transformer - maxwell3d v14

7/22/2019 Transformer - Maxwell3D V14

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Example(2D/3DTransient) CoreLoss

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Maxwell v14

Transformer Core Loss Calculation in Maxwell 2D and 3DThisexampleanalyzescoreslossesfora3phpowertransformerhavingalaminatedsteelcoreusingMaxwell2Dand3D.Thetransformerisrated115-

13.8kV,60Hzand30MVA.Thetestedpowerlossesare23,710W.Itisimportant

torealizethatafiniteelementmodelcannotconsiderallofthephysicaland

manufacturingcorelosseffectsinalaminatedcore.Theseeffectsinclude:

mechanicalstressonlaminations,edgeburrlosses,stepgapfringingflux,

circulatingcurrents,variationsinsheetlossvalues,tonamejustafew.

Becauseofthisthesimulatedcorelossescanbesignificantlydifferentthanthe

testedcorelosses.

Thisexamplewillgothroughallstepstocreatethe2Dand3Dmodelsbasedon

acustomersuppliedbasemodel.Forcorelosses,onlyasinglemagnetizing

windingneedstobeconsidered.Corematerialwillbecharacterizedfornonlinear

BHandcorelosscharacteristics.Anexponentiallyincreasingvoltagesourcewill

beappliedinordertoeliminateinrushcurrentsandtheneedforanunreasonably

longsimulationtime(ofdaysorweeks).Finally,thecorelosswillbeaveraged

overtimeandthecorefluxdensitywillbeviewedinananimatedplot.

Thisexamplewillbesolvedintwopartsusingthe2DTransientand3DTransient

solvers.Themodelconsistsofamagneticcoreandlowvoltagewindingoneach

coreleg.

3D Model 2D Model


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Maxwell v14

Prepare GeometryTo Import Geometry

SelectthemenuitemModeler > ImportLocatetheparasolid filetransformer.x_t andOpen it.Thegeometryisofatransformerwithcoresimplifiedinordertoreducethe

complexity.Userscanbringthegeometriesdirectlyanddosimplification

insideMaxwell.

Change AttributesPressCtrl andselecttheobjectsLV_A, LV_B andLV_C andgoto theirpropertieswindow,

1. ChangethecoloroftheobjectstoOrange2. Changethetransparencyoftheobjectsto0

SelecttheobjectCore fromthehistorytreeandgoto Propertieswindow,1. Changethetransparencyoftheobjectto0

Specify ExcitationsTo Create Coil Terminals

PressCtrl andselecttheobjectsLV_A, LV_B andLV_CSelectthemenuitemModeler > Surface SectionInSectionwindow,

1. SectionPlane:SelectXZ2. PressOK

RenametheresultingsectionstoSectionA, SectionB andSectionCrespectively

SelectthesheetsSectionA, SectionB andSectionC fromthehistorytreeSelectthemenuitemModeler > Boolean > Separate BodiesDeletethesheetsSectionA_Separate1, SectionB_Separate1 andSectionC_Separate1


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Maxwell v14

Assign ExcitationsPressCtrl andselectthesheetsSectionA, SectionB andSectionC fromthehistorytree

SelectthemenuitemMaxwell 3D > Excitations > A ssign > Coil TerminalInCoilTerminalExcitationwindow,

1. BaseName:term_A2. NumberofConductors:763. PressOK

Thiswillcreatethreeexcitationscorrespondingtoeachsection.Change

theirnamesasbelow:

1. RenametheexcitationcorrespondingtoSectionA asterm_A2. RenametheexcitationcorrespondingtoSectionB asterm_B3. RenametheexcitationcorrespondingtoSectionC asterm_C

Create WindingsSelectthemenuitemMaxwell 3D > Excitations > A dd W indingInWindingwindow,

1. Name:WindingA2. Type:Voltage3. Stranded: Checked4. InitialCurrent:0 A5. Resistance:1 mOhm6. Inductance:0 mH (Sincethisiscalculatedbysolver)7. Voltage: Vpeak*(1-exp(-50*time))*cos(2*pi*60*time)8. PressOK

InAddVariablewindow,

1.

UnitType:Voltage2. Unit:V3. Value:138002/3= 112684. PressOK

Note: Thisisanexponentiallyincreasing(inseveralcycles)sinusoidal60Hzwaveformwithpeakmagnitudeof11,268V..


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Maxwell v14

InSimilarwayaddtwomorewindings

WindingB

1. Name:WindingB2. Type:Voltage3. Stranded: Checked4. InitialCurrent:0 A5. Resistance:1 mOhm6. Inductance:0 mH (Sincethisiscalculatedbysolver)7. Voltage: Vpeak*(1-exp(-50*time))*cos(2*pi*60*time+(2/3*pi))

WindingC

1. Name:WindingC2. Type:Voltage3. Stranded: Checked4. InitialCurrent:0 A5. Resistance:1 mOhm6. Inductance:0 mH (Sincethisiscalculatedbysolver)7. Voltage: Vpeak*(1-exp(-50*time))*cos(2*pi*60*time+(4/3*pi))

Add Terminals to WindingsExpandtheProjectManagertreetoviewExcitations

RightclickonWindingA andselectAdd TerminalsInAddTerminalswindow,

Selectterm_APressOK

InSimilarwayaddterm_B toWindingBAddterm_C toWindingC


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14.1

Maxwell v14

Assign MaterialsTo Assign Materials to Coils

PressCtrl andselecttheobjectsLV_A, LV_B andLV_C , rightclickandselectAssign MaterialInSelectDefinitionwindow,

1. Typecopper inSearchbyNamefield2. PressOK toassignmaterial

To Assign Material to CoreSelecttheobjectCore fromthehistorytree,rightclickandselectAssignMaterialInSelectDefinitionwindow,selectthebuttonAdd MaterialInView/EditMaterialwindow,

MaterialName:M125_027RelativePermeability:

SetthetypetoNonlinearSelectthebuttonBH Curve fromvaluefieldInBHCurvewindow,

SelectthebuttonImport DatasetSettheFileTypeto*.TabLocatethefileEx_7_4_core_loss_B_H.tabandOpen itPressOK tocloseBHCurvewindow


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ReturntoView/EditMaterialwindow,

CoreLossType:SettoElectrical SteelSetthetabatthebottomofwindowCalculatePropertiesfortoCoreLoss at one Frequency

InBPCurvewindow,

SelectthebuttonImport DatasetSettheFileTypeto*.TabLocatethefileEx_7_4_core_loss_B_loss.tabandOpen itCoreLossUnit:w/kgMassDensity:7650 kg/m^3Frequency:60 HzThickness:0.27 mmConductivity:5000000 S/mPressOK tocloseBPCurvewindow


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Notethatthecorelosscoefficientsarecalculatedautomatically.

PressOK tocreatethenewmaterialPressOK tocloseSelectDefinitionwindow

Assign Mesh OperationsInthetransientsolvers,thereisnoautomaticadaptivemeshing.Therefore,the

usermusteitherlinkthemeshfromanidenticalmodelsolvedusingthe

magnetostatic andeddycurrentsolvers,oralternativelyamanualmeshmustbe

created.Inthisexample,ameshiscreatedmanuallyusinginsideselectionto

createelementsthroughoutthevolumeoftheobjects.

To Assign Mesh Operations for CoreSelecttheobjectCore fromthehistorytreeSelectthemenuitemMaxwell 3D > M esh Operations > Assign > InsideSelection > Length BasedInElementLengthBasedRefinementwindow,

Name:Length_CoreRestrictLengthofElements: UncheckedRestricttheNumberofElements: CheckedMaximumNumberofElements:10000PressOK


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Maxwell v14

To Assign Mesh Operations for CoilsPressCtrl andselecttheobjectsLV_A, LV_B andLV_C fromthehistorytree

SelectthemenuitemMaxwell 3D > M esh Operations > Assign > InsideSelection > Length BasedInElementLengthBasedRefinementwindow,

Name:Length_CoilsRestrictLengthofElements: UncheckedRestricttheNumberofElements: CheckedMaximumNumberofElements:10000PressOK

Set Core Loss CalculationsTo Set Core Loss calculations for Core

SelectthemenuitemMaxwell 3D > E xcitations > Set Core LossInSetCoreLosswindow,

Core:

CoreLossSettings: CheckedForallotherObjects

CoreLossSettings: UncheckedPressOK

Note: OncecorelosssettingsareturnedONforcore,atickmarkwillappearinthecolumnDefinedinMaterialindicatingcorelosscoefficients

arealreadyspecified


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Maxwell v14

Set Eddy EffectsSincewindingissingleobjectrepresentingmanystrandsandcoreissingleobjectrepresentingmanylaminations,eddyeffectmustbeturnedoffthem.

To Turn off Eddy Effects in ObjectsSelectthemenuitemMaxwell 3D > Excitations > S et Eddy E ffectsInSetEddyEffectswindow,

EnsureEddyEffectsareUnchecked forallobjectsPressOK

Create Simulation RegionTo Create RegionSelectthemenuitemDraw > Reg ionInRegionwindow,

PaddingData:Pad individual directions+/- X=30+/- Y=200+/- Z=30

Note: Thissmallpadding%isacceptableasfieldsarecompletelyconcentratedinsidethemagneticcoreandthereislittleornofringing


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14.1-

Maxwell v14

Analysis SetupTo Create Analysis Setup

SelectthemenuitemMaxwell 3D > Analysis Setup > Add Solution SetupInSolveSetupWindow,

General tabStoptime:0.1sTimestep:0.0005 s

Save Fields tabType:Linear StepStart:0.08 sStop:0.1 sStepSize:0.0005 sSelectthebuttonAdd to List >>

Solver tabNonlinearResiduals:1e-6 (ToProvideaccurateconvergenceforBHCurve

PressOK

SaveTo Save File

SelectthemenuitemFile > SaveSavethefilewiththenameEx_7_4_core_loss.mxwl

AnalyzeTo Run Solution

SelectthemenuitemMaxwell 3D > A nalyze All


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Maxwell v14

Mesh InformationTo Plot Mesh on Core and Coils

SelecttheobjectRegion fromthehistorytreeSelectthemenuitemView > H ide Selection > Active ViewSelectthemenuitemEdit > Select All VisibleSelectthemenuitemMaxwell 3D > F ields > Plot MeshInCreateMeshPlotwindow,

PressDone

To View Mesh InformationSelectthemenuitemMaxwell 3D > Results > Solution DataInSolutionswindow,

SelectthetabMesh Statistics toviewmeshinformation


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Maxwell v14

Create ReportsPlot Winding Currents Vs Time

SelectthemenuitemMaxwell 3D > Results > Create Transient Report >Rectangular PlotInReportwindow,

Category:WindingQuantity:PressCtrl andselectCurrent(WindingA),Current(WindingB)andCurrent(WindingC)SelectNew Report

Note: DonotcloseReportwindowaswewillcreatemoreplotsusingsamewindow


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Maxwell v14

Plot Input Voltages Vs TimeInReportwindow,

Quantity

DeselecttheCurrentquantitiesalreadyselected

PressCtrl andselectInputVoltage(WindingA),InputVoltage(WindingB)andInputVoltage(WindingC)SelectNew Report

Plot Cores Loss vs TimeInReportwindow,

Category:ChangetoLossQuantity:SelectCoreLossSelectNew ReportPressClose toclosereportwindow


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Maxwell v14

Calculate Avg Losses over a Time RangeInXYPlotCorrespondingtoCoreLoss,rightclickontheLegendandselect

Trace Characteristics > AddInAddTraceCharacteristicswindow,

Category:MathFunction:AvgChangetheRangefromFulltoSpecifiedStartofRange:80 msEndofRange:100 msSelectAdd andDone


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Maxwell v14

Create Flux Density PlotTo Plot Flux Density on Core

DoubleclickonMaxwell3DDesign1 inProjectManagerwindowtoexitPlotview

SelecttheobjectCore fromthehistorytreeSelectthemenuitemMaxwell 3D > Fields > Fields > B > Mag_BInCreateFieldPlotwindow,

PlotonsurfaceOnly: CheckedPressDone


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Maxwell v14

To Animate the PlotSelectthemenuitemMaxwell 3D > F ields > An imateInSetupAnimationwindow,

SweepVariable:TimeSelectvalues:Selectthetimerangefrom0.0805s to0.087sPressOK

AnAnimationwindowwillpopupwhichwillenabletostart,stop,pausethe

animation.Animationspeedcanalsobevariedusingsamewindow.The

animationcanbealsoexportedinGIForAVIformatusingExportbutton


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Maxwell v14

Part 2: 2D Eddy ProjectCreate a 2D Design Automatically

To Create a 2D Design from 3DSelectthemenuitemMaxwell 3D > Create 2D DesignInCreate2DDesignwindow,

CoordinateSystem:GlobalSectionPlane:ZX2DGeometryMode:XYPressOK

Set Solution TypeTo Set Solution Type

SelectthemenuitemMaxwell 2D > Solution TypeInSolutionTypewindow,

VerifythatGeometryModeissettoCartesian, XYSelecttheradiobuttontoMagnetic > TransientPressOK

Set Model DepthSetthedepthofthe2DXYmodeltogivethesameareaasinMaxwell3D=264704mm2.Sincethewidthofthecoreleg=580mm,setthedepth=456mm.

To Set Model DepthSelectthemenuitemMaxwell 2D > Model > Set Model DepthInDesignSettingswindow,

SetModelDepthto456 mmPressOK


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Maxwell v14

Modify 2D GeometryModify Region

ExpandthehistorytreecorrespondingtothesheetRegionDoubleclickonthecommandCreateRegion fromthehistorytreeInPropertieswindow,

Change+XPaddingDatato100ChangeXPaddingDatato100PressOK

Delete Unnecessary SheetsPressCtrl andselectthesheetsSectionA, SectionB andSectionCSelectthemenuitemEdit > Delete

Separate Coil SectionsPressCtrl andselectthesheetsLV_A,LV_B andLV_CSelectthemenuitemModeler > Boolean > Separate Bodies


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Maxwell v14

Specify ExcitationsAssign Coil: Out

PressCtrl andselectthesheetsLV_A, LV_B andLV_C fromhistorytreeSelectthemenuitemMaxwell 2D > Excitations > A ssign > CoilInCoilExcitationwindow,

BaseName:outNumberofConductors:76Polarity:Positive

RenametheexcitationscreatedtoA_out, B_out andC_outAssign Coil: In

PressCtrl andselectthesheetsLV_A_Separate1, LV_B_Separate1 andLV_C_Separate1 fromhistorytreeSelectthemenuitemMaxwell 2D > Excitations > A ssign > CoilInCoilExcitationwindow,

BaseName:inNumberofConductors:76Polarity:Negative

RenametheexcitationscreatedtoA_in, B_in andC_inAdd WindingsSelectthemenuitemMaxwell 2D > Excitations > A dd W indingInWindingwindow,

1. Name:WindingA2. Type:Voltage3. Stranded: Checked4. InitialCurrent:0 A5. Resistance:1 mOhm6. Inductance:0 mH (Sincethisiscalculatedbysolver)7. Voltage: Vpeak*(1-exp(-50*time))*cos(2*pi*60*time)8. PressOK

InAddVariablewindow,

1. UnitType:Voltage2. Unit:V3. Value:138002/3= 112684. PressOK


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InSimilarwayaddtwomorewindings

WindingB

1. Name:WindingB2. Type:Voltage3. Stranded: Checked4. InitialCurrent:0 A5. Resistance:1 mOhm6. Inductance:0 mH (Sincethisiscalculatedbysolver)7. Voltage: Vpeak*(1-exp(-50*time))*cos(2*pi*60*time+(2/3*pi))

WindingC

1. Name:WindingC2. Type:Voltage3. Stranded: Checked4. InitialCurrent:0 A5. Resistance:1 mOhm6. Inductance:0 mH (Sincethisiscalculatedbysolver)7. Voltage: Vpeak*(1-exp(-50*time))*cos(2*pi*60*time+(4/3*pi))

Add Coils to the WindingExpandtheProjectManagertreetoviewExcitations

RightclickonWindingA andselectAdd CoilsInAddTerminalswindow,

PressCtrl andselectA_in andA_outPressOK

InSimilarwayaddB_in andB_out toWindingBAddC_in andC_out toWindingC


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Maxwell v14

Assign BoundaryThecurrentisassumedtobe1Aat0degreesintheleftbusbar and-1Aat60degreesintherightbusbar.Ano-fringingvectorpotentialboundarywillbe

assignedtotheoutsideofthe2Dproblemregionwhichisalsothedefault

boundaryforall3Dprojects.Thisforcesallfluxtostayinthesolutionregion.

To Assign BoundarySelectthemenuitemEdit > Select > EdgesSelectallexternaledgesoftheRegion

SelectthemenuitemMaxwell 2D > Boundaries > A ssign > Vector PotentialInVectorPotentialBoundarywindow,

Value:Setto0PressOK

SelectthemenuitemEdit > Select > Ob jects tochangeselectionfilter

Assign Mesh OperationsAsinthe3Dtransientsolver,thereisnoadaptivemeshinginthe2Dtransient

solver.Amanualmeshiscreatedmanuallyusinginsideselectiontocreate

elementsthroughoutthevolumeoftheobjects.

To Assign Mesh OperationPressCtrl andselectthecoreandallsixsheetscorrespondingtocoilsSelectthemenuitemMaxwell 2D > M esh Operations > Assign > InsideSelection > Length BasedInElementLengthBasedRefinementwindow,

RestrictLengthofElements: CheckedMaximumLengthofElements:100 mmRestricttheNumberofElements: UncheckedPressOK

Set Eddy EffectsTo Turn off Eddy Effects in Objects

SelectthemenuitemMaxwell 2D > Excitations > S et Eddy E ffectsInSetEddyEffectswindow,

EnsureEddyEffectsareUnchecked forallobjectsPressOK


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Set Core Loss CalculationsTo Set Core Loss calculations for Core

SelectthemenuitemMaxwell 2D > E xcitations > Set Core LossInSetCoreLosswindow,

Core:

CoreLossSettings: CheckedForallotherObjects

CoreLossSettings: UncheckedPressOK

Analysis SetupTo Create Analysis Setup

SelectthemenuitemMaxwell 2D > Analysis Setup > Add Solution SetupInSolveSetupWindow,

General tabStoptime:0.1sTimestep:0.0005 s

Save Fields tabType:Linear StepStart:0.08 sStop:0.1 sStepSize:0.0005 sSelectthebuttonAdd to List >>

Solver tabNonlinearResiduals:1e-6

PressOK

SaveTo Save File

SelectthemenuitemFile > SaveAnalyze

To Run SolutionSelectthemenuitemMaxwell 3D > A nalyze All


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Maxwell v14

Mesh InformationTo Plot Mesh on Core and Coils

SelectthemenuitemEdit > Select All VisibleSelectthemenuitemMaxwell 2D > F ields > Plot MeshInCreateMeshPlotwindow,

PressDone

To View Mesh InformationSelectthemenuitemMaxwell 2D > Results > Solution DataInSolutionswindow,

SelectthetabMesh Statistics toviewmeshinformation


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Maxwell v14

Create ReportsPlot Winding Currents Vs Time

SelectthemenuitemMaxwell 2D > Results > Create Transient Report >Rectangular PlotInReportwindow,

Category:WindingQuantity:PressCtrl andselectCurrent(WindingA),Current(WindingB)andCurrent(WindingC)SelectNew Report

Note: DonotcloseReportwindowaswewillcreatemoreplotsusingsamewindow


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Maxwell v14

Plot Input Voltages Vs TimeInReportwindow,

Quantity

DeselecttheCurrentquantitiesalreadyselected

PressCtrl andselectInputVoltage(WindingA),InputVoltage(WindingB)andInputVoltage(WindingC)SelectNew Report

Plot Cores Loss vs TimeInReportwindow,

Category:ChangetoLossQuantity:SelectCoreLossSelectNew ReportPressClose toclosereportwindow


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Maxwell v14

Calculate Avg Losses over a Time RangeInXYPlotCorrespondingtoCoreLoss,rightclickontheLegendandselect

Trace Characteristics > AddInAddTraceCharacteristicswindow,

Category:MathFunction:AvgChangetheRangefromFulltoSpecifiedStartofRange:80 msEndofRange:100 msSelectAdd andDone


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Maxwell v14

Create Flux Density PlotTo Plot Flux Density on Core

DoubleclickonMaxwell2DDesign1 inProjectManagerwindowtoexitPlotview

SelectthesheetCore fromthehistorytreeSelectthemenuitemMaxwell 2D > Fields > Fields > B > Mag_BInCreateFieldPlotwindow,

PressDone


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To Animate the PlotSelectthemenuitemMaxwell 2D > F ields > An imateInSetupAnimationwindow,

SweepVariable:TimeSelectvalues:Selectthetimerangefrom0.0805s to0.087sPressOK

AnAnimationwindowwillpopupwhichwillenabletostart,stop,pausethe

animation.Animationspeedcanalsobevariedusingsamewindow.The

animationcanbealsoexportedinGIForAVIformatusingExportbutton

transformer - maxwell3d v14

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