transformations in europe, 1500-1750 chapter 16
TRANSCRIPT
Transformations in Europe,
1500-1750
Culture and Ideas
Religion Reformation
1500 Catholic Church prosperity
Indulgences at St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome,
by authorization of Pope Leo X
German monk Martin Luther
95 Theses
John Calvin
Simplicity in life and worship
The Institutes of the Christian Religion
Alternate reasons to join the Protestant
cause:
Catholic Reformation
Council of Trent
Society of Jesus or Jesuits
The Protestant Reformation led to
“religious wars” in Europe until 1648.
Traditional Thinking and Witch-
Hunts
European concepts based on Judeo-
Christian beliefs, superstition, and belief in
super natural causes.
Witch-hunts 16th and 17th century
100,000
The Scientific Revolution
European idea of natural world:
4 light elements
Copernicus
Earth-centered model
• Christian opposition
• Spread in books
Galileo
Newton
The Early Enlightenment
Advances in scientific thought inspired
European governments to question:
Influenced by
• Chinese philosophers
War v. education
• Reformation
“no opinion is worth burning your neighbor for”
Opposition by absolutist rulers and clergymen
Printing press
Social and Economic Life
The Bourgeoisie
Substantial urban growth between 1500-
1700.
Bourgeoisie thrived in manufacturing,
finance, trade (grain)
Amsterdam
Monarch
Joint-stock companies and stock
exchanges
Government played a key role in the
improvement of ______.
What was the key role of the Anglo-Dutch
wars?
From bourgeois to nobility
Marriage
purchase
Peasant and Laborers
Serfdom declined in Western Europe, but gained
prominence in ______.
What contributed to the boost in European economy?
The condition of the average person in Western Europe
declined. What kept peasants from starving?
High consumption of wood
High prices led to use of _____.
Some efforts were made to conserve forests
to provide wood for naval vessels.
Deforestation
• Severe effects on poor
Urban poor
• “deserving poor” v. “unworthy poor”
Women and the Family
Women’s status and work were closely tied to
their husbands’ and families’.
Common people and bourgeois in early modern
Europe married relatively late. Why?
Result:
Education
Promoted by
bourgeois parents
No women
Political Innovations
State Development
Wearing Two Crowns
In 1519, Charles V inherited the Spanish and
the Austrian Hapsburgs.
Constant warfare
• Protestant
• Ottoman Empire
Unable to unify
Lutheran German princes
German Wars of Religion
Empire Divided
• Spain=
• Holly Roman Empire
Religious Policies Rulers of Spain and France successfully
defended state-sponsored Catholicism
against ______.
Henry VIII and the church ( )
Church of England/Anglican Church
Calvinist resistance
Monarchies in England and France
England
Parliament v King
• Oliver Cromwell of Puritan Republic order
Stuart line restored
• King James II driven from throne- Glorious
Revolution 1688
William and Mary
Bill of Rights
France
Bourbon kings were able to establish an
absolutionist government.
Minister of finance Colbert
Louis XIV’
• Versailles
Warfare and Diplomacy What led to military revolution?
Grew in size, maintained standard armies;
except England
Management of armies
Command structures
Signal techniques
Marching drills
Navy technology
Cannons
English Royal Navy defeat Spain’s Catholic Armada 1588. Result?
France=
England=
War of the Spanish Succession
England, Austria, Prussia v. France
Balance of Power:
Paying the Piper
War Costs
Alliances with commercial elites
Spanish
Netherlands
V. Spain
Commercial interests (Holland), craftsmen,
manufacturing enterprises (Amsterdam)
England
V. Dutch
Improved financial position
French
Protective tariffs
Could not: