review for quiz 10 mins. chapter 16 transformations in europe, 1500-1750
TRANSCRIPT
I. Culture and IdeasA. Religious Reformation1. Causes for Discontent with Church• Secular interest of Pope- Elaborate court- Directly ruled lands in Italy• Abuses- Buying and selling of religious offices- Church officials holding many offices at once- Church positions became opportunities for wealth and power• Belief priest, monks and nuns were profiting from their positions- exploiting the people- offering little moral leadership• Mass and Bible in Latin- The majority of Europeans could not understand mass or read the
Bible
I. Culture and Ideas
2. Debt• In the 16th and 17th centuries Popes became
major patrons of the arts• St. Peter’s Basilica (Rome) - Intended to glorify God, the skill of
Renaissance artists, and the papacy- Size and scale of the church led to massive
debts
Warm Up:
• What problems were facing the Catholic Church during the late 15th and early 16th centuries?
I. Culture and Ideas
3. Indulgences • Forgiveness for punishment of past sins• The Church began to sell indulgences to raise
funds• Allowed the release deceased relatives from
purgatory and go to heaven
I. Culture and Ideas
4. Martin Luther• a German monk and
scholar• Believed that salvation
could only be achieved through faith
• Saw the sale of indulgences as a money making scam
I. Culture and Ideas
5. 95 Theses• Luther created a list of objections to the
practice of selling indulgences (1519) - Argued that the Pope did not have the
authority to forgive past sins• Luther was excommunicated from the Church
for his challenge to papal authority (1520)• Marks the beginnings of the Protestant
Reformation
I. Culture and Ideas
6. Lutheranism• Supporters of Luther sought to reform the
Church• Salvation through faith, not good works• Christian belief based on the Bible, not the
teachings of the Church and Pope• “priesthood of all believers”
I. Culture and Ideas
7. Calvinism• Based on the teachings of John Calvin• Institutes of the Christian Religion 1535- Believed in “predestination” of the soul- Self governing congregations- Simplicity in dress, life and worship
I. Culture and Ideas
8. Spread• Protestant ideas spread quickly throughout
Europe- Printing Press • Luther encouraged the Bible to be translated
into vernacular language • Germany, Scandinavian countries, England
and Scotland
I. Culture and Ideas
9. Political and Social Motivations• Rulers saw Protestantism as opportunity for
political gain- Seize Church land- Deny authority of the pope, Holy Roman
Emperor• Peasants & urban laborers defied masters by
adopting different faith• Avoid paying tithes
I. Culture and Ideas
10. Catholic Reformation (Counter Reformation)• Response of the Catholic Church to Protestant
ReformationCouncil of Trent (1545-1563)• Reaffirmed traditional Catholic beliefs- Supremacy of Pope- Seven Sacraments- Good works- Special position of priests
I. Culture and Ideas
• Creation of new religious order, “Society of Jesus”
- Jesuits• Educated priests to be able to counter
Protestant teaching• Became important missionaries overseas
I. Culture and Ideas
11. Wars of Religion• Fought over a mixture of religious and secular
issues• Devastated Europe from 1524-1648
I. Culture and Ideas
B. Scientific Revolution1. Basis• Belief that the workings of the universe could
be explained through natural causes
I. Culture and Ideas
2. Copernicus• Polish monk and
mathematician (1473-1543)
Heliocentric Solar System• The sun, not the earth,
is the center of the solar system
• Planets rotated around the sun in a circular path
I. Culture and Ideas
3. Brahe and Kepler• Improved on
Copernicus’s model• Planets moved in
elliptical orbits
I. Culture and Ideas
4. Galileo • Built a telescope to observe the heavens• Observed heavenly bodies were not perfect- Moon had mountains & valleys- Sun spots- Planets had their own moons
I. Culture and Ideas
5. Critics• Copernican universe challenged accepted ideas- How could the earth move without producing
vibrations that would rip it apart? (Aristotle)- Is the Bible wrong? Book of Joshua claimed the
sun stood still for a day- Galileo’s books placed on Index of Forbidden
Books by Catholic Church
I. Culture and Ideas
6. Spread• Scientific ideas spread throughout Europe- Printing Press• Robert Boyle (1627-1691) used trial and error
approach to study chemistry• Royal Society in London (1662) founded to
promote knowledge of natural world
I. Culture and Ideas
7. Physics• Isaac Newton (1642-1727)• Developed mathematical laws that all physical
objects obey• Concept of gravity
Read: What is Enlightenment? Immanual Kant
• According to Kant, what is enlightenment?• After reading this text, how would you define
enlightenment?
I. Culture and Ideas
C. The Enlightenment 1. Science and Human Behavior• If human reason could discover the laws of
nature• Then human reason could discover laws that
governed human behavior
Read: Tolerance by Voltaire
• According to Voltaire, why is tolerance important?
• According to Voltaire, why was there so much intolerance in Europe?
Discussion
Place What is Enlightenment and Tolerance in a historical context.
How might they have been influenced by the events of there times?