice it is usually equated the two terms only.Above has been explained, that the nature - the nature of the leaves can be used as clues to identify a plant species.For this purpose it is necessary to know the nature - the nature of the leaves, so that from the leaves can be given the fullest possible picture.Properties - properties of leaves that need our attention are:a.Downs (actually wake strand / circumscripto)b.The tip (apex)c.Base (base)d.The composition of the bones - bones (nervatio or venatio)e.Edge (margo)f.Meat leaves (intervenium)g.And nature - the nature of another, for example: the state of upper and lower surfaces (bare, hairy, or others), colors, etc.Wake up (form) leaves (circumscriptio)In addition to using the term - the term or word - a word commonly in use to express the shape of an object, such as round, triangular, etc..In calling up often leaves us with a swatch perdamaan shape form - the form of other objects, such as wake up spears, arrows up, shields up, and so on.The next thing to remember is that in setting up our leaves should not be affected by a notch - notch or groove - groove on the edge of the leaf, but rather should be thought of as if nick was not there.Leaf - leaf distance (ricinus communis L.), papaya (Carica papaya L.), waluh (Cucurbita moschata Duch.), Cassava (Manihot utilissima Pohl.) Is said to have rounded up.It will become clear if the end - the end of the leaf edges are connected to each other by a line, so if the leaves had not bertoreh or notched edges will be found right up the round or at least - kuarangnya close up round.Although in practice it will be known later, that if the notch - notch on the edge of the leaf was so deeply to wake up the base or the original is no longer visible, then wake up the leaves will be determined by a shallow notch or it is combined with a bone - the bone leaves.To obtain a concise overview of the leaf up and given the kind of - that stuff up before the leaves, the leaves are held classification based on the location of the widest part.Based on the location of the widest part of the leaf can be distinguished four classes of leaves, ie leaves with:a.There is the widest part about - about the middle - the middle of leaf bladeb.There is the widest part below the middle - the middle of leaf bladec.The widest part atasa contained in the middle - the middle of leaf bladed.No part of the widest, which means from the base of the leaf blade to the tip can be said to be the same widthThe widest part is in the middle - the middle of leaf bladeIf that is the situation we will encounter the possibility of up leaves as follows:A.Round or circular (orbicularis).If the length: width = 1: 1.This leaves a wake up so we can meet at the Victoria regia, large lotus (Nelumbo Nelumbium Druce), etc..2.Wake shield (peltatus).The leaves are usually rounded up, have leaf stalks that are not embedded in the leaf stalks, but in the middle of leaf blade, for example on a large lotus above, the leaf spacing, etc..In the event that such a leaf is said to have built a shield.3.Ellipsoid (ovalis or ellipticus), ie, if the comparison length: width = 1.5 - 2: 1.As can be seen on the leaves of jackfruit (Artocarpus integra Merr.) And nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum L.)4.Lengthwise (oblongus), ie if the length: width = 2.5 - 3: 1.For example, leaves Sugar-apple (Annona squamosa L.) and soursop (Annon a muricata L.)5.Build the lancet (lanceolatus).If the length: width = 3-5: 1, for example, leaves Cambodia (Pluimera acuminata Ait.), Oleander (Nerium oleander L.)It should be noted, that we face up leaves do not necessarily correspond to any of the five possibilities above.Form - there is always a transitional form.In such a case, set among the forms - which form the elongated spherical shape of the leaves, the leaves were said to have built-elongated ellipse (elliptico-oblongus), if between the elongated and extending to wake up so-called lancet lancet (oblongus-lanceolatus).There is the widest part below the middle of leaf bladeThe leaves that have the widest part below the middle of leaf blade divided into two classes, namely:a.The base of the leaves are not bertoreh.In this group we find the following forms:A.Bnagun ovoid (ovatus), for example leaf hibiscus (Hibiscus rosa sinensis L.), leaf cayenne pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.)2.Build the triangle (triangularis), which is built the same triangle three sides, such as water leaves the bride's eyes (Antigonon leptopus Hook. Et Arn.)3.Build the rhombus (rhomboideus), which is up the side of a rectangle is not the same length, for example, a child who leaves at the end of the bengkoang Dayn (Pachyrrhizus erosus Urb.)b.Beartoreh base of leaf or grooved.In this class include the following leaves:A.Build the heart (cordatus), which is built like an oval, but the base of the leaf shows a curvature, such as leaf hibiscus (Hibiscus tiliaceus L.)2.Build the kidney or kerinjal (reniformis), which is a short wide leaves with a blunt or rounded tip and base of a shallow grooved, such as gotu kola leaf or leaves the foot of the horse (Centella asiatica Urb.)3.Wake up arrow (sagittatus), which leaves a little less wide, sharp edges, pankal leaves also taper, as well as the right-left curve leaves the base.We can see the leaves enceng (Sagittaria sagittifolia L.)4.Wake up spears (hastatus), like an arrow up, but the base of the leaf on either side of horizontal stems, such as leaf wewehan (Monochoria hastata Solms.)5.Wake-eared (auriculatus), such as wake up spears, but the base of the leaf on either side of the stalk round, such as leaf tempuyung (Sonchus asper Vill.)There is the widest part above the middle of leaf bladeIn the event that such a possibility of up leaves that can be encountered are:a.Ovoid wake breech (obovatus), which is like an oval, but there is the widest part near the end of the leaf, ie leaf kecik sapodilla (Manilkara kauki Dub.)b.Heart Bnagun breech (obcordatus), for example, leaves sidaguri (Sida retusa L.), leaf clover calincing or mountain (Oxalis corniculata L.)c.Wake up the inverted triangle or wedge (cuneatus), for example child clover (Marsilea crenata Pres1.)d.Bnagun spatula or wake spatel or solet (spathulatus), such as up inverted oval, but elongated baguan underneath, such as leaf liman (elephantopus scaber L.), leaves of radish (Raphanus sativus L.).No part of the widest or from base to tip almost as wideIn this class include the leaves of plants that are usually narrow, or the width is much different compared to the length of the leaf.a.Build the line (lineralis), the cross melintangnya very long, flat leaves, such as leaf variety of grass (Gramineae).b.Bnagun tape (lingulatus), leaves up gaaris similar, but even longer, is also found in other types of grass, leaves such as maize (Zea mays L.)c.Wake up the sword (ensiformis), as bnagun line, but woke up in the middle thick and thin in the second edge, such as other side of pineapple leaves (Agave sisalana Perr., Agave cantala Roxb.)d.Wake up a nail or dabus (subulatus), leaf shape was almost like a cylinder, pointed toes, all parts rigid, for example, leaves of Araucaria cunningharnii Ait.e.Wake up needle (acerosus), similar to nail up a smaller, long and tapered, for example, leaves of Pinus merkusi Jungh, and Devr.Regardless of the presence or absence of properties heterofili / anasofili on a type of plant, once again warned here that the equation of the form of the leaves on one plant species was only a cursory impression as if examined closely the shape of leaves on a tree will show variation,example of which extends to other forms of transition to wake lancet and others.Leaf tip (apex folii)Ujunga leaves DAPT also showed a faceted shape.Forms of leaf tips that we often juampai is:a.Sharp (acutus), if both left and right edges of the mother's bones gradually toward the top and meeting at the top of the leaves forming an acute angle (less than 900).The pointed tip of the leaf commonly encountered in the leaves up: round to elongate, lanceolate, triangular, dalta, lozenges, etc..For example, the end of oleander leaf (Nerium oleander L.)b.Tapered (acuminatus), as in the pointed end, but the meeting point of both edges of the leaves is higher than expected, until the end of a long narrow leaves and spiky look, such as leaf tips tailings (Annona muricata L.)c.Blunt (obtusus), which leaves the edge of the original is still some distance away from the mother's bones, quickly headed to a rendezvous point, and to form an obtuse angle (greater than 900), we often encounter such as the brown leaf tips kecik (Manilkara kauki Dub.)d.Rounded (rotundatus), as in a blunt tip, but not forming an angle at all, until the end of the leaf is sort of an arc, contained in a round or oblong leaves, or leaves up to the kidneys, such as the tip leaves the legs of horses (Centella asiatica Urb.), the tip of a large lotus leaf (Nelumbo Nelumbium Druce.)e.Rompang (truncatus), appears as a modern day edge of a flat line, for example uttermost leaf clover (Marsilea crenata Presl.), Leaves of cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.)f.Split (retusus), ends precisely memperlihatka leaves an indentation, it is sometimes very obvious, such as leaf tips sidaguri (Sida retusa L.), sometimes splitting ends will only be apparent if a thorough examination is held, such as the tip of the leaf spinach (Amaranthus hybridus L.)g.Barbed (mucronatus), which is covered with a leaf tip jiika a hard pointy part, is a thorn, for example other side of pineapple leaf tip (Agave sp.)The base of the leaf (base folii)What has been described on the tip of the leaf in general can also be applied to the base of the leaf.Apart from that there is also said, that the two edges of the leaves on either side of the base and berlekatan can meet each other, therefore the base of the leaves are distinguished in:A.The edges of the leaves had never met, but separated by the base of the mother's bone / end of the petiole.In such circumstances, the base of the leaf can be:a.Sharp (acutus), usually found on leaves of up to elongate, lanceolate, lozenges, etc..b.Tapered (acuminatus), usually on leaves ovate wake up breech or spatula.c.Blunt (obtusus), wake up in the leaves oval, oblong.d.Rounded (rotundatus), in the wake leaves round, oblong, and oval.e.Rompang or flat (truncutus), in the leaves of up triangle, delta, flatten.f.Grooved (emarginatus), on the leaves up the heart, kidneys, and the arrow.2.The edges of the leaves and berlekatan can meet each other:a.Meeting at the base of the leaf edges occur on the same side of the rod according to the position of leaves on the stem was, as usual we can see the leaves up the shield.b.The meeting occurred on the edge of the leaf stem opposite side or opposite to the position of the leaves.In this case it seems like an impregnable base of the leaf by the stem (perfoliatus).If viewed form the base of the leaf as described above, this is usually rounded.Arrangement of the bones of the leaf (or venatio nervatio)The bones of the leaves are the leaves that are useful for:a.Give strength to the leaf as it is with the bones in animals and humans, and therefore all the bones in the leaves are called leaf frame (sceleton)b.Besides as an amplifier, the bones are actually vascular bundles that serve as roads for the transport of substances, namely:- Road transport of substances taken from land plants, is water and its dissolved salts in it.- Road transport of the results of assimilation of place of manufacture, from leaves to other parts which require that material.The bones of the size of the leaf menurtut divided into 3 types:A.Maternal bone (costa), the bone is usually the largest, the petiole canal, and there in the middle lengthwise and cut leaves.The leaf blade bone is generally divided into two parts symmetric or symmetric.There is also kalnya leaves the mother plant has no bones had been right in the middle of leaf blade, so that both sides of the leaves on the mother's bones had become symmetric or asymmetric, eg Begonia leaves.There is also a leaf that shows some of the bones which are all based on the petiole ujuung, for example in the modern day have a shield up or rounded leaves: large lotus leaf, distance, cassava, etc..2.The bones of the branches (lateral nerves), the bones of the smaller bones of the mother and maternal bone stem or branch-cabng earlier this bone.Cabnag bone is directly derived from the maternal branch of the bone called a bone, bone branch branch branch level 1 bone called level 2, and so on.3.Leaf veins (veins), is actually a branch of the bones as well, but that small or flaccid and another one along with the bones of the larger forms such as the arrangement of the mesh, lattice or other.In leaves, the bones of a growing branch level to the side, so to the edge of the leaf, may exhibit the following properties:- Bones branch was able to reach the edge of the leaf.- Bones branch was stopped before reaching the edge of the leaf.- The bones of the branches were close to the edge of the leaf and then bends upward, and met with the bone on top of existing branches, as a row, so that along the edges of the leaves are more or less the positioning yag bone parallel to the edges of the leaves or sometimes appear choppy,bone called the edge.With the edge of the leaf of this bone to be strong and not easily torn, as can be seen on the leaves kedondong (Spondias dulcis Forst.), Banana (Musa paradisiaca L.), etc..Tulanag-bones look at the big branch on the leaf blade, we distinguish several kinds of bone formation, and based on the composition of the bones we distinguish the leaves into 4 groups, namely:A.The leaves are pinnate invertebrates (penninervis).This leaves the mother has a bone that runs from the base to the tip, and a petiole canal.From the mother of this bone to the side out of the bones of the branches, so that its structure reminds us of the fins on fish, invertebrates and therefore called pinnate.Leaves with this arrangement so common we find the seeds of plants apart (Dicotyledoneae), such as mango leaves (Magngifera indica L.)2.The leaves are reinforced menjari (palminervis), namely that of the end of the stem leaves out a few scattered bones, showing arrangement such as the fingers on the hand.Amount of bone is usually uneven, the middle of the largest and longest, while getting to the shorter side.Thus leaves the bone structures were generally found only in seed plants apart (Dicolyledoneae), for example in: papaya (Carica papaya L.), distance (ricinus communis L.), cotton (Gossypium sp.), Etc..3.The leaves are reinforced curved (cerniveris).These leaves have a large bone, one in the middle, which is the greatest, while others follow the edges of the leaves, so the original scatter munuju then back to one direction: to the end of the leaf., In addition to bone in the middle of all the bonesappear curved.Leaves the bone structures so this is usually only found in plants belonging to the plant a single seed (Monocotyledoneae), for example genjer (Limnocharis flava Buch.), Gadung (Dioscorea hispida Dennst.), Etc..4.The leaves are reinforced or reinforced parallel leaf straight leaves (rectinervis), usually found in the leaves build up a line or band, which has a longitudinal bone beasar amid the leaves, while all the other bones clearly smaller and appear to all have the same directionparallel to the mother's bones were, therefore also called bony alignment.Behold the bones of the little leaves as the leaves are curved bony base of the mother are all derived from the bone and then meet back at the end of the leaves are the leaves.Due to the narrow leaves and long, the bones were not visible curved, but straight and parallel to each other.No wonder also that the leaves with the leaf arrangement of the bones were so commonly found in plants the seed in a single (Monocotyledoneae), for example, all kinds of grasses (Gramineae), puzzle-tekian (Cyperaceae), etc..From the description of the arrangement that leaves the bone can be concluded, that the bone structures of leaves can be used as a guide to identify plants, namely that:- Plant seeds split (Dicotyledoneae) has pinnate leaves or menjari reinforced, while- Plant seed in a single (Monocotyledoneae) leaves have a curved or misaligned bones.Salalu no means an exception from the class of plants that have seeds that have split some leaves which leaf melengkun reinforced.A.l.Betel (Piper betle L.), Senggani (Melastoma polyanthum Bl.), etc..Instead of a single class of seed plants that have some pinnate leaves that are reinforced, such as bananas (Musa paradiciasa L.), beads (Canna hybrida Hort.), And others have leaves that are reinforced menjari leaves, such as palm (Borassus flabellifer L.)Leaf edge (margo folii)In outline the edges of the leaves can be divided into two kinds:A.The average (integer), for example, leaves jackfruit (Artocarpus integra Merr.)2.The bertoreh (divisus).Nock-nock on the edge of the leaf is very diverse in nature, there is nothing in the shallow, large, small, etc..Usually the notch-notch on the edge of the leaf can be divided into two classes:a.Nock-nock that do not affect or alter the original up leaves.Nock-nock is usually not how deep, notch location does not depend on the number of bones of the leaf.Therefore, also called an independent notch.In conjunction with this type of nock-nock used the term "sine" for torehnya own and "angle" to the protruding edge of the leaf.Edge of the leaf with a notch of an independentEdge of the leaf with a notch that many of them independent variety.Nock-nock was often very shallow and less obvious, so difficult is known.That we often encounter is that the leaf edges dinamakn:- Jagged (serratus), ie if the same angle singus and pointy, such as leaves of lantana (Lantana camara L.).Next to complete the description of the nature of the nock-nock, it can also add words that are related to the size of the sinus and its angle, such as smooth jagged, serrated rough, and so on.- Jagged double or multiple (biserratus), the edges of the leaves as above, but angulusnya big enough, and more jagged edges.- Teeth (dentatus), if the sinus is angulusnya blunt taper, such as leaf beluntas (Pluchea indica Less.)- Beringgit (crenatus), upside-toothed, sinuses so sharp and blunt angulusnya, such as duck Cocor leaf (Kalanchoe pinnata Pers)- Wavy (repandus), if the sinus and equally obtuse angle, such as water leaves the bride's eyes (Hook et Arn leptopus Antigonon.)Edge-nock nock leaves the premises affecting its shapeAs has been stated, if the nock-nock and the large leaves, the leaves will be affected by it up, so the original is no longer visible wake.Notch-notch preformance was great and there are usually among the large bones or between the bones of the branches.If the leaves are very large or wide, such as papaya leaves, the leaves of the notch-notch large and in it can bertoreh-notch again, so do not look up the original leaves.Associated with it need to be warned again, that in such a case, usually no more mention of how to get up the leaves, but only mentioned just how the nature of the hack-hack earlier.It certainly must be careful in the way that in addition pencandraan call-notch properties torehnya was preceded by calling up the original leaf.Based on the notch-notch therein, the edges of the leaves can be distinguished in which:A.Grooved (lobatus), ie if less than half a notch dalmnya long bones on either side terdpatB.Becangap (fissus), ie if it nock until approximately the middle of the long bones of the left leaf dikananC.Share (partitus), ie if it exceeds half notch length of the bones on either side of leaves.Because as has been said nock-nock location depends on the arrangement of the bones of the leaf, then the name for the leaf edges mencandra bertoreh in this big, is always a combination of properties with a bone torehnya berangkutan leaves, thus can be distinguished by leaf-leaves with edges as follows:a.Scalloped pinnate (pinnatilobus), if the edge notched follow the pinnate leaf skeletons, such as leaf eggplant (Solanum melongena L.)b.Bercangap pinnate (pinnatifidus), while the edges of the leaves have bercangap menyirp arrangement, such leaf breadfruit tree (Artocarpus communis Forst.)c.Share pinnate (pinnatipartitus), edge sharing, with pinnate bone structures, such as marigolds leaves (Cosmos caudatus MBK) and breadfruit (Artocarpus communis Forst.)d.Grooved menjari (palmatilobus), notched edges, menjari bone structures, eg, leaves of Jatropha (Jatropha curcas L.), cotton (Gossypium sp.)e.Bercangap menjari (palmatifidus), if the edges bercangap, is the composition of bones menjari, such as leaf distance (ricinus communis L.)f.Share menjari (palmatipartitus), ie, if the edge of the share, while the leaves have menjari bone structures, such as cassava leaves (Manihot utilissima Pohl.)Meat leaves (Intervenium)Called meat leaves (intervenium) are: the leaves contained between the bones of leaves and leaf veins.This section is a real kitchen herbs.This section of substances taken from outside the altered substances used in accordance with the purposes of plant life had been.The green color is actually the color of the leaves contained in this section, also has a leaf kalu another color, eg red, mottled yellow, etc..In the flesh there is also the color of the leaves.Thick or thin leaf blade, in effect also depends on thickness of meat leaves.In connection with these distinguished properties such as leaf:a.Sepeerti thin membrane (Membranaceus), for example, leaf membrane spikes (Hymenophyllum australe Willd.)b.Such as paper (or chartaceus papyraceus), a thin but tough enough, for example, banana leaves (Musa paradiciasa L.)c.Thin soft (herbaceus), for example, water lettuce (Nasturtium officinale R.Br.)d.Like parchment (perkamenteus), thin but stiff enough, for example, palm leaves (Cocus nucifera L.)e.Such as skin / bones (coriaceus), if the leaf blade is thick and rigid, such as leaf nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum L.)f.Fleshy (carnosus), ie, if thick and juicy, such as aloe leaf ((Aloe sp.)Other properties of the leaf is necessary also to noteIn addition to properties that have been described until now belumlahlengkap of leaves presumably if not yet mentioned are al:a.Colorb.State of the surface, up and down.Leaf colorAlthough generally it is understood, that the leaves are usually green, but not infrequently we find that the color is not green leaf, green and anyway can show many variations or shades.For example, it can be called a colored leaf- Red, for example, a squirrel's tail flower leaves (Acalypha wilkesiana M.Arg.)- Green mixed or covered with red, for example, a variety of leaf croton (Codiaeum variegatum Bl.)- Dark green, for example, leaves nyamplung (Colophyllum inophyllum L.)- Yellowish green, the leaves of plants such as jute (Corchorus capsularis L.)It should be noted, that in mention the color of the leaves are very large influence of an individual, remembering the colors do not exist any objective.Besides the color of the leaves of a plant species DAPT changed by the growth of state and intimately linked to water and food supplies as well as irradiation.Leaf surfaceIn general, the color of the leaves on the top and bottom clearly different, usually the upper side appear more green, smooth or shiny, when compared with the underside of the leaf.The color difference was caused by the green color is more abundant in the upper layers than in lower layers.Sometimes on the leaf surface there are additional tools in the form of scales, hairs, spines, etc..See the state of the leaf surface:a.Smooth (laevis), in which case the leaf surface can be seen:- Sleek (nitidus), the upper side of leaves of coffee (Coffea robusta Lindl.), Fig (Ficus benjamina L.)- Gloomy (opacus), misalnay leaves of sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas Poir.)- Webbed wax (pruinosus), for example, the underside of the leaves of banana (Musa paradiciasa L.), leaf beads (Canna hybrida Hort.)b.Bald (glabber), for example, water guava leaf (Eugenia aquea Burm.)c.Coarse (scaber), for example, leaves of teak (Tectona grandis L.)d.Creased (rugosus), for example, leaves jarong (Stachytarpheta jamaicensis Vahl.), Guava (Psidium guajava L.)e.Berbingkul-bingkul (Bullatus), such as wrinkles, but the lining is greater, for example, the bride leaves tears (Antigonon leptopus Hook. Et Arn.)f.Hairy (pilosus), if the fine hairs and sparse, such as leaf tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum G.Don.)g.Fluffy and meetings (villosus), hairy in such a way that if felt like laken or velvet.h.Shaggy (hispidus), if the hair stiff and rough when touched, such as leaf gadung (Dioscorea hispida Dennst.)i.Scaly (lepidus), such as the underside of the leaves of durian (Durio zibethinus Murr.)Compound leaves (folium Compositum)If we look at the leaves of various plant species will be seen, that there is such that:- The stem leaves have contained only a single leaf blade.Such a leaf is called a single leaf (folium simplex).- Branching stems and stalks of this new branch there are strands of leaves, so here on a stalk more than one leaf blade.Leaves the arrangement is called a compound leaf (folium Compositum).A compound leaf can be seen coming from a single leaf, which torehnya so deep, so that the leaf between the nock-nock were separated from each other, and each is a small strand of its own.On a compound leaf can we distinguish the following parts:a.Mother petiole (petiolus communis), which is part of the compound leaves his seat strands of leaves, which here is called a child of each leaf (foliolum).Petiole mother can be seen an embodiment of a single leaf stalk stalk plus the mother's bones, and therefore axillary buds in plants that have compound leaves, also located in the capital base of the stalk on the stem.b.Child leaf stalk (petiololus) is a branch-cabnag mother stalk that supports the child leaves.This section can be regarded as the embodiment of a spinal branch at the base of a single leaf, so it was never there in the armpits of a bud.c.Child leaves (foliolum), this part is actually part because of the leaf blade and notch size to be separated.Leaflets on a compound leaves usually have a short stalk or stalk almost sitting on the mother, for example on leaves selderi (Apium graviolens L.).There are times when a child leaves have long stalks and clearly visible, for example on leaves mangkokan (Nothoponax scuttellarium Merr.).as a compound leaf can be seen coming from a single leaf, the DAPT compound leaves, we also find the other parts as in the single leaf, for example: upih leaves (vagina), which is part of the mother under a wide stalk and usually hug the stem, as can betake a look at the leaves of betel nut (Areca catechu L.)Similarly, a single leaf, petiole at the base of the mother compound or near the base of the stem mother, it can also be found a pair of leaf fulcrum, such as the leaves of roses (Rosa sp.), Which form two small leaves attached to the sides of the petiole base of the mother,and the leaves of pea (Pisum sativum L.) that here is a pair of leaf width and leaf join duty as a tool to assimilate.With the above description would be enough clues to identify a compound leaf, and will not be confused with a branch that has a single leaf.In addition to presumably also pointed out that:a.In one compound leaves every child leaves occur together and are usually collapsed together as well, being a branch with a single leaf has a leaf that is not the same age and size, and of course the leaves had not collapsed together.b.At one such compound leaves on a single leaf terdapt also limited growth, which means that no longer grow long and has no end bud.A branch typically always get longer and have a bud at the tip.c.In the compound leaves there will be no axillary buds in leaf child, being on a branch of the axillary leaves usually consists of one or possibly more than one bud.However there are always things that if less thorough examination DAPT misleading, such as:a.In the tree Cerme (Phyllanthus acidus Skeels.) And starfruit (Averrhoa bilimbi L.).The second tree both have compound leaves, but leaves this compound is still some time to show the growth of elongated, so that leaves the child has a different age, therefore it also does not shed together.We often see the child leaves the mother at the base of the stalk has collapsed, there was still a child at the edges of leaves that still looks fresh (still green).b.In plants meniran (Phyllanthus niruri L.) and valve (Souropus androgynus Merr.) There are branches that alternate with single leaf, which grows horizontally from the main stem and its growth is limited (not growing longer again).Branch-leaves cabnag we think this will compound leaves, but the allegations were false because the armpit-armpit at certain times it will look out flowers and fruit so well.If the compound leaves, it is not possible we will find flowers or fruit.Jelaas is that to avoid mistakes in the matter has always required a careful study or pemerikssaan.According to the arrangement of leaves on the child's mother stalk, DAPT compound leaves divided into two groups, namely:A.Pinnate compound leaves (pinnatus), if the child leaves arranged like fish sirp on either side of the mother stem.2.Menjari compound leaves (palmatus).3.Compound leaves up feet (pedatus).4.Leaves compound mixture (digitato pinnatus)Pinnate compound leaves (pinatus)Called compound leaves are pinnate compound leaves that child leaves the mother there on either side of the petiole, so arranged much like the fins ikan.daun pinnate compound can be divided into several types:a.Leaves compound pinnate leaves bear one (unifoliolatus).Without a thorough investigation of these leaves would be referred to as a single leaf, but here shows a persendiaan petiole (articulatio), so the leaf blade is not directly contained in the mother stalk.Surely this leaves also contained more than one leaf blade, the other just-lainny been reduced, so that leaves only one child lived.Such leaves are usually found in the different jenias our citrus trees, such as grapefruit (Citrus maxima Merr.), Lemon (Citrus aurantilfolia Sw.)b.Even-pinnate compound leaves (abrupte pinnatus).Usually this is there are a number of leaflets in pairs on either side of maternal bone, and therefore the number of children and leaves usually become even.However, given that at a leaf majemukmenyirip leaves children are not always in pairs, to determine whether a compound pinnate leaf even or not.People no longer count the number of leaflets, but looking at the end of the mother stem.If the tip of the mother stems cut off, it means the end of the stem mother of a child there is no leaf, so that the tip of the stem mothers are sometimes free or covered by a small bud ayng easily collapse.Then it means that even pinnate leaves.With this information jelashlah, that one might even-pinnate compound leaves having an odd number of leaflets.Pinnate compound leaves on the trees there are even examples of acid (Tamarindus indica L.) leaves the children in pairs, so it really leaves an even number of children.Even-pinnate compound leaves, but leaves ank odd number can be encountered for example in lychee trees (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) And kepulasan (Nepphelium mutabile B.)c.Majemu odd pinnate leaves (imparipinnatus).Also here is a guideline is whether or not the child's mother leaves the closed end of the stem.Judging from the number of children leaves will be found in numbers that really odd if the child leaves in pairs, while the tip of the stalk there is a child's mother leaves the individual (usually the child leaves that are bigger than others), as we can lihatpada leaves china girlfriend (Aglaia odorataLour.) and rose (Rosa sp.).As with opposite pinnate compound leaves that may have an even number of leaflets that odd, odd pinnate compound leaves also can also have an even number of leaflets, as we often find on the tree chinese girlfriend (Aglaia odorata Lour.) mentioned above.There are also a child again dibekan pinnate compound leaves his seat by the children in the mother leaf stalk, and also according to the size of the children contained in a single leaf ayng mother stalk.Until we find also:a.Pinnate compound leaves with leaflets in pairs, ie if a child seat in the mother leaf stalk face to face.b.Pinnate compound leaves alternate, if the child leaves the mother stalk alternate seat.c.Pinnate compound leaves alternately (interrupte pinnatus), namely that children in the mother leaf stalks alternating pairs of leaves are broad with narrow leaves child pairs, for example in young leaves of tomato (Solanum Lycopersicum L.)On a compound leaf can also be seen, that children are not directly sitting on the leaf stalk ibbu, but the mother branch of the stem pad earlier.In such a case, compound leaves and compound leaves called dual or double compound leaves.Usually only compound leaves that may memounyai menyiriplah such properties, and therefore also that there is a double compound leaves, it usually is a pinnate compound leaves.Double compound leaves can be distinguished according to the branch where the child leaves the mother's level of how much of the stems.Thus the double pinnate compound leaves DAPT distinguished:a.Two double pinnate compound leaves (bipinnatus), if the child leaves sitting on a branch level of the mother stalkb.Three double pinnate compound leaves (tripinnatus), if children are sitting on a branch leaves the mother of two from the stalkc.Four-leaf double majemukmenyirip, etc..In general, rarely found double pinnate compound leaves more than three.Double pinnate compound leaves divided again in:A.Pinnate compound leaves with a perfect double, ie Jiak no one leaves any child who sits on the mother stalkB.Double pinnate compound leaves are not perfect, if a child leaves mashi that sits directly on the mother stalkAn imperfect double pinnate compound leaves usually only odd pinnate only, while the pinnate perfectly even.Here are given some examples of double pinnate leaves:A.Menyiyirp double compound leaves two perfectly even, for example leaf peacock flower (Caesolpinia pulcherrima Sw.) And leaf lamtoro (Leucanea glauca Benth.)2.Odd pinnate compound leaves two imperfect double, for example kirinyu leaves (Sambucus javanica Bl.)3.Odd pinnate compound leaves triplicate imperfect example Moringa leaves (Moringa oleifera Lamk.)Menjari compound leaves (or digitatus palmatus)Menjari called compound leaves are compound leaves composed of all the children scattered leaves on the tip of the stalk like a mother lying on the fingers of the hand.Regarding menjari compound leaves, there is no such things as complicated as the compound pinnate leaves.Based on the number of child leaves, compound leaves menjari can be distinguished as follows:a.Leaves bear two (bifoliolatus), at the end of the shaft there are two children mother leaves, ie leaves nam-nam (Cynometra cauliflora L.)b.Bear three leaves (trifoliolatus), at the end of the shaft there is a mother of three leaves, for instance in the tree (Hevea brasiliensis Muell.c.Bear leaves five (quinquefoliolatus), at the end of the shaft there is a mother of five children leaves, for example, maman leaf (Gynandropis pentaphylia DC)d.Bear leaves seven (septemfoliolatus), if there are seven children mother leaves at the end of the stem, for example, kapok leaves (Ceiba pentandra Gaertn.)If the leaves are compound leaves menjari had seven children or more, it can be said to bear a lot of leaves (polyfoliolatus), no longer count the exact number of child leaves, such as for example at kapok leaves (Ceiba pentandra Gaertn.)As with compound pinnate leaves that can be double menyiripnya, can also occur menjari compound leaves that are double, for example: bear compound leaves of three double menjari two (biternatus).For example Aegopodium and Aquilega vulgaris.Compound leaves up feet (pedatus)This arrangement leaves have compound leaves menjari, but two children leaves most mothers do not sit on the edge of the stalk, but on the leaf stalk beside the child, as contained in filiforme Arisaema (Araceae).Leaves compound mixture (digitatopinnatus)What is meant by a mixture of compound leaves are a double compound leaves that have branches petiole mother, but on the branches of the petiole there are mothers of children who arranged pinnate leaves.So the mix is a mixture of compound leaves menjari and pinnate arrangement., Such as leaf sikejut (Mimosa pudica L.)When examined completely, it leaves sikejut is not a true mixture of compound leaves, but is even-pinnate compound leaves two perfect double.Only the leaves are the location of the two pairs of branches of the stem mother was so close to each other, so as if there are four branches of the stalk at the end of the leaf stalk women.The layout of the leaves on the stem (phyllotaxis or dipositio foliorum)The leaves on a plant is usually found on trunks and branches, there are also times when the leaves of a plant-jejal crowded on a stem, which is the base of the stem or on the edges.Generally, the leaves on the stems separated by a distance is real.The trunk or branches of the seats of a leaf stem called books (nodes), and is often seen as part of the stem is slightly enlarged and a circular rod as a ring, we can see clearly in bamboo (Bambusa sp.), Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) and all the grass in general, while the shaft between the two books named segment (internodus).Although in other plants usually do not look any books that obviously stems, but also here we refer to as the seat leaves the books, while the stem between two leaves of a segment as well.If we compare the leaves on the stem seats the various types of plants, it turns out there is a difference.Primarily the difference is about the rule where the leaves on the stem of each other earlier.Rules regarding the positioning layout are called leaves.For similar plants (all papaya trees grow and where the course) we will find the layout of the same leaf, and therefore the layout of the leaves can also be used as identification of a plant.To find out how the layout of the leaves on the stem, should be determined in advance how many leaves are on the books of the sticks, the possibilities are:a.At each of these books there is only one leaf only.b.In each book there are two leaf stems are face to face.c.At each stem books there are more than two leaves.Based on the number of leaves on the stem of books that show the three possibilities above it can be made an overview of the layout of the leaves as follows:A.In each book there is only one leaf stem.Jia is the situation, then the layout of the leaf is called: scattered (folio Sparsa).Despite this spread, but if you researched it we will find things that are very interesting, and will be apparent that there are things that are irregular.If such a plant, we consider the trunk has a cylindrical shape, rods books as circles at regular intervals on the last cylinder and leaves his seat is a point on the circle, then we will find the following things.If we take one point (seating leaves) as a starting point, and we move mengiktui line leading to the point of leaf sitting on a trunk of books on it by taking the shortest distance, and so on, at some point we will arrive at a leafwhich is located right on the vertical line above the first leaf which we use as a starting base, and while we berputarmengikuti a spiral line was wrapped around the stem.On the way round until it reaches the leaves perpendicular on the base of departure, we have passed a certain number of leaves.Such events will always repeat itself, even if we take another leaf as toalk point.So the layout leaves no obvious characteristics that are irregular.It turns out here, that the ratio between the number of times the spiral line that wrapped around the stem with leaf number that is passed over so many times before the circular rod (beginning leaves is not counted) is a fraction of nialainya fixed for one type of plant.If to reach leaves that are perpendicular to the spiral leaves the start line around the trunk was a time, and number of leaves that is passed over it is b, then the comparison of the two bialangan'd be a fraction a / b, the formula also leaves dinamakn or divergence.Has been explained above, that to achieve the two leaves that are perpendicular to one another has passed a number of b leaves, meaning the stem there are also a number of b perpendicular lines (vertical lines) are called ortostik.Spiral line that we follow a circular rod, a line connecting the leaves in a row from the bottom up, so according to the sequence of young parents.Spiral line is called genetic spiral.Fraction a / b DAPT further demonstrated, the distance between the two leaf angle in a row, if projected in the plane.Angle distance between two successive leaves were fixed and the size is a / bx size of the circle = a / bx 3600, called the divergence angle.If we memerilsa different types of plants with leaves scattered layout, will turn out, that the fraction a / b can be made up of broken pieces: , 1/3, 2/5, 3/8, 5/13, 8/21,ff.If we observe carefully the figures that make up the fragments before, then a row of fractional numbers, each of which can be a formula that leaves of a plant species, showed the following properties:- Each tribe behind the second term to the third term and beyond.Is a fraction, the numerator is obtained by adding up DAPT both the numerator in front of the two tribes, as well as the denominator, which is the sum of the denominator in front of him were two tribes.- Each tribe in the series is that the denominator of a fraction of the difference between the denominator and numerator are in front of the tribe, while the denominator is the sum of the numerator by the denominator in front of the tribe's own tribe.Rows of leaves formulas that show the nature of such a characteristic is called by name who discovered the Fibonacci sequence.On different types of plants with leaves scattered layout, sometimes visible leaves tightly cramped seat, that is, if the joints very short stem, so that leaves sitting on the trunk looks almost as high, and very difficult to determine the sequence of oldyouth.The leaves that have such arrangement is called: rosette (rosula).We distinguish:a.Rosette roots, ie if the stem is very short, so all the leaves crowded on the ground, so the rosette is very close to the roots, such as the radish (Raphanus sativus L.)b.Rosette stem, that is if the leaves are tightly crammed-jejal was found on the tip of the stem, the Mass in the coconut tree (Cocos nucifera L.) palms and a variety of others.On the horizontal or oblique cabng up, leaves with leaves scattered layout can be organized in such a way that the strands of leaves on the branch regularly on a plane and form a mosaic pattern (the pattern of the carpet).Such a leaf arrangement is called a leaf mosaic.For the horizontal branches of leaf mosaic occurred because all the leaves back to the left and right by using the selective flat fields as possible.The location of the leaves so that DAPT seen for example on Alnus trees.For the branches that grow upward oblique, leaves scattered layout placing strands of leaves on a plane on the tips of the branches, strands in the middle and young leaves to the edge of the leaves are usually older were morewidth.It can be achieved because the stem leaves to the tips of the branches to be getting shorter.Such a type of mosaic leaves was found in trees such as pecan (Aleuteris moluccana Willd.) And certain types of Begonia.2.In each book there are two leaf stemsIn this case the two leaves on each of the books lying face (separated by a distance of 1800).In the subsequent books are usually two leaf stems form a cross with two leaves below it earlier.The layout of such a leaf is called: dealing crossbones (opposita folio or folio decussata), for example, the noni (Morinda citrifolia L.), soft-shelled (Ixora paludosa Kurz.), Etc..3.At each stem books there are more than two leaves.The layout of such a leaf is called: rocky (folio verticillata), can be found for example in the Pulai tree (Alstonia scholaris R.Br.), Alamanda (Allamanda cathartica L.), oleander (Nerium oleander L.).In plants with the layout leaves a craggy face and never leaves the formula can not be determined, but also the seat of such leaves may also demonstrated the existence of a link ortostik-ortostik leaves that are perpendicular to each other earlier.Chart (scheme) and leaf diagram layoutTo provide a description of the layout of the leaves on the stems of plants, can be taken two ways:a.Create a chart or a schema location leavesb.Making the diagram

A.Chart leaves layoutsFor this purpose the plant is drawn as a cylindrical rod and stretch out her drawn-ortostiknya ortostik, as well as the books of the trunk.To avoid confusion should the lines be drawn each piece was created berbedabeda.The leaves are drawn as a cross section of leaf blade is reduced.So as a triangle with a base width of the back (with a width essentially was facing upwards).If a leaf is described by the formula layout, for example 2/5 we have to draw the first 5 ortostiknya, and so leaves a distance of one another as far as 2/5 loop, then we will see that starting with the leaves of which are, aftercircular spiral line genetic twice before.That leaves a number 1,6,11, etc., each time plus 5.Similarly, numbers 2,7,12 leaves, etc., will be located on the same ortostik.To show it to all the leaves consecutively numbered along the genetic spiral.B.Layout diagram of a leaf or leaves abbreviated diagramTo create a diagram of plant stems should be viewed as an elongated cone, with a trunk of books as a perfect circle-ligkaran.If projected on a plane, then the rod books will be concentric circles and the peak will btang is the focal point of all the circle.Ortostiknya will be the radius of the circle.If for example the layout of the leaves taken by the formula 2/5, to show leaves that sit on one ortostik must be made at least six concentric circles (more is better), and fifth ortostiknya will divide the circles were in 5 sectorsthe same magnitude.At each successive circle from the outside in the leaves is described, as in the earlier chart-making and be numbered.It needs to be shown, that the distance between two leaves is 2/5 loop.So every time, must skip one ortostik.Genetic leaf spiral in the diagram will be a line upward spiral that spins more and more narrowly drawn.Also on the diagram we see the same things as described on the chart layout leaves.Spirostik and parastikAt one plant ortostik lines that usually appear straight up may experience changes its direction due to the influence of various factors.A very characteristic change is the change ortostik a spiral lines are visible circular rod.In that case the genetic spiral is difficult to determine, and it seems to follow the location of leaves on the stem ortostik which has turned into a spiral lines above, which here and then given another name as well, namely spirostik.A spirostik occurs usually because stem growth is not straight but rotate.As a result ortostiknya too twisted and turned into spirostik earlier.Plants that show such properties, for example:- Pacing (Costus specious Smith.), Which has one spirostik until the leaves arranged like rungs on a circular staircase.- Bupleurum falcatum, which has two ortostik.- Pandan (Pandanus tectorius Sol.) Which shows three ortostik.Furthermore the layout of the plant leaves are quite close to one another, such as the oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) Leaves as if sitting in spiral lines right or left.On this tree ortostik and genetic spiral is very difficult to determine.The lines with the direction of rotation of the circular spiral rod to the left and right that connects the leaves to the direction laterally (flat, horizontal) has the closest distance.It is understandable that each leaf has one nearest neighbor on the left and right next to one another.It also seems to last from two spiral to the left and right.The lines of this spiral is called: parastik.Spiral lines are also visible on the pineapple fruit that shows where the rules of the spy in the last pineapple-parastik parastik.Rod (caulis)Parts of a plant stem is very important, and keeping in place for the body and the position of plant stems, trunks can be likened to the body axis of the rod tumbuhan.pada generally have the following properties:a.Generally shaped like a cylindrical or spherical length may also have other shapes, but always be aktinomorf, meaning the number of fields can be divided into two symmetric parts.b.Consists of sections, each of which is limited by the books, and in these books are the leaves.c.The growth is usually upward, toward the light or the sun (or is fototrop heliotrop).d.Always goes on in the end, therefore it is often said, that the rod has an unlimited growth.e.Held during his lifetime and branching plants are not terminated, except for occasional branches or small twigs.f.Generally not green, except the short age of plants, such as grass and the stems are still young.As part of a plant, the stem has a duty to:A.Support the plant parts above ground are the leaves, flowers, and fruit.2.With branches extending the field of assimilation, and place the plant parts in space in such a way that the terms of the interest-bagina plants were found in the most advantageous position.3.Road transport of water and nutrients from the bottom up and haul road hasi; assimilation from top to bottom.4.Into the landfill reserve food substances.When comparing different types of plants, of which there are clearly visible trunk, but others seem like a no-trunked.Therefore we distinguish:a.Plants do not trunked (planta acaulis).Plants that really do not trunked ada.hanya not really look just is not there.That's because the stem is very short, so all the leaves as if out of the top roots and are arranged close to one another, is a rosette (rosula), just as for example in radish (Raphanus sativus L.), mustard (Brassica juncea L.).Such plants will show a real stem at flowering time.From the middle of a rosette of leaves will emerge rapidly-growing stems with leaves rarely, branches and support rates.b.The clear-trunked plant (planta caulis)Stems of plants can be distinguished as follows:A.Wet bar (herbaceus), which is soft and juicy stems, for example in spinach (Amaranthus spinosus L.), purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.)2.Woody stems (lignosus), the trunk is unusually hard and strong, because it consists mostly of wood, found in the trees (arbores) and shrubs (frutices) in general.Plant a tree is a tall, woody stems and branches away from the surface, while the bush is a plant that is not how much, batgn woody and branched near the soil surface or even in the ground.Examples of trees: mango (Mangifera indica L.), bush: sidaguri (Sida rhombifolia L.)3.Blades of grass (calmus), which is not that hard rod, sections that have no real and often hollow, for example in rice (Oryza sativa L.) and grass (Gramineae) in general.4.Mendong stems (Calamus), such as blades of grass but has sections that are longer, such as the mendong (Fimbristylis globulosa Kunth.), Wlingi (Scirpus grossus L.) and wild countrymen puzzles (Cyperaceae), and others.Form of rodsOpen seed plants (Dicotyledoneae) in general have a rod in the lower part is larger and Valentine has narrowed, so the trunk can be viewed as a cone or pyramid is very elongated, which may have percabangaan or not.Plant a single seed (Monocotyledoneae) have opposite stems from the base until Valentine virtually no difference in magnitude.Only in a few groups who base looks larger, but subsequent to the above remain the same, as seen in a variety of palms (Palmae).If we talk about the shape of the stem is usually referred to stem the cross-sectional shape can be distinguished melintangnya a variety of shapes such as rods:a.Round (teres), such as bamboo (Bambusa sp.), Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.)b.Sided (Angular), in this case da possibilities:- Build a triangle (triangularis) for, say stem puzzles (Cyperus rotundus)- Aspects of four (quadrangulis), eg stem passion fruit (Passiflora quadrangulis L.), slobber (Coleus scutellarioides Benth.)c.Flat and wide and usually resembles a leaf and took over the leaves as well.Rod is thus named:- Filoklada (phyllocladium), if it is very flat and have limited growth, such as the jakang (Muehlenbeckia platyclada Meissn.)- Kladodia (cladodium), if it still continues to grow and hold a fork, for example countryman cactus (Opuntia vulgaris Mill.)Judging from the surface, the stem of plants also memprlihatkan various properties.We can distinguish the nature of the stem:a.Smooth (laevis), such as corn stalks (Zea mays L.)b.Ribbed (costatus), if on the surface there is a longitudinal ridge-ridge, misalnay slobber (Coleus scutellarioides Benth.)c.Grooved (sulcatus), Jiak longitudinal grooves of the stem there is a clear, for example, in Cereus peruvianus L.Haw.d.Winged (alatus), usually on the trunk are multifaceted, but at the corners there is a widening of the thin, such as the yam (Dioscorea alata L.) and passion fruit (Passiflora quadragulis L.)In addition the surface of the stem can also:a.Hairy (pilosus), such as in tobacco (Nicotiana tobacum L.)b.Barbed (spinous), for example in roses (Rosa sp.)c.Showed traces of leaves, such as the papaya (Carica papaya L.) and coconut (Cocos nucifera L.)d.Showed traces of leaf fulcrum, for example in jackfruit (Artocarpus integra Merr.), Breadfruit tree (Artocarpus communis Forst.)e.Shows many lenticels, misalnay on sengon (Albizzia stipulata Boiv.)f.Other circumstances, such as loss of crust (the skin of the dead) as shown in guava (Psidium guajava L.) and eucalyptus tree (Melaleuca leucadendron L.)Direction of stem growthAlthough as noted, generally tmbuh batanng towards the light, leaving the soil and water.But the direction may exhibit variation and are associated with these properties that distinguish stem growth:A.Perpendicular (erectus), which is Jiak him straight up eg papaya (Carica papaya L.)2.Hang (dependens, pendulus), is of course only allows for the growth of vegetation, slope or the slope of the edge, for example Zebrina Pendula Schnitzl., Or grown-tumbhuhan who live above the trees as epiphytes, such as species of orchids (Orchidaceae) specific.3.Lying (humifusus), if the rod is located at ground level, Hanay edges are slightly curved upward, for example on watermelon (Citrullus vulgaris Schard.)4.Spreading or creeping (repens), the stem lying, but his books out of the roots such as sweet potato sticks (Ipomoea batatas Poir.)5.Upward oblique or skew (ascedens), the base of the trunk as if to lie down, but then turned up the other part, misalnay in peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.)6.Nodding (nutans), utmbuh rod straight up, but its end is then bent back down, for example, in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)7.Climbing (scandens), if batanng utmbuh up with support.Investigations may be either inanimate objects or other plants, and at times went up sticks to use special tools to "berpenganagn" in supporting this for example:- The root of the ticker, for example betel (Piper betle L.)- Roots pembelit, eg vanilla (Vanilla planifolia Andr.)- Branch pembelit (vine branches), such as grapes (Vitis vinifera L.)- Leaves pembelit (vine leaves), such interest breech (Gloriosa superba L.)- The shaft pembelit, for example, in pea (Pisum sativum L.)- Spines, such as roses (Rosa sp.), Bougainvillea (Bougenvillea spectabilis Willd.)- Dorsal leaf, rattan Calamus misalnay caecius Bl.)- Hooks, for example, gambier (Uncaria gambier Roxb.)8.Convolve (Volubilis), if batng rise to the top by using the supporting rod just as the climb, but not used that particular tool, but the trunk itself up by twisting the supporting.According to the direction of the rod melilitnya distinguished:- Twisted to the left (sinistrorsum Volubilis), when viewed from above direction opposite to the winding in a clockwise direction.Thus it can be said, if we follow the course of a twisted rod, the support will always be on our left sebalah.Wrapped around the stems left on the flower miaslnay telang (Clitoria ternatea L.)- Twisted to right (dextrorsum Volubilis), if blood sam turns in a clockwise direction, or if we follow the winding direction, will always support the right of us.Kekanan twisted trunk of the plant is not found for, say gadung (Dioscorea hispida Dennst.)